This document discusses various theories of motivation. It begins by defining motivation as a need or desire that directs behavior toward a goal. It then covers drive-reduction theory, proposing that physiological needs create arousal states motivating behavior. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is discussed, suggesting certain needs take priority over others. The document also discusses social motivation, control motivation, hunger motivation, and sexual motivation from psychological perspectives.
This document discusses various theories of motivation. It begins by defining motivation as a need or desire that energizes behavior toward a goal. It then outlines several perspectives on motivation, including instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Specific motivations discussed include social motivation, control motivation, hunger, and sexual motivation. The document examines the biological and psychological factors that influence these motivations.
The document discusses several topics related to motivation and work including:
1) Interviewers' judgements can be affected by preconceptions and a tendency to focus on successful employees. Structured interviews can help address these issues.
2) Employee performance appraisals serve to retain employees, determine rewards, and encourage better performance.
3) Engaged employees are more productive and feel fulfilled in their work. Effective leaders develop employees' strengths to increase motivation and performance.
4) Motivation comes from needs, drives, incentives, and seeking an optimal level of arousal. A hierarchy of needs prioritizes physiological needs over psychological ones.
The document discusses various topics related to motivation and work, including:
1) It describes different perspectives on motivation such as instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
2) It covers the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation, including the role of hormones and brain centers.
3) It discusses adolescent sexuality and factors that influence sexual behavior and orientation.
The document discusses motivation and work. It provides an overview of four perspectives on motivation: instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and hierarchy of motives. It then discusses specific topics related to motivation including hunger, sexual motivation, and motivation in the workplace.
This document provides an overview of motivation and work. It discusses various motivational perspectives including instincts, drives, arousal, and hierarchy of motives. Specific motivations like hunger, sex, and the need to belong are examined. The importance of achievement motivation and job satisfaction are covered. Finally, there is an introduction to industrial-organizational psychology and how it applies psychological principles to the workplace.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation in psychology. It covers physiological and psychological needs, drives, incentives, evolutionary and instinct perspectives, drive reduction and homeostasis theories, stimulus motivation theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and achievement motivation assessment. Key points include that motivation concerns goals and activating behavior, motives take the form of needs and drives, and psychologists disagree on the precise nature of motivation.
1) Chapter 12 discusses motivation and work, covering perspectives on motivation such as instincts, drives, arousal, and hierarchies of needs. It examines the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation.
2) Motivation is explained from four perspectives: instinct theory, drive-reduction theory which proposes that physiological needs create drives, arousal theory which says people seek optimal arousal, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs from basic to complex.
3) The chapter also addresses motivation at work, including the fields of personnel and organizational psychology which study worker selection, evaluation, and workplace influences on motivation.
This document discusses various types of human motivation beyond basic drives like hunger and thirst. It describes the motivation for affiliation, or the need to be with others, and explains that this motive is strongest when people feel threatened, anxious or celebratory. The document also covers achievement motivation, defining it as the desire to meet internal standards of excellence. Research on achievement motivation is discussed, including traits of high achievers and situational factors that influence motivation.
This document discusses various theories of motivation. It begins by defining motivation as a need or desire that energizes behavior toward a goal. It then outlines several perspectives on motivation, including instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Specific motivations discussed include social motivation, control motivation, hunger, and sexual motivation. The document examines the biological and psychological factors that influence these motivations.
The document discusses several topics related to motivation and work including:
1) Interviewers' judgements can be affected by preconceptions and a tendency to focus on successful employees. Structured interviews can help address these issues.
2) Employee performance appraisals serve to retain employees, determine rewards, and encourage better performance.
3) Engaged employees are more productive and feel fulfilled in their work. Effective leaders develop employees' strengths to increase motivation and performance.
4) Motivation comes from needs, drives, incentives, and seeking an optimal level of arousal. A hierarchy of needs prioritizes physiological needs over psychological ones.
The document discusses various topics related to motivation and work, including:
1) It describes different perspectives on motivation such as instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
2) It covers the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation, including the role of hormones and brain centers.
3) It discusses adolescent sexuality and factors that influence sexual behavior and orientation.
The document discusses motivation and work. It provides an overview of four perspectives on motivation: instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and hierarchy of motives. It then discusses specific topics related to motivation including hunger, sexual motivation, and motivation in the workplace.
This document provides an overview of motivation and work. It discusses various motivational perspectives including instincts, drives, arousal, and hierarchy of motives. Specific motivations like hunger, sex, and the need to belong are examined. The importance of achievement motivation and job satisfaction are covered. Finally, there is an introduction to industrial-organizational psychology and how it applies psychological principles to the workplace.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation in psychology. It covers physiological and psychological needs, drives, incentives, evolutionary and instinct perspectives, drive reduction and homeostasis theories, stimulus motivation theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and achievement motivation assessment. Key points include that motivation concerns goals and activating behavior, motives take the form of needs and drives, and psychologists disagree on the precise nature of motivation.
1) Chapter 12 discusses motivation and work, covering perspectives on motivation such as instincts, drives, arousal, and hierarchies of needs. It examines the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation.
2) Motivation is explained from four perspectives: instinct theory, drive-reduction theory which proposes that physiological needs create drives, arousal theory which says people seek optimal arousal, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs from basic to complex.
3) The chapter also addresses motivation at work, including the fields of personnel and organizational psychology which study worker selection, evaluation, and workplace influences on motivation.
This document discusses various types of human motivation beyond basic drives like hunger and thirst. It describes the motivation for affiliation, or the need to be with others, and explains that this motive is strongest when people feel threatened, anxious or celebratory. The document also covers achievement motivation, defining it as the desire to meet internal standards of excellence. Research on achievement motivation is discussed, including traits of high achievers and situational factors that influence motivation.
The document discusses various topics related to motivation and behavior, including hunger, sex, and weight control. It provides information on the physiological and psychological factors that influence these behaviors. Physiologically, hormones and brain regions like the hypothalamus regulate hunger, sex drive, and metabolism. Psychologically, memory, culture, and social factors shape behaviors and preferences related to food, sex, and body image. Theories of motivation outline a hierarchy of needs and drives that motivate behavior ranging from basic instincts to higher psychological needs.
This document provides an overview of different theories of motivation and emotion. It discusses drive reduction theory, incentive theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It also covers topics like achievement motivation, intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation, emotions, and stress response. The document aims to describe key concepts and theories related to motivation and emotion.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in motivation and emotion from Chapter 10 of a psychology textbook. It discusses several theories of motivation, including drives and incentives, seeking optimal arousal levels, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Specific motivations like hunger and belonging are explored in more depth. The roles of arousal, behavior, and cognition in emotion are also introduced. Physiological and cultural influences on both motivation and emotion are examined.
This document provides an introduction to motivation and emotion from a psychological perspective. It begins with learning objectives related to motivation theories, eating regulation, sexual motivation, psychosocial motives, and emotion theories. An overview outlines key topics like what motivation is, different theoretical perspectives, eating, sexual motivation, and emotion. Specific perspectives on motivation like psychodynamic, behaviourist, cognitive, humanistic, and evolutionary are described. Regulation of eating and eating disorders are examined. Sexual arousal and Masters and Johnson's model of the human sexual response cycle are reviewed.
The document discusses various concepts related to motivation and eating behavior. It defines motivation and discusses biological and social motives that influence human motivation. It describes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and various theories about the motivation of hunger, including the roles of the brain, blood sugar, and hormones. It also discusses psychological factors that influence eating behavior and topics like obesity, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders.
The document discusses several theories of motivation and emotion. It covers drive reduction theory, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, motivation related to hunger and the hypothalamus, sexual motivation studies by Kinsey and Masters/Johnson, achievement motivation theories, and theories of emotion including the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and two-factor theories. It also briefly discusses stress and Seyle's general adaptation syndrome.
The document discusses different theories of motivation. It defines motivation and describes homeostatic motivations like hunger, thirst, and sex drive. It also covers non-homeostatic motivations like curiosity and affiliation. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is explained as well as theories around drive reduction, cognitive dissonance, and Holland's personality types. The roles of parents, teachers, emotions, and attributions in achievement motivation are briefly touched on.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in motivation discussed in Chapter 7 of the PSY101 course. It examines different perspectives on motivation including drive-reduction theory, arousal optimization theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Specific human drives like hunger, sex, and belonging are explored in depth. The challenges of weight regulation and obesity are discussed. Factors influencing sexual behavior and orientation are reviewed. The importance of social belonging and connections is covered. Work motivation in organizational psychology is also summarized.
The document discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs and how physiological needs are the most potent motivators when not met. It explains homeostasis and how physiological threats can lead to psychopathology. Later, it discusses satisfying higher psychological needs like love, esteem and self-actualization. It emphasizes that nutrition deficiencies are often overlooked as root causes of issues like ADD and emotional disorders.
The document discusses various theories of motivation, including drives to satisfy biological needs like hunger and sex, as well as the need to belong. It covers motivations at both the biological and psychological levels, such as instincts, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and theories of work motivation. Key motivators discussed include basic drives, achievement, and belongingness.
Aggression: AQA 'A' Psychology A2 textbook by Mike Cardwell and Cara Flanagan, this powerpoint examines social psychology, biological explanations and evolution, more specifically: SLT, deindividuation, institutional aggression, hormones, etc.
Motivation and emotion can be understood through various psychological theories. The evolutionary perspective notes that many behaviors are pre-wired instincts. Drive-reduction theory proposes that organisms engage in behaviors to reduce drives and tensions like hunger. Maslow's hierarchy of needs describes physiological and psychological needs that motivate behavior. Hormones, biological drives, and psychological factors all influence behaviors like eating, sexual motivation, and sexual orientation. Motivation is a complex topic in psychology.
LinkedIn for Your Job Search June 17, 2024Bruce Bennett
This webinar helps you understand and navigate your way through LinkedIn. Topics covered include learning the many elements of your profile, populating your work experience history, and understanding why a profile is more than just a resume. You will be able to identify the different features available on LinkedIn and where to focus your attention. We will teach how to create a job search agent on LinkedIn and explore job applications on LinkedIn.
Joyce M Sullivan, Founder & CEO of SocMediaFin, Inc. shares her "Five Questions - The Story of You", "Reflections - What Matters to You?" and "The Three Circle Exercise" to guide those evaluating what their next move may be in their careers.
Learnings from Successful Jobs SearchersBruce Bennett
Are you interested to know what actions help in a job search? This webinar is the summary of several individuals who discussed their job search journey for others to follow. You will learn there are common actions that helped them succeed in their quest for gainful employment.
The document discusses various topics related to motivation and behavior, including hunger, sex, and weight control. It provides information on the physiological and psychological factors that influence these behaviors. Physiologically, hormones and brain regions like the hypothalamus regulate hunger, sex drive, and metabolism. Psychologically, memory, culture, and social factors shape behaviors and preferences related to food, sex, and body image. Theories of motivation outline a hierarchy of needs and drives that motivate behavior ranging from basic instincts to higher psychological needs.
This document provides an overview of different theories of motivation and emotion. It discusses drive reduction theory, incentive theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It also covers topics like achievement motivation, intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation, emotions, and stress response. The document aims to describe key concepts and theories related to motivation and emotion.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in motivation and emotion from Chapter 10 of a psychology textbook. It discusses several theories of motivation, including drives and incentives, seeking optimal arousal levels, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Specific motivations like hunger and belonging are explored in more depth. The roles of arousal, behavior, and cognition in emotion are also introduced. Physiological and cultural influences on both motivation and emotion are examined.
This document provides an introduction to motivation and emotion from a psychological perspective. It begins with learning objectives related to motivation theories, eating regulation, sexual motivation, psychosocial motives, and emotion theories. An overview outlines key topics like what motivation is, different theoretical perspectives, eating, sexual motivation, and emotion. Specific perspectives on motivation like psychodynamic, behaviourist, cognitive, humanistic, and evolutionary are described. Regulation of eating and eating disorders are examined. Sexual arousal and Masters and Johnson's model of the human sexual response cycle are reviewed.
The document discusses various concepts related to motivation and eating behavior. It defines motivation and discusses biological and social motives that influence human motivation. It describes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and various theories about the motivation of hunger, including the roles of the brain, blood sugar, and hormones. It also discusses psychological factors that influence eating behavior and topics like obesity, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders.
The document discusses several theories of motivation and emotion. It covers drive reduction theory, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, motivation related to hunger and the hypothalamus, sexual motivation studies by Kinsey and Masters/Johnson, achievement motivation theories, and theories of emotion including the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and two-factor theories. It also briefly discusses stress and Seyle's general adaptation syndrome.
The document discusses different theories of motivation. It defines motivation and describes homeostatic motivations like hunger, thirst, and sex drive. It also covers non-homeostatic motivations like curiosity and affiliation. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is explained as well as theories around drive reduction, cognitive dissonance, and Holland's personality types. The roles of parents, teachers, emotions, and attributions in achievement motivation are briefly touched on.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in motivation discussed in Chapter 7 of the PSY101 course. It examines different perspectives on motivation including drive-reduction theory, arousal optimization theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Specific human drives like hunger, sex, and belonging are explored in depth. The challenges of weight regulation and obesity are discussed. Factors influencing sexual behavior and orientation are reviewed. The importance of social belonging and connections is covered. Work motivation in organizational psychology is also summarized.
The document discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs and how physiological needs are the most potent motivators when not met. It explains homeostasis and how physiological threats can lead to psychopathology. Later, it discusses satisfying higher psychological needs like love, esteem and self-actualization. It emphasizes that nutrition deficiencies are often overlooked as root causes of issues like ADD and emotional disorders.
The document discusses various theories of motivation, including drives to satisfy biological needs like hunger and sex, as well as the need to belong. It covers motivations at both the biological and psychological levels, such as instincts, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and theories of work motivation. Key motivators discussed include basic drives, achievement, and belongingness.
Aggression: AQA 'A' Psychology A2 textbook by Mike Cardwell and Cara Flanagan, this powerpoint examines social psychology, biological explanations and evolution, more specifically: SLT, deindividuation, institutional aggression, hormones, etc.
Motivation and emotion can be understood through various psychological theories. The evolutionary perspective notes that many behaviors are pre-wired instincts. Drive-reduction theory proposes that organisms engage in behaviors to reduce drives and tensions like hunger. Maslow's hierarchy of needs describes physiological and psychological needs that motivate behavior. Hormones, biological drives, and psychological factors all influence behaviors like eating, sexual motivation, and sexual orientation. Motivation is a complex topic in psychology.
LinkedIn for Your Job Search June 17, 2024Bruce Bennett
This webinar helps you understand and navigate your way through LinkedIn. Topics covered include learning the many elements of your profile, populating your work experience history, and understanding why a profile is more than just a resume. You will be able to identify the different features available on LinkedIn and where to focus your attention. We will teach how to create a job search agent on LinkedIn and explore job applications on LinkedIn.
Joyce M Sullivan, Founder & CEO of SocMediaFin, Inc. shares her "Five Questions - The Story of You", "Reflections - What Matters to You?" and "The Three Circle Exercise" to guide those evaluating what their next move may be in their careers.
Learnings from Successful Jobs SearchersBruce Bennett
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In the intricate tapestry of life, connections serve as the vibrant threads that weave together opportunities, experiences, and growth. Whether in personal or professional spheres, the ability to forge meaningful connections opens doors to a multitude of possibilities, propelling individuals toward success and fulfillment.
Eirini is an HR professional with strong passion for technology and semiconductors industry in particular. She started her career as a software recruiter in 2012, and developed an interest for business development, talent enablement and innovation which later got her setting up the concept of Software Community Management in ASML, and to Developer Relations today. She holds a bachelor degree in Lifelong Learning and an MBA specialised in Strategic Human Resources Management. She is a world citizen, having grown up in Greece, she studied and kickstarted her career in The Netherlands and can currently be found in Santa Clara, CA.
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We recently hosted the much-anticipated Community Skill Builders Workshop during our June online meeting. This event was a culmination of six months of listening to your feedback and crafting solutions to better support your PMI journey. Here’s a look back at what happened and the exciting developments that emerged from our collaborative efforts.
A Gathering of Minds
We were thrilled to see a diverse group of attendees, including local certified PMI trainers and both new and experienced members eager to contribute their perspectives. The workshop was structured into three dynamic discussion sessions, each led by our dedicated membership advocates.
Key Takeaways and Future Directions
The insights and feedback gathered from these discussions were invaluable. Here are some of the key takeaways and the steps we are taking to address them:
• Enhanced Resource Accessibility: We are working on a new, user-friendly resource page that will make it easier for members to access training materials and real-world application guides.
• Structured Mentorship Program: Plans are underway to launch a mentorship program that will connect members with experienced professionals for guidance and support.
• Increased Networking Opportunities: Expect to see more frequent and varied networking events, both virtual and in-person, to help you build connections and foster a sense of community.
Moving Forward
We are committed to turning your feedback into actionable solutions that enhance your PMI journey. This workshop was just the beginning. By actively participating and sharing your experiences, you have helped shape the future of our Chapter’s offerings.
Thank you to everyone who attended and contributed to the success of the Community Skill Builders Workshop. Your engagement and enthusiasm are what make our Chapter strong and vibrant. Stay tuned for updates on the new initiatives and opportunities to get involved. Together, we are building a community that supports and empowers each other on our PMI journeys.
Stay connected, stay engaged, and let’s continue to grow together!
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For more, visit pmissc.org.
2. 2
7
Drive-Reduction Theory
When the instinct theory of motivation failed to
explain most human motivation, it was replaced by
the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need
creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that
motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull,
1951).
8
Drive Reduction
Food
Drive
Reduction
Organism
The physiological aim of drive reduction is
homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state
(e.g., maintenance of steady body temperature).
Stomach FullEmpty Stomach
(Food Deprived)
9
Incentive
Where our needs push, incentives (positive or negative
stimuli) pull us in reducing our drives.
Henry Murray called these needs and presses.
A food-deprived person (n Hunger) who smells baking bread
(incentive) (p Food) feels a strong hunger drive.
10
Question
• What need would
explain why we seek
thrills, excitement?
• Why do we like scary
movies?
• What drives are being
reduced by going on a
roller coaster or
parachuting?
11
Optimum Arousal
Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of
arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys and
children are known to explore the environment in the
absence of a need-based drive.
HarlowPrimateLaboratory,UniversityofWisconsin
RandyFaris/Corbis
12
Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow (1970)
suggested that certain needs
have priority over others.
Physiological needs like
breathing, thirst, and
hunger come before
psychological needs such as
achievement, self-esteem,
and the need for
recognition.
(1908-1970)
3. 3
13
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Hurricane Survivors
MenahemKahana/AFP/GettyImagesMarioTama/GettyImages
DavidPortnoy/GettyImagesforSternJoeSkipper/Reuters/Corbis
14
Self-Efficacy-Bandura
• A belief (cognitive component of theory) in
one’s abilities to succeed
• A sense of control over one’s environment
(social, work, etc.)
• Self-efficacy can be strengthened with clear
goals, social modeling, feedback, and
challenges to current ability levels.
• On YouTube, there are many short videos
about self-efficacy.
15
Classic Positions on Motivation
• Freud
– Id
– Ego
– Superego
• Skinner
– Reinforcement
• Humanistic (Maslow, Rogers)
– Self-actualization
Specific Motivations
• Social
• Control
• Hunger
• Sex
• Belonging
• Work
16
17
Social Motivation
• Others’ opinions and evaluations of
self contribute to a strong motivating
system
• Social Facilitation, Social Loafing
• Self-monitoring
• Fame
– Being known, recognized may supersede
being liked
• Jerry Springer’s guests?
• Conformity
– Fitting in = Being liked
– Avoiding rejection/exclusion
• Social motivation contributes to what and how much we eat, whether
or not we smoke, take drugs, have sex…
18
Coactive or Evaluative
Presence of Others
⇑ likelihood
of dominant response
⇑ performance on
easy, well-learned tasks
⇓ performance on
difficult, poorly learned tasks
But, why?
(1) Compresence (Zajonc, 1966)
(2) Evaluation apprehension (Cottrell, 1968)
(3) Distraction-conflict (Baron & Sanders, 1986)
⇑Arousal
4. 4
19 20Latané, Williams, & Harkins (1979)
21
Control Motivation
• Reactance
– When you feel that your freedom is being restricted, you will
act in such a way to regain that freedom
• Learned Helplessness
– Upon repeated noncontingencies between one’s behaviors
and one’s outcomes (and after initial reactance), learned
helplessness occurs
• Uncontrolled negative outcomes more likely to cause LH than
uncontrolled positive outcomes
– But see Self-handicapping
• Giving up
• Pessimism
• Depression
• Learned Helplessness Tutorial 22
Hunger
• When do we eat?
• Why do we like certain foods and
not others?
• Why do we eat too much?
• Why do our emotions affect our eating?
An obvious answer to “When do we eat?” is “When are we
hungry.” Turns out, that’s only part of the answer.
But, how do we know when we are hungry?
When there is no food in our stomach.
How do we know when our stomach is empty?
Our stomach growls. These are also called hunger pangs.
23
The Physiology of Hunger
Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the
brain making us aware of our hunger.
24
Yet….Stomachs Removed
Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the
esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt
hungry (and ate food).
In other words, no
hunger pangs were possible…
yet eating persisted
5. 5
25
The Importance of Glucose: C6H12O6
Increases in insulin (a hormone affecting pancreas,
liver, muscle, and fat tissue) decreases glucose in the
blood.
Decreased glucose makes us feel hungry.
Glucose Molecule
Insulin also affects
brain: improves
verbal memory 26
Glucose & the Brain
Levels of glucose in the
blood are monitored by
receptors (neurons) in the
stomach, liver, and
intestines. They send
signals to the
hypothalamus in the
brain. Rat Hypothalamus
27
Hypothalamic Centers
The lateral hypothalamus (LH)
brings on hunger (stimulation).
Destroy the LH, and the animal
has no interest in eating.
With the LH intact, the reduction of blood glucose leads
rats to eat ravenously.
28
Hypothalamic Centers
The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) depresses
hunger (when stimulated).
If you destroy the VMH, the animal eats excessively.
29
Hypothalamus & Hormones
The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that
are related to hunger.
Hormone Tissue Response
Orexin increase Hypothalamus Increases hunger
Ghrelin increase Stomach Increases hunger
Insulin increase Pancreas Increases hunger
Leptin increase Fat cells Decreases hunger
PPY increase Digestive tract Decreases hunger
30
Set-Point Theory
Manipulating the lateral and the ventromedial
hypothalamus alters the body’s “weight thermostat.”
If weight is lost, food intake increases and energy expenditure
decreases. If weight is gained, the opposite takes place.
6. 6
31
The Psychology of Hunger
Memory plays an important role in hunger.
When did I eat last?
Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients
eat frequently if given food (Rozin et al., 1998).
Schachter found that manipulating a
clock on the wall influenced reports
of hunger, and willingness to eat.
Social Factors
• We eat when others eat whether we are hungry or
not; we tend not to like eating alone (especially
females)
• Females eat less with a male than they eat with a
female. (Males are unaffected)
• Current investigation here at
Purdue examining whether
fat rats will regulate their
intake when in the presence
of skinny rats. 32
33
Taste Preference: Biology or Culture?
Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only
when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for!
Fullness doesn’t necessarily mean you don’t want to eat anything
else. It often means, “I am tired of that particular taste.”
RichardOlsenius/BlackStar
VictorEnglebert
34
Hot Cultures like Hot Spices
Countries with hot climates use more bacteria-
inhibiting spices in meat dishes.
35
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa: A condition in which a normal-
weight person (usually an adolescent woman)
continuously loses weight but still feels overweight.
ReprintedbypermissionofTheNewEngland
JournalofMedicine,207,(Oct5,1932),613-617.
LisaO’Connor/Zuma/Corbis
36
Is the Relationship between Eating
and Weight Gain That Simple?
7. 7
37
Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa: A
disorder characterized
by episodes of
overeating, usually
high-calorie foods,
followed by vomiting,
using laxatives, fasting,
or excessive exercise.
38
Obesity
http://www.cyberdiet.com
A disorder characterized by being excessively
overweight. Obesity increases the risk for health
issues like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes,
hypertension, arthritis, and back problems.
39
Reasons for Eating Disorders
Sexual Abuse Myth: Childhood sexual abuse
does not cause eating disorders.
Family: Younger generations develop eating
disorders when raised in families in which
weight is an excessive concern.
Genetics: Twin studies show that eating disorders
are more likely to occur in identical twins rather
than fraternal twins.
Social: Advertising/peer pressure/norms.
40
Body Image (Women)
Western culture tends to place more emphasis on a
thin body image in comparison to other cultures.
41
Summary
Sexual Motivation
42
8. 8
43
Sexual Motivation
Why are we sexually attracted to certain others?
What, specifically, is motivating about sex?
Sexual motivation is nature’s clever way of making
people procreate, enabling our species to survive.
Waist-to-hip ratio
• Interestingly, despite variations in cultures
and eras for women’s weight, men have
always preferred
women as mates who
have roughly the same
waist-to-hip ratio.
– The ideal ratio for women is considered to be
about 0.7
– Devendra Singh’s (1993) research
44
45
The Physiology of Sex
Masters and Johnson (1966) describe the human
sexual response to consist of four phases:
Phase Physiological Response
Excitement
Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina expands
secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges.
Plateau
Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and blood
pressure.
Orgasm
Contractions all over the body. Increase in breathing,
pulse & blood pressure. Sexual release.
Resolution
Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through
refractory phase. Women resolve slower.
46
Sexual Problems
Men generally suffer from two kinds of sexual
problems: premature ejaculation and erectile
disorder. Women may suffer from orgasmic
disorders.
These problems are not due to personality disorders and can
be treated through behavior therapy and drugs such as Viagra.
47
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Sex hormones effect the development of sexual
characteristics and (especially in animals) activate
sexual behavior.
Male Testes
Testosterone
(Small amounts of
estrogen)
Female
Ovaries
Adrenals
Estrogen
(Small amounts of
testosterone)
48
Testosterone
Levels of testosterone remain relatively constant in
males, so it is difficult to manipulate and activate
sexual behavior. Castration, which reduces
testosterone levels, lowers sexual interest.
9. 9
49
Estrogen
Female animals “in heat” express peak levels of
estrogen. Female receptivity may be heightened with
estrogen injections.
Sex hormones may have milder affects on humans than on
animals. Women are more likely to have sex when close to
ovulation (increased testosterone), and men show increased
testosterone levels when socializing with women.
50
The Psychology of Sex
Hunger responds to a need. If we do not eat, we die.
In that sense, sex is not a need because if we do not
have sex, we do not die.
A need for
species-survival?
51
What is motivating about sex?
• The physiological pleasure derived
from orgasm?
– If that’s it, why not be satisfied with
masturbation?
52
External Stimuli
It is common knowledge that men become sexually
aroused when browsing through erotic material.
However, women experience similar heightened
arousal under controlled conditions.
53
Imagined Stimuli
Our imagination in our brain can influence sexual
arousal and desire. People with spinal cord injuries
and no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire.
Sotographs/TheGamma-LiaisonNetwork/GettyImages
54
Dreams
Dreams, another form of imagination, are also
associated with sexual arousal. Genital arousal is
associated with all kinds of dreams. Nearly all men
and 40% of women who dream of sexual imagery end
up with an orgasm (Wells, 1986).
10. 10
55
Adolescent Sexuality
When individuals reach adolescence, their sexual
behavior develops. However, there are cultural
differences.
Sexual promiscuity in modern Western culture is much
greater than in Arab countries and other Asian countries.
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Contraception
Ignorance: Canadian teen girls do not have the right
ideas about birth control methods.
Guilt Related to Sexual Activity: Guilt reduces sexual
activity, but it also reduces the use of contraceptives.
Minimal Communication: Many teenagers feel
uncomfortable about discussing contraceptives.
Alcohol Use: Those who use alcohol prior to sex are less
likely to use contraceptives.
Mass Media: The media’s portrayal of unsafe
extramarital sex decreases the use of contraceptives.
57
Sexually Transmitted Infections
High Intelligence: Teens with higher intelligence are
likely to delay sex.
Religiosity: Religious teens and adults often reserve sex
for a marital commitment.
Father Presence: A father’s absence from home can
contribute to higher teen sexual activity.
Learning Programs: Teens who volunteer and tutor in
programs dedicated to reducing teen pregnancy are less
likely to engage in unsafe sex.
Correlational studies reveal factors that reduce
sexual activity in teens.
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Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for
emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of
the same sex, the other sex, and/or either sex.
Homosexual Heterosexual Bisexual
59
Sexual Orientation Statistics
In Europe and America, based on many national
surveys, homosexuality in men is 3-4% and in women
is 1-2%.
As members of a minority, homosexuals often struggle with
their sexual orientation.
60
Origins of Sexual Orientation
Homosexuality is more likely based on biological
factors like differing brain centers, genetics, and
parental hormone exposure rather than environmental
factors.
Homosexual parents
CynthiaJohnson/Timemagazine
11. 11
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Animal Homosexuality
A number of animal
species are devoted to
same-sex partners,
suggesting that
homosexuality exists in
the animal world.
Wendell and Cass
DavidHecker/AFP/GettyImages
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The Brain
In homosexual men, the size of the anterior
hypothalamus is smaller (LeVay, 1991) and the
anterior commissure is larger (Allen & Gorski, 1992).
Again, this is correlational.
Anterior
Hypothalamus
Anterior
Commissure
http://www.msu.edu
63
Genes & Sexual Orientation
A number of reasons suggest that homosexuality may
be due to genetic factors.
Family: Homosexuality seems to run in families.
Twin studies: Homosexuality is more common in
identical twins than fraternal twins. However, there are
mixed results.
Fruit flies: Genetic engineers can genetically manipulate
females to act like males during courtship and males to
act like females.
64
Hormones & Sexual Orientation
Prenatal hormones affect sexual orientation during
critical periods of fetal development.
Animals: Exposure of a fetus to testosterone results in
females (sheep) exhibiting homosexual behavior.
Humans: Exposure of a male or female fetus to female
hormones results in an attraction to males.
Heterosexual
male
Homosexual Heterosexual
female
65
Sexual Orientation: Biology
66
Changing Attitudes
12. 12
67
Sex and Human Values
“Promiscuous recreational sex poses certain
psychological, social, health, and moral problems
that must be faced realistically” (Baumrind, 1982).
AndreannaSeymore/GettyImages
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The Need to Belong
“[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle). Separation
from others increases our need to belong.
“Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffers
from social starvation.
20thCenturyFox/Dreamworks/TheKobalCollection69
Aiding Survival
Social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival rates.
These bonds led to the following:
Protecting against predators, especially for the young.
Procuring food.
Reproducing the next offspring.
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Belongingness
Wanting to Belong: The need to belong influences our
thinking and emotions.
Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with others
increases our self-esteem. Social exclusion decreases it.
Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking social
bonds, even bad ones.
Exclusion: Social exclusion leads to demoralization,
depression, and when reinclusion seems unlikely, nasty
behavior.
Fortifying Health: People who tend to have close friends
are happier and healthier.
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Motivation at Work
The healthy life, said Sigmund Freud, is filled by
love and work.
CulverPictures
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Attitudes Towards Work
Job: Necessary way to make money.
Career: Opportunity to advance from one position to
another.
Calling: Fulfilling a socially useful activity.
People have different attitudes toward work. Some
take it as a:
14. 14
79
The Interviewer Illusion
Interviewers often overrate their discernment.
Intention vs. Habits: Intensions matter, but long- lasting
habits matter even more.
Successful Employees: Interviewers are more likely to
talk about those employees that turned out successful.
Presumptions about Candidates: Interviewers presume
(wrongly) that what we see (candidate) is what we get.
Preconceptions: An interviewer’s prior knowledge about
the candidate may affect her judgment.
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Structured Interview
A formal and disciplined way of gathering
information from the interviewee. Structured
interviews pinpoint strengths (attitudes, behaviors,
knowledge, and skills). The personnel psychologist
may do the following:
Analyze the job.
Script questions.
Train the interviewer.
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Personnel Psychologist’s Tasks
82
Appraising Performance
Appraising performance results in two things: 1)
employee retention, and 2) the encouragement of
better performance.
83
Organizational Psychology: Motivating
Achievement
Achievement motivation is defined as a desire for
significant accomplishment.
Skinner devised a daily discipline schedule
that led him to become the 20th century’s most
influential psychologist.
KenHeyman/WoodfinCamp&Associates
84
Satisfaction & Engagement
Harter et al., (2002) observed that employee
engagement means that the worker:
1. Knows what is expected of
him.
2. Feels the need to work.
3. Feels fulfilled at work.
4. Has opportunities to do his
best.
5. Thinks himself to be a part
of something significant.
6. Has opportunities to learn
and develop.
Engaged workers are more productive
than non-engaged workers at different stores
of the same chain.
Capital-Journal/DavidEulitt/AP/WideWorldPhotos
15. 15
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Managing Well
Every leader dreams of managing in ways that enhance
people’s satisfaction, engagement, and productivity in
his or her organization.
Larry Brown offers 4-5 positive comments for every negative
comment.
EzraShaw/GettyImages
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Job-Relevant Strengths
Effective leaders need to select the right people,
determine their employees’ talents, adjust their work
roles to their talents, and develop their talents and
strengths.
87
Challenging Goals
Specific challenging goals motivate people to reach
higher achievement levels, especially if there is
feedback such as progress reports.
88
Leadership Style
Different organizational
demands need different
kinds of leaders. Leadership
varies from a boss-focused
style to a democratic style.
Task Leadership: Involves setting
standards, organizing work, and focusing on goals.
Social Leadership: Involves mediating conflicts and
building high achieving teams.