Testosterone plays a key role in human sexual development and behavior. It is responsible for directing male embryonic development and stimulating growth of male genitals. Changes in testosterone levels can influence traits like aggression, mood, and cognitive function. While testosterone levels generally differ between males and females, they also fluctuate within a person based on factors like winning, competition, and age. The hormone's effects are complex and not fully understood, but it clearly impacts both physical and behavioral traits in humans.
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<p>An orgasm in the human female is a variable, transient peak sensation of intense pleasure, creating an altered state of consciousness, usually with an initiation accompanied by involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the pelvic striated circum- vaginal musculature, often with concomitant uterine and anal contractions, arid myotonia that resolves the sexually induced vasocongestion and myotonia, generally with induction of well-being and contentment. Women's orgasms can be induced by erotic stimulation of a variety of genital end nongenital sites. A.s of yet, no definitive explanations for what triggers orgasm have emerged. Studies of brain imaging indicate increased activation at orgasm, compared to pre-orgasm, in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray o( the midbrain, hippocampus, and the cerebellum. Psychosocial factors commonly discussed in relation to female orgasmic ability include age, education. social clans, religion, personality, and relationship issues. findings from surveys and clinical reports suggest that orgasm problems are the second most frequently reported sexual problem in women. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anorgasmia focuses on promoting changes in attitudes and sexually relevant thoughts, decreasing anxiety, and increasing orgasmic ability and satisfaction. To date, there are no pharmacological agents proven to be beneficial beyond placebo in enhancing orgasmic function in women.</p>
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<h2>Definition of Women's Orgasm</h2>
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<p><br>More than one author has commented on the extensive literature that exists about the human female orgasm. It has been discussed from clinical, ethological, philosophical, physiological, psychological, sociological, and typological perspectives Levin, 1992). Symons 11979, p. 861 observed that although “the human female orgasm definitely exists it inspires interest, debate, polemics, ideology, technical manuals and scientific and popular literature solely because it is so often absent!” It is clear that natural selection has not favored females who could orgasm easily, hence it is not likely an essential feature of the reproductive process. Even its definition is hard to pin down because<br>enigmatically it has both nomothetic (the study or discovery of general laws) and radiographic (individuals perform- many aspects. Because the exact neural activity of the cerebral neuronal discharge is so poorly understood, most of those defining orgasm use reported or observed physical changes (usually muscular and cardiovascular), with an emphasis that this is the culmination or most intense moment of Sexual arousal. Levin,
This document discusses the physiology and pathology of ejaculation. It begins with an overview of the autonomic and somatic innervations involved in the male sexual response cycle. It then describes the processes of emission and ejaculation, which are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. It discusses various conditions like premature ejaculation, anejaculation, and retrograde ejaculation. It provides diagnostic criteria and treatments for these conditions. It also includes three case studies describing men with premature ejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, and anejaculation after a spinal injury.
The document discusses various topics related to motivation and work, including:
1) It describes different perspectives on motivation such as instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
2) It covers the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation, including the role of hormones and brain centers.
3) It discusses adolescent sexuality and factors that influence sexual behavior and orientation.
Normal sexuality is determined by anatomy, physiology, culture, relationships and life experiences. It involves stimulation of sex organs and brings pleasure to partners.
Sexual identity refers to biological sex characteristics while gender identity is one's sense of masculinity or femininity. Sexual orientation describes attraction to the same sex, opposite sex or both.
The sexual response cycle involves four phases - desire, excitement, orgasm and resolution. Various organs experience physiological changes like vasocongestion and detumescence during the cycle.
This document discusses delayed ejaculation, including its definition, epidemiology, causes, clinical presentations, and treatment options. Delayed ejaculation is defined as the inability to climax during sex about 75-100% of the time, with either a delay in ejaculation or infrequent/absent ejaculation after 25-30 minutes of stimulation. It affects 0-15% of men depending on factors like age, medical conditions, and medications. Causes can be somatic, such as spinal cord injuries, or non-somatic like psychological factors, relationship issues, or medication side effects. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, psychotherapy, medical treatment of underlying causes, and off-label use of medications in some cases.
Motivation can come from physiological drives like hunger or psychological needs for love, sex, and achievement. The hypothalamus area of the brain regulates physiological drives while incentives and arousal can come from external or internal factors. Motivation is also influenced by an individual's personality, culture, and environment.
Brain development final presentation currieBryanCurrie
Biological factors during fetal development may influence sexual orientation. The maternal immune hypothesis suggests that a mother's immune response to male antigens could affect brain development and increase the likelihood of homosexuality. The hormone wash theory proposes that stress-induced maternal hormones could disrupt the process that masculinizes the male fetus's brain. Studies have also found structural differences in brain regions involved in sexual behavior and attraction between homosexual and heterosexual individuals, such as larger hypothalamic regions in gay men. While both nature and nurture may play a role, biological theories focus on prenatal influences on the formation of the "homosexual brain."
This chapter discusses motivation and different theories of motivation. It covers physiological and psychological needs, drives, incentives, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Specific topics include hunger, eating disorders, sexual motivation, and motivation in work settings. Motivation is defined as a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
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<p>An orgasm in the human female is a variable, transient peak sensation of intense pleasure, creating an altered state of consciousness, usually with an initiation accompanied by involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the pelvic striated circum- vaginal musculature, often with concomitant uterine and anal contractions, arid myotonia that resolves the sexually induced vasocongestion and myotonia, generally with induction of well-being and contentment. Women's orgasms can be induced by erotic stimulation of a variety of genital end nongenital sites. A.s of yet, no definitive explanations for what triggers orgasm have emerged. Studies of brain imaging indicate increased activation at orgasm, compared to pre-orgasm, in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray o( the midbrain, hippocampus, and the cerebellum. Psychosocial factors commonly discussed in relation to female orgasmic ability include age, education. social clans, religion, personality, and relationship issues. findings from surveys and clinical reports suggest that orgasm problems are the second most frequently reported sexual problem in women. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anorgasmia focuses on promoting changes in attitudes and sexually relevant thoughts, decreasing anxiety, and increasing orgasmic ability and satisfaction. To date, there are no pharmacological agents proven to be beneficial beyond placebo in enhancing orgasmic function in women.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:heading -->
<h2>Definition of Women's Orgasm</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph -->
<p><br>More than one author has commented on the extensive literature that exists about the human female orgasm. It has been discussed from clinical, ethological, philosophical, physiological, psychological, sociological, and typological perspectives Levin, 1992). Symons 11979, p. 861 observed that although “the human female orgasm definitely exists it inspires interest, debate, polemics, ideology, technical manuals and scientific and popular literature solely because it is so often absent!” It is clear that natural selection has not favored females who could orgasm easily, hence it is not likely an essential feature of the reproductive process. Even its definition is hard to pin down because<br>enigmatically it has both nomothetic (the study or discovery of general laws) and radiographic (individuals perform- many aspects. Because the exact neural activity of the cerebral neuronal discharge is so poorly understood, most of those defining orgasm use reported or observed physical changes (usually muscular and cardiovascular), with an emphasis that this is the culmination or most intense moment of Sexual arousal. Levin,
This document discusses the physiology and pathology of ejaculation. It begins with an overview of the autonomic and somatic innervations involved in the male sexual response cycle. It then describes the processes of emission and ejaculation, which are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. It discusses various conditions like premature ejaculation, anejaculation, and retrograde ejaculation. It provides diagnostic criteria and treatments for these conditions. It also includes three case studies describing men with premature ejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, and anejaculation after a spinal injury.
The document discusses various topics related to motivation and work, including:
1) It describes different perspectives on motivation such as instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
2) It covers the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation, including the role of hormones and brain centers.
3) It discusses adolescent sexuality and factors that influence sexual behavior and orientation.
Normal sexuality is determined by anatomy, physiology, culture, relationships and life experiences. It involves stimulation of sex organs and brings pleasure to partners.
Sexual identity refers to biological sex characteristics while gender identity is one's sense of masculinity or femininity. Sexual orientation describes attraction to the same sex, opposite sex or both.
The sexual response cycle involves four phases - desire, excitement, orgasm and resolution. Various organs experience physiological changes like vasocongestion and detumescence during the cycle.
This document discusses delayed ejaculation, including its definition, epidemiology, causes, clinical presentations, and treatment options. Delayed ejaculation is defined as the inability to climax during sex about 75-100% of the time, with either a delay in ejaculation or infrequent/absent ejaculation after 25-30 minutes of stimulation. It affects 0-15% of men depending on factors like age, medical conditions, and medications. Causes can be somatic, such as spinal cord injuries, or non-somatic like psychological factors, relationship issues, or medication side effects. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, psychotherapy, medical treatment of underlying causes, and off-label use of medications in some cases.
Motivation can come from physiological drives like hunger or psychological needs for love, sex, and achievement. The hypothalamus area of the brain regulates physiological drives while incentives and arousal can come from external or internal factors. Motivation is also influenced by an individual's personality, culture, and environment.
Brain development final presentation currieBryanCurrie
Biological factors during fetal development may influence sexual orientation. The maternal immune hypothesis suggests that a mother's immune response to male antigens could affect brain development and increase the likelihood of homosexuality. The hormone wash theory proposes that stress-induced maternal hormones could disrupt the process that masculinizes the male fetus's brain. Studies have also found structural differences in brain regions involved in sexual behavior and attraction between homosexual and heterosexual individuals, such as larger hypothalamic regions in gay men. While both nature and nurture may play a role, biological theories focus on prenatal influences on the formation of the "homosexual brain."
This chapter discusses motivation and different theories of motivation. It covers physiological and psychological needs, drives, incentives, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Specific topics include hunger, eating disorders, sexual motivation, and motivation in work settings. Motivation is defined as a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
This study examined how ovulatory status, hormonal birth control use, relationship threat type (emotional vs. sexual infidelity), and rival attractiveness affect distress in women. The researchers found that normally cycling women reported higher distress during ovulation than the luteal phase, to threats of emotional infidelity over sexual infidelity, and to more attractive rivals over less attractive rivals. Patterns of distress differed between normally cycling women and those using hormonal birth control.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 8 of Psychology (9th Edition) by David Myers regarding learning. It discusses three major types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. For classical conditioning, it describes Pavlov's experiments with dogs and conditioning and key concepts like acquisition, extinction, and generalization. For operant conditioning, it outlines Skinner's experiments with rats in operant chambers and concepts like reinforcement schedules, shaping, and punishment. It also discusses Bandura's bobo doll experiment regarding observational learning from models.
The document discusses several topics related to motivation and work including:
1) Interviewers' judgements can be affected by preconceptions and a tendency to focus on successful employees. Structured interviews can help address these issues.
2) Employee performance appraisals serve to retain employees, determine rewards, and encourage better performance.
3) Engaged employees are more productive and feel fulfilled in their work. Effective leaders develop employees' strengths to increase motivation and performance.
4) Motivation comes from needs, drives, incentives, and seeking an optimal level of arousal. A hierarchy of needs prioritizes physiological needs over psychological ones.
Biological differences between the sexes - Βιολογικές διαφορές των φύλων Dafnitsa
Πρόγραμμα Comenius με θέμα "Gender Role Inequalities"
Ενότητα: "Βιολογικές διαφορές των φύλων"
Comenius project: " Gender Role Inequalities"
Topic: "The biological differences between the sexes"
This document summarizes key aspects of human sexuality, pregnancy, and childbirth. It describes the male and female reproductive anatomy and hormones. It discusses sexual response, orientation, and health issues. It also covers fertility, pregnancy stages and care, complications, and childbirth options like natural birth and cesarean sections. The postpartum period and parenting are also briefly addressed.
The document discusses bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) as a treatment for hormone deficiencies experienced by many women during and after menopause and by some men. It notes common symptoms like hot flashes, mood swings, loss of sex drive and energy. It then provides information on how bioidentical hormones are a natural alternative to synthetic HRT, explaining their benefits like relief of symptoms, increased bone density and reduced cancer risks compared to other treatments. The process of evaluation, testing and treatment through pellet implantation is described.
EDSP webinar 3: In vivo assays for the EDSPJim Regan
The science and methodologies required to perform the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program’s Tier 1 In Vivo Mammalian Assays will be discussed including the nature of the reproductive and general toxicity endpoints and the alterations that may signal endocrine disruption.
As the Male and Female Pubertal studies can be performed as a Combined Male and Female Pubertal Study, the advantages and disadvantages of the combined assay will also be discussed.
Regulatory agencies have consistently agreed that endocrine disruption must be evaluated by “Weight of Evidence” (WoE) procedures. A discussion of the relative weight for each endpoint and the use of the hypothesis-based “WoE” approach for determination a positive response in this assay will be discussed.
More info at http://www.huntingdon.com/Chemical/Endocrinedisruptorscreeningprogram/Webinars
Dr. Aaron Spitz's 2006 presentation on disorders of ejaculation. Presented as part of his work as an Assistant Clinical Professor at UC Irvine's Department of Urology.
There are two types of glands - exocrine glands which secrete chemicals through ducts and endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones have different types and properties depending on their chemical structure, with steroid hormones being hydrophobic and able to influence gene expression. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to regulate hormone release, with the hypothalamus secreting tropic hormones and the pituitary gland secreting tropic and other hormones in response. Sexual development is determined by sex hormones like testosterone and their influence on internal and external genital development.
Call us today to schedule your FREE consultation!
Testosterone Replacement Therapy Richardson, TX
Richardson Pain & Wellness
777 S. Central Expy Suite 6E
Richardson, TX 75080
(972) 907-1125
Website: https://mgyb.co/s/uZQTq
Google Site: https://mgyb.co/s/bQcWz
Google Folder: https://mgyb.co/s/7QgOh
New Google Page: https://mgyb.co/s/YNch6
Google Map: https://mgyb.co/s/zl9Up
Youtube: https://mgyb.co/s/mBOQq
El transistor es un dispositivo semiconductor que cumple funciones como amplificador, oscilador, conmutador o rectificador. El primer transistor inventado en 1947 fue el transistor de contacto puntual, que constaba de una base de germanio con dos puntas metálicas que formaban el emisor y el colector. Posteriormente se desarrolló el transistor de unión bipolar, formado por dos uniones PN adyacentes, que mejoró las limitaciones del primer transistor.
Un blog es una publicación online con historias presentadas en orden cronológico inverso. Los blogs suelen incluir enlaces a otros blogs y sistemas de comentarios para conversaciones. Se usan blogs para diarios personales, promoción personal, y columnas de opinión.
Las fobias infantiles son miedos persistentes e intensos que experimentan los niños ante nuevas situaciones o estímulos. Algunas fobias comunes incluyen miedo a animales, oscuridad, monstruos y fracaso escolar. Es importante evaluar la duración y gravedad de los síntomas y si interfieren con la vida diaria del niño. Los padres pueden prevenir fobias fomentando la autonomía del niño y brindando apoyo y explicaciones cuando tenga miedo.
Para acceder a los cursos e-Learning en la plataforma, los usuarios deben ingresar su nombre y contraseña en la página web, seleccionar el curso deseado como "Manipulación de alimentos", elegir el módulo específico haciendo clic en el icono, y descargar e iniciar el curso seleccionado.
El documento describe un proyecto para planificar proyectos utilizando didácticas disruptivas como un asado. Propone el aprendizaje cooperativo entre estudiantes para crear tareas y asignar recursos, con los docentes mediando el proceso. También sugiere investigación de campo e investigación de experiencias de otros a través de libros, entrevistas a expertos y redes sociales para documentar y compartir la experiencia.
Los principales servicios de apoyo académico ofrecidos por la Universidad de Costa Rica incluyen: 1) Estudiaderos, donde estudiantes avanzados ofrecen apoyo a estudiantes de cursos difíciles; 2) Proyectos como Feynman y Ex-ma, que ofrecen repasos de cursos de física y matemáticas; 3) Grupos de apoyo extra clase y tutorías para materias como matemáticas.
This study examined how ovulatory status, hormonal birth control use, relationship threat type (emotional vs. sexual infidelity), and rival attractiveness affect distress in women. The researchers found that normally cycling women reported higher distress during ovulation than the luteal phase, to threats of emotional infidelity over sexual infidelity, and to more attractive rivals over less attractive rivals. Patterns of distress differed between normally cycling women and those using hormonal birth control.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 8 of Psychology (9th Edition) by David Myers regarding learning. It discusses three major types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. For classical conditioning, it describes Pavlov's experiments with dogs and conditioning and key concepts like acquisition, extinction, and generalization. For operant conditioning, it outlines Skinner's experiments with rats in operant chambers and concepts like reinforcement schedules, shaping, and punishment. It also discusses Bandura's bobo doll experiment regarding observational learning from models.
The document discusses several topics related to motivation and work including:
1) Interviewers' judgements can be affected by preconceptions and a tendency to focus on successful employees. Structured interviews can help address these issues.
2) Employee performance appraisals serve to retain employees, determine rewards, and encourage better performance.
3) Engaged employees are more productive and feel fulfilled in their work. Effective leaders develop employees' strengths to increase motivation and performance.
4) Motivation comes from needs, drives, incentives, and seeking an optimal level of arousal. A hierarchy of needs prioritizes physiological needs over psychological ones.
Biological differences between the sexes - Βιολογικές διαφορές των φύλων Dafnitsa
Πρόγραμμα Comenius με θέμα "Gender Role Inequalities"
Ενότητα: "Βιολογικές διαφορές των φύλων"
Comenius project: " Gender Role Inequalities"
Topic: "The biological differences between the sexes"
This document summarizes key aspects of human sexuality, pregnancy, and childbirth. It describes the male and female reproductive anatomy and hormones. It discusses sexual response, orientation, and health issues. It also covers fertility, pregnancy stages and care, complications, and childbirth options like natural birth and cesarean sections. The postpartum period and parenting are also briefly addressed.
The document discusses bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) as a treatment for hormone deficiencies experienced by many women during and after menopause and by some men. It notes common symptoms like hot flashes, mood swings, loss of sex drive and energy. It then provides information on how bioidentical hormones are a natural alternative to synthetic HRT, explaining their benefits like relief of symptoms, increased bone density and reduced cancer risks compared to other treatments. The process of evaluation, testing and treatment through pellet implantation is described.
EDSP webinar 3: In vivo assays for the EDSPJim Regan
The science and methodologies required to perform the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program’s Tier 1 In Vivo Mammalian Assays will be discussed including the nature of the reproductive and general toxicity endpoints and the alterations that may signal endocrine disruption.
As the Male and Female Pubertal studies can be performed as a Combined Male and Female Pubertal Study, the advantages and disadvantages of the combined assay will also be discussed.
Regulatory agencies have consistently agreed that endocrine disruption must be evaluated by “Weight of Evidence” (WoE) procedures. A discussion of the relative weight for each endpoint and the use of the hypothesis-based “WoE” approach for determination a positive response in this assay will be discussed.
More info at http://www.huntingdon.com/Chemical/Endocrinedisruptorscreeningprogram/Webinars
Dr. Aaron Spitz's 2006 presentation on disorders of ejaculation. Presented as part of his work as an Assistant Clinical Professor at UC Irvine's Department of Urology.
There are two types of glands - exocrine glands which secrete chemicals through ducts and endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones have different types and properties depending on their chemical structure, with steroid hormones being hydrophobic and able to influence gene expression. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to regulate hormone release, with the hypothalamus secreting tropic hormones and the pituitary gland secreting tropic and other hormones in response. Sexual development is determined by sex hormones like testosterone and their influence on internal and external genital development.
Call us today to schedule your FREE consultation!
Testosterone Replacement Therapy Richardson, TX
Richardson Pain & Wellness
777 S. Central Expy Suite 6E
Richardson, TX 75080
(972) 907-1125
Website: https://mgyb.co/s/uZQTq
Google Site: https://mgyb.co/s/bQcWz
Google Folder: https://mgyb.co/s/7QgOh
New Google Page: https://mgyb.co/s/YNch6
Google Map: https://mgyb.co/s/zl9Up
Youtube: https://mgyb.co/s/mBOQq
El transistor es un dispositivo semiconductor que cumple funciones como amplificador, oscilador, conmutador o rectificador. El primer transistor inventado en 1947 fue el transistor de contacto puntual, que constaba de una base de germanio con dos puntas metálicas que formaban el emisor y el colector. Posteriormente se desarrolló el transistor de unión bipolar, formado por dos uniones PN adyacentes, que mejoró las limitaciones del primer transistor.
Un blog es una publicación online con historias presentadas en orden cronológico inverso. Los blogs suelen incluir enlaces a otros blogs y sistemas de comentarios para conversaciones. Se usan blogs para diarios personales, promoción personal, y columnas de opinión.
Las fobias infantiles son miedos persistentes e intensos que experimentan los niños ante nuevas situaciones o estímulos. Algunas fobias comunes incluyen miedo a animales, oscuridad, monstruos y fracaso escolar. Es importante evaluar la duración y gravedad de los síntomas y si interfieren con la vida diaria del niño. Los padres pueden prevenir fobias fomentando la autonomía del niño y brindando apoyo y explicaciones cuando tenga miedo.
Para acceder a los cursos e-Learning en la plataforma, los usuarios deben ingresar su nombre y contraseña en la página web, seleccionar el curso deseado como "Manipulación de alimentos", elegir el módulo específico haciendo clic en el icono, y descargar e iniciar el curso seleccionado.
El documento describe un proyecto para planificar proyectos utilizando didácticas disruptivas como un asado. Propone el aprendizaje cooperativo entre estudiantes para crear tareas y asignar recursos, con los docentes mediando el proceso. También sugiere investigación de campo e investigación de experiencias de otros a través de libros, entrevistas a expertos y redes sociales para documentar y compartir la experiencia.
Los principales servicios de apoyo académico ofrecidos por la Universidad de Costa Rica incluyen: 1) Estudiaderos, donde estudiantes avanzados ofrecen apoyo a estudiantes de cursos difíciles; 2) Proyectos como Feynman y Ex-ma, que ofrecen repasos de cursos de física y matemáticas; 3) Grupos de apoyo extra clase y tutorías para materias como matemáticas.
This document provides information about a floristic study of benthic algae in Telok Gong, Melaka. The study had four objectives: 1) determine algal diversity and distribution, 2) investigate temporal and spatial distribution patterns, 3) identify dominant algae, and 4) generate an identification key. A total of 35 algal species from 9 orders and 12 families were identified. The study found differences in species composition between months and habitats. Cladophorosis membranacea was the most abundant species. Comparison to previous studies showed similarity ranged from 20-27%. In conclusion, the study provides baseline data on algal diversity in Telok Gong.
Este documento resume las características generales del sistema solar, incluyendo la ley de gravitación universal de Newton, las características principales de los planetas como cuerpos celestes que orbitan alrededor del sol, y los satélites naturales, cometas y asteroides que también forman parte del sistema solar.
El documento presenta un resumen sobre la historia de los Juegos Olímpicos dirigido a estudiantes de nivel medio. Explica brevemente el origen de los Juegos Olímpicos, sus símbolos y algunas disciplinas deportivas. Los objetivos son conocer el origen de los juegos para adquirir conocimiento sobre la cultura deportiva y valorar la importancia de la participación de diferentes países y atletas.
El documento presenta un simulacro de pruebas para Camila Marulanda Tobon, estudiante de tercer grado, presentado por Abelardo Botero Tobon, estudiante de grado 11.
Hormones play a significant role in human development, behavior, and identity. Prenatal hormones determine aspects like sex, sexuality, gender, demeanor, and sensitivity. The presence or absence of hormones like testosterone and mullerian inhibiting substance during fetal development masculinize or feminize a developing fetus. Later hormone levels also influence characteristics like aggression, dominance, and response to stress and pain. Abnormal hormone levels during development can result in intersex conditions or differences in gender identity and orientation. Hormone treatments later in life are also able to further masculinize or feminize aspects of the body and mind.
Testosterone is the primary sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Testosterone is a sex hormone that plays important roles in the body. In men, it's thought to regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm. A small amount of circulating testosterone is converted to estradiol, a form of estrogen.
If a male has a low level of testosterone, the symptoms can include erectile dysfunction, and reduced bone mass and sex drive. The hormone has many important functions, including: the development of the bones and muscles. the deepening of the voice, hair growth, and other factors related to appearance.
Men with high testosterone can experience a variety of troubling symptoms and possible health consequences. Excess testosterone can lead to more aggressive and irritable behavior, more acne and oily skin, even worse sleep apnea (if you already have it), and an increase in muscle mass.
The document discusses research on the relationship between testosterone and aggressive behavior. While some studies have found associations between high testosterone levels and aggression in animals and humans, the link is unclear as many other factors are involved. Testosterone appears to stimulate competition and dominance seeking, but is not the sole or main cause of violence. Personality traits and genetic factors also influence how individuals respond to testosterone levels. More research is still needed, especially regarding impacts on female aggression.
Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation which enables evolutionary adaptations. Hormones communicate throughout the body, including sex hormones like androgens and estrogens. Sex hormones influence reproductive organs and behaviors through organizing and activating effects, and there are sensitive periods of development when hormones shape the brain and body. Differences exist between male and female anatomy, hormones, sexual behaviors, and cognitive abilities, which some evolutionary perspectives suggest relate to ancestral reproductive strategies.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones which regulate various bodily functions like metabolism, growth, mood, and reproduction. The main glands are the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testicles. Hormones are chemicals that control tissues and organs and are involved in processes like reproduction, growth, and immune function. They work slowly compared to the nervous system. Hormonal changes can impact mood, weight, and other factors. The document then discusses various hormones like cortisol, oxytocin, thyroid hormones, estrogen, and testosterone in more detail. It also covers the nature vs nurture debate about how much our
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone that helps develop and maintain male physical traits. Low testosterone can cause decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, and mood changes. It affects about 5 million American men and can be caused by aging, disease, or injury. Treatment options for low testosterone include hormone replacement therapy through injections, patches or implants.
Testosterone plays an important role in the male body, impacting physical, cognitive, emotional and sexual health. It helps build muscle mass and bone strength, may prevent brain decay, combats depression, and supports male libido and fertility. Low testosterone levels are estimated to impact 5 million American men, so optimizing testosterone production is significant for overall well-being.
The document discusses the biological approach to gender development. It describes how biological factors like genes, hormones and brain differences influence whether a fetus develops as male or female. During development, testosterone exposure affects the formation of sex organs and later impacts behaviors by changing the brain. Studies on animals, intersex individuals and hormone correlations in humans provide some evidence linking biology to gendered behaviors, though methods have limitations. The complexity of influences on gender is exemplified by cases like Caster Semenya.
The biological approach states that gender development is determined by genes and hormones. In the first 6-8 weeks of development, a fetus will develop either male or female sex organs depending on the presence or absence of the SRY gene. For males, the SRY gene causes development of testes which produce testosterone, triggering male external organ development. Females develop in the absence of male hormones. Later hormone exposure during development and puberty further influence secondary sex characteristics and behaviors through average hormonal differences between males and females. However, social learning and social norms also influence behaviors, and determinism is limited as seen in conditions like androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Running head HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR1HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR5Huma.docxcowinhelen
Running head: HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 1
HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 5Human Sexual Behavior
Razalyn Nickola
PSY/340
Janyary 8th, 2016
Teralyn Sell
Human Sexual Behavior
Regulatory behaviors are those human behaviors which can be controlled by and individual through voluntary and involuntary processes. The person who is learning to develop a specific regulatory behavior would like to develop capability of self-control in order to behave in a specific manner.The point to be noted is that self-control may refer to controlling impulses in order to abstain from doing something. For example, for a person to stop drinking alcohol or it may refer to doing something that a person does not want to do. Regulatory behaviors are comprised of various acts like managing energy, emotions and attention towards specific things in order to make them socially admirable or acceptable. Human sexual behavior is an example of a regulatory behavior. “It can be described as any activity solitary between two persons, or in a group that induce sexual arousal. There are two determinants of human sexual behavior: the inherited sexual response patterns that have evolved as a means of ensuring reproduction and that are a part of each individual’s genetic inheritance, and the degree of restraint or other types of influence exerted on the individual by society in the expression of his sexuality” (Human Sexual Behaviour,” 2015).
Human sexual behavior is an act comprised of various activities displayed by individuals to express their individual sexuality to others.
Human sexual behavior is the behavior depicted by human beings when they indulge themselves in sexual activities during their different phases of life (Gray & Garcia, 2013). Mostly human sexual behavior is thought limited to the sexual intercourse only, which is comprised of sexual arousal and the physiological changes that happen in the sexually aroused human. Some of the psychological changes are more prominent than others. Sexual activities include all those gestures and behaviors that are meant to make individuals sexually attracted to another person. However, in some cases sexual activities are not limited to individuals of the opposite sex only i.e. transgender. Sexual behavior also includes courtships, display and foreplay behavior (Hart, 1977).
The nervous system plays a vital role in regulating human sexual behavior. The reason for this is because thewhole nervous system starts working in sexual activity. The autonomic system of nervous system manages and regulates the involuntary responses of a sexual activity. The afferent cerebrospinal nerves play important role in transmitting sensory messages from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body. The cerebrospinal nerves play dual role in transmitting these messages. Spinal cord plays the role of transmission cable in the overall sexual activity. The brain acts as a coordinating center and controls and interprets the sensations ...
Sex is biologically determined by X and Y chromosomes, which trigger development of either male or female internal reproductive systems before birth. Hormones like testosterone and estrogen then influence further physical sex differentiation and sexual maturation. Studies have found correlations between higher levels of testosterone and more masculine behaviors in both males and females, such as increased aggression and preference for stereotypically male toys. Sex chromosome abnormalities can also influence physical and behavioral traits, like Klinefelter syndrome causing feminine characteristics in XY males or Turner syndrome resulting in short stature and infertility in XO females.
This document provides an overview of testosterone, including its structure, secretion, effects, and mechanisms of action. Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone. It is secreted primarily by the testes in males and the ovaries in females. Testosterone promotes the development of male secondary sex characteristics, increases muscle and bone mass, and supports male sexual functions and spermatogenesis. It works primarily by binding to androgen receptors in cells or being aromatized into estradiol. Abnormalities in testosterone levels or signaling can result in various medical conditions.
Brain development final presentation currieBryanCurrie
During puberty, LGBT youth often question if they are abnormal due to their same-sex attractions. Biological theories suggest that factors in the womb, such as maternal stress or immune responses, can affect brain development and result in non-heterosexual orientations. Specifically, stress may disrupt the hormone wash that masculinizes the brain, while immune responses to antigens in a male fetus may trigger antibodies that alter brain formation. Studies in rats and patterns in human families provide some support for these biological theories, though more research is still needed.
Anabolic steroids mimic the effects of testosterone in the body. By taking supraphysiological doses, it disrupts the body's natural production of testosterone through a negative feedback loop. This can lead to infertility and other side effects by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The high levels of steroids also put stress on organs like the liver and can increase risks of certain cancers. The mood and behavioral changes are also side effects of the unnatural hormone fluctuations.
Hormones are chemical messengers that glands produce and send to target organs to cause actions in the body. Hormone balance is when hormone levels remain within normal ranges and do not cause symptoms, while imbalance occurs when levels are abnormal and do cause symptoms. Some key hormones include estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, thyroid hormone, DHEA, ACTH, cortisol, and growth hormone. These hormones regulate important bodily functions like reproduction, metabolism, stress response, development, and more. Hormone imbalance can negatively impact health and cause conditions such as diabetes, adrenal fatigue, and Cushing's disease.
The document discusses biological influences on gender development from conception through adulthood. It explains that the presence or absence of the SRY gene during early fetal development determines whether sex organs develop along male or female lines. During critical prenatal and early childhood periods, males are exposed to higher levels of testosterone than females, which influences brain development and later gendered behaviors. While hormones and genes influence gender development, the complexity of factors involved is demonstrated by cases like Caster Semenya that challenge simple biological definitions of gender.
The document discusses the role of hormones in male and female puberty and reproductive systems. It describes how hormones like LH, FSH, testosterone, and estrogen trigger physical changes during puberty such as development of secondary sex characteristics. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control hormone production and feedback loops that regulate reproduction and development.
Do you know these facts about testosteroneLovina Kapoor
When people hear the word ‘testosterone’ they often first think ‘aggression.’ Indeed, there is a link between the hormone and the behavior in competitive situations like between peers or for a sexual partner. Today we discuss about the Facts about Testosterone
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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578
1. Farid Gazizov
Impact of evolution on human thought
Testosterone
For a long period of time humans could not answer the question of what makes a
man, a man, and a women, a women. As was recently found main difference is not just in
presence of genitals. Probably one will ask why? The answer is that genitals themselves
are indirect products of another matter. The name of this matter is testosterone.
“Testosterone is a hormone that stimulates sexual development in male human
beings. It belongs to a family of hormones called androgens. Primarily the
testicles, a part of male sex glands, produce androgens. The ovaries in females
and the adrenal glands in both sexes also yield small amounts of testosterone and
other androgens (The world book encyclopedia).”
In its earliest crucial functions, in developing embryo, testosterone play the key
role in telling the cells of the genetically male embryo to develop as a male. It is
amazing, but all human embryo begins as females for the first few weeks of an embryo’s
life, a small group of cells have potential to develop either as ovaries or testes. About one
million of genes that are needed to direct the development of a human being, one single
gene (the “SRY” gene), which is carried on the Y chromosome, is responsible for
determining the sex of the embryo. If the embryo’s cells contain the “SRY” gene, the
embryo will develop testes, which at some point and for a limited period of time early in
its development produce and release a big amount of testosterone. It turn, testosterone
then signal the cells of other parts of the embryo to develop as a male.
As shown in the study by a Stanford research group namely testosterone is
responsible for formation of genitals. An experiment was held on newborn female rats.
They were injected with testosterone. Surprisingly, but the female rats developed male
genitals, and female genitals began disappearing. Later “converted” female rats started
revealing purely male behavior, and they were fully aware of usage of their “new” male
genitals. The same experiment was performed with male newborn rats. It is amazing,
but their penises withered and later completely disappeared. This experiment is not
ethical to perform on humans, but random facts suggest that all most the same can be
done with humans. For instance, in lesbian couple, butches (female that represents male)
use testosterone injections to develop male features such as deep voice, facial hair and
muscles (“The He Hormone,” Andrew Syllivan)
In girls, the adrenal glands begin to produce testosterone earlier than in boys.
That’s is how and why girls mature earlier, as a rule, than boys. It was testosterone that
stimulated the growth of girls pubic hair and underarm hair (there are testosterone
receptors in the skin of the pubic area and the skin of the underarm that are genetically
programmed to react to testosterone by producing hair). And testosterone stimulated girls
1
2. skin to produce more oil, contributing to the acne of girls early teenage years, but also to
the healthy glow of the skin and the shine of the hair.
The medical book Reproductive Endocrinology by Drs. Samuel Yen and Rovert
Jaffe, states; “Testosterone and other androgens have some biological activity o virtually
every tissue in the body.” Among the most important functions listed are “anabolic
actions, such as stimulation of linear body growth, nitrogen retention, and muscular
development.” This statement means that testosterone works to keep the cells of the body
functioning efficiently, making the best use of nourishment of growth and maintenance,
and particularly contributing to the health of bones and muscles.
Having knowledge of the way testosterone function in the body, artificial testosterone
injections can be used for variety of purposes. One of the purposes of artificial use of
testosterone is to stimulate sex drive. The balance of this hormone is responsible for
initiating and maintaining the production of sperm from early puberty throughout
adulthood in male body. During childhood and adolescence, these hormones are
responsible for:
1) Growth of genitals
2) Depth of pitch of the voice, increase muscle mass, and growth of bones.
3) Appearance of the body and facial hair.
Overproduction of testosterone caused by testicular, adrenal, or pituitary tumors
in the young male may result in precocious puberty. Overproduction of testosterone in
females, caused by ovarian and adrenal tumors, can result in muscessation of the
menstrual cycle and excessive growth of body hair. Level of testosterone are low before
puberty; they begin to increase at the onset of puberty and continue to increase during
adulthood. Production begins to diminish at about age of 40, eventually dropping to
about one-fifth of the peak level by age of 80 (“Hormone of desire,” Susan Rako).
Scientifically established men’s testosterone, level is at least ten times higher than any of
the women. According to the last available date, even male population accounts for less
than 50 percent of the world’s population, major part of violence is perpetrated by men.
Currently many males use testosterone shots or gel for the purpose of body-
building. Testosterone shots trigger imbetterment of appetite and muscles growth.
Besides, testosterone can have effects on the function of several brain areas. One
additional surprising effect of testosterone is that it can not only affect the function of the
brain but also its development and anatomy. Study in laboratory of Roger Gorskis at the
University of California, Los Angeles, has revealed that the sex difference in the brain
anatomy appears to be due to the presence of male sex hormones at a certain stage of
brain development in male rats. Later work has shown a similar effect of testosterone at
other brain areas: for example, the spinal nerve cells that control the muscles of the
genital area are more numerous in male rats (cross sections through the hypothalamus of
a male and female rats (male, (thinner and longer)).
2
3. Below is a human life example how hormone level can influence human health, and
behavior brought by John K. Young in his book “Hormones; molecular messenger.”
“Bridget was divorcing Bob, her husband of tem years, so she was not terribly
surprised when she started to feel anxious and upset upon awakening in the
morning. She grew worried, however, when these anxiety attacks became more
frequent and stronger, coming upon her at all times of the day. She went to see a
psychiatrist. The doctor also assumed the problem was stemming from her
divorce proceedings and prescribed an antidepressant. After two weeks of more
anxiety and no relief coming from the dedication, Bridget felt like committing
herself to a institution. Her nervousness was now even making her hair fall out;
her skin began to feel thin and bruised. She was not eating properly either, but
was surprised to see she had lost over twenty pounds.
One night Bridget’s best friend Virginia invited her to a dinner party. Over the
meal, someone mentioned how traumatic divorce was; Bridget laughingly said
that it was not making her thin and anxious, it was also thinning out her skin and
hair. One of the other guests, a young woman, asked her to elaborate, and Bridget
shyly told her the symptoms she had been suffering from. The young woman then
introduced herself as a doctor. She asked Bridget to come down to her office for a
few tests. Bridget did and these tests revealed what the doctor had first suspected;
that Bridget was not suffering from a psychiatric disorder, but rater a hormonal
one. Her thyroid gland was overworking, giving her the symptoms of thinning
hair, thin skin, excessive weight loss, and anxiety. Afte4r treatment all of
Bridgets’ symptoms disappeared.”
The example described above suggests that level of testosterone influence not
only physical development of the body, but also is responsible for emotions and behavior.
One researcher, curios about the fact that only male canaries sing during mating season,
gave a testosterone shot to female canaries. The result was amazing, the female canaries
“burst into song.” The same experiment was performed on zebra finches. Dr. Christina
Wang’s study reveals that men with low testosterone level are irritable and aggressive
than those with high-normal level. “When their testosterone level was increased during
hormone-replacement therapy, their anger diminished and their sense of well-being
increased.”
Robert M. Sapolsy, in his book “The trouble with testosterone,” takes opposite
opinion side to scientists who think that increasing testosterone level leads to changes in
behavior (such as becoming more aggressive). He holds an opinion that changes in
surrounding environment trigger change in the level of testosterone.
“Okay, suppose you note a correlation between levels of aggression and levels of
testosterone among these normal males. This could be because (a) testosterone
elevates aggression; (b) aggression elevates testosterone secretion; (c) neither
cause the other. There is a huge bias to assume opinion (a), while (b) is the
3
4. answer. Study after study has shown that when you examine testosterone levels
when males are first placed together in the social group testosterone levels predict
nothing about who is going to be aggressive. The subsequent behavioral
differences drive the hormonal changes, rather the other way around (“Trouble
with Testosterone,” pp. 152).”
It is a good point, but what about evidences suggesting that men after taking
testosterone injection find themselves more aggression than normally. The article “The
He Hormone” by Andrew Sullivan brings a good example when a man after taking
testosterone shot could not control his increased aggressiveness and “had nearly gotten
into the first public brawl of his life.”
“Soon after I inject myself with testosterone I feel a deep surge of energy. My
attention span shortens. My wit is quicker, my mind is faster, but my judgement
is more impulsive.”
Several other studies suggest that individuals with winning attitudes have higher
testosterone levels, at least for a short period of time, than those without such an attitude.
One group of researchers, for example, measured testosterone levels in six college tennis
players and found that testosterone levels began to rise in all of them before their
matches, apparently in anticipation of competition. The big surprise came after the fact:
the testosterone levels of those who won their matches remained high, while the
testosterone levels of those who lost diminished.
A second group of researchers, at North Dakota State University in Fargo,
undertook even further step by trying to figure out if it was the competition itself, or the
mood produced by winning, that caused the rise in testosterone. In their experiment,
male college students either won or lost $5 through a series of coin tosses. The task
removed all elements of skill or competition; blind luck determined winners and losers.
After the tosses had been finished, the researchers measured the saliva of participants for
changes in their testosterone levels. Those who won money experienced a more positive
mood and a rise in “test”; those who lost whose a decrease in the later. The result
suggested that the acts of winning, rather than the nature of the competition or the skill
involved, improve mood and produces an increase in testosterone levels. This
experiment obviously supports Robert’s Saporky statement that testosterone level
changes with external factors.
Two more recent studies by a single group of researchers went further to find out
if one has to directly participate in competing in order to experience increase in
testosterone level. In the first study, the researchers measured the salivary testosterone
levels of fans who attended a college basketball game. In another, they took the same
measurement of a group who watched a World Cup soccer match on television. In each
study, testosterone levels were taken before and after the game. In both experiments,
those fans whose team had won experienced a surge in their testosterone levels, while
those fans whose team had lost showed a drop.
4
5. The result was very surprising. Even the fans are not directly involved in the
competition, the their testosterone levels change in accordance with whether their team is
losing or winning. The supervisor of the researches, a doctoral candidate in education
psychology at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, makes a comment on the
researches notes: “Fans do not have much to do with outcome: there are more like
voyeurs to the team’s experience of competition.” Nonetheless, experiencing victory even
vicariously apparently has very real effect on a person’s hormone levels.
Testosterone level is not only different among individuals, but it changes within
one organism one intraday basis. Testosterone level can vary by up to fifty percent during
one day. In the mornings it tends to be higher than in the evenings. This is another
reason why people feel fresh in the mornings. During the day one might experience ups
and downs of testosterone level induced by winning mood effect. These up and downs
do not have effect on physical development of the individual (“The Testosterone
Syndrome,” Eugene Shippen, William Fryer).
Sensitivity to the changes in the testosterone levels is not very researched subject.
It is noticed that different individuals experience different effects after having the same
amount of testosterone injected. The genetically determined differences in the numbers of
testosterone receptors may be one factor.
Besides stimulating growth of bones, body mass, facial hair, change in voice,
testosterone might be a possible reason of illnesses. In the report by Paule A. Lotufo,
Joann E. Manson, Alexandersen P, Haarbo J, Christiansen C., on male pattern baldness
and coronary heart disease, the authors conclude that “vertex pattern baldness appears to
be a marker for increased risk if coronary heart disease. They state that testosterone may
provide a “plausible explanation for an association between baldness and coronary heart
disease.” The reference cited is a study that shows elevated testosterone levels in men
with prostate cancer and baldness; however, these were no measured testosterone
concentrations in the data presented. Dr. Brian L.G. Morgan and Roberta Morgan, in
their book “Hormones,” are tying to link high testosterone level with coronary heart
disease. They bring into attention the fact that in general, since women have lower
testosterone levels than men, according to available poll of data, they live longer lives.
“Equal numbers for both sexes are around by age thirty, and only 70 percent of men reach
age sixty-five, where as 84 percent of women do.”
On the contrary recent results from the Telecom Study showed that decreased
testosterone levels were associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors in otherwise
healthy men.
Eugene Shippen and William Fryer, in their book “Testosterone syndrome,” agree
with the opinion that low level of testosterone are more associated with increased
cardiovascular risk factors, rather than all the way around.
5
6. “The fundamental fact is this: a clear and ever-increasing majority of medical
studies report an association between high testosterone and low cardiovascular
disease in men. This is not a coincidental association, since when testosterone is
diminished well-accepted risk factors increase, and when testosterone is
administered in appropriate doses most of the major risk factors for heart disease
diminish. Moreover, in the majority of patients, symptoms and objective EKG
measurements improve. These studies are confirming the results I have been
getting with patients for years. Men prosper health wise and live longer when
their testosterone levels are normal. Heart problems, in particular, are more easily
controlled (The Testosterone Syndromes, pp. 81).”
With growing old, men begin experiencing erective problems and losing sexual
interest. These problems are caused by diminishment in testosterone level. Facts reveal
that men who are taking testosterone, in any form, experience surge of sexual interest,
and overall enhancement in physical strength. Eugene Shippen, and William Fryer, in
their book “The Testosterone Syndrome,” relate diminishing sexual interest to a sign of
future heart disease and diabetes, conditions common in the male menopause (“The
Testosterone Syndrome,” pp. 59)
At the end of this research, I would like to notice and bring example of the fact
that majority of scientific world hold opinion that artificial testosterone if correctly
applied can bring much of good to the human kind, especially to elderly.
“Standford R. is seventy-four years old now, but he has had heart problems since
the early 1970s. It did not make life easy for him. He is an athletic man who likes to
hunt, fish on the river, and walk in the woods. By the time Standford together with his
chest pains, got into the 1980s, it was time for a quintuple bypass. The chest pains started
up again in a few years later. His chest pains went away, his energy returned and when
he is not walking over the hills and fields and hunting in the woods, Standford makes
love. Sometimes twice a day (“The Testosterone syndrome,” pp79).
Conclusion
6
7. As can be concluded from all researches discussed above change in testosterone
level triggers changes in behavioral pattern, and environmental change followed by
change in behavioral pattern triggers change in testosterone level.
The arguments in scientific world regarding testosterone and their role in human
anatomy are not over yet. The subject is hard to explore, because experiments that has to
be done in order to find right answers are not considered to be ethical on humans. The
scientific world has no choice, but to use random historical facts to come to the answers.
However, the fact the testosterone play a huge role in human development and behavior
is not argued by any more.
Reference:
7
8. 1) “The Testosterone Syndrome”; Eugene Shippen, M.D. and William Fryer, M. Evans
and Company, Inc., 1998
2) “Hormones; Molecular Messenger”; John K. Young, Franklin Watts, 1994
3) “The Trouble with Testosterone and other essays on the biology of the human
predicament”; Robert M. Sapolsky, Scribner, 1997
4) “The Hormone of Desire; The Truth about sexuality, menopause, and testosterone”;
Susan Rako, M.D., Harmony Books, 1996
5) “Never Too Buff”; John Cloud
6) “The He Hormone”; Andrew Sullivan
8