This document provides an overview of motivation and work. It discusses various motivational perspectives including instincts, drives, arousal, and hierarchy of motives. Specific motivations like hunger, sex, and the need to belong are examined. The importance of achievement motivation and job satisfaction are covered. Finally, there is an introduction to industrial-organizational psychology and how it applies psychological principles to the workplace.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
3. 3
Motivation and Work
Motivational Concepts
Instincts and Evolutionary
Psychology
Drives and Incentives
Optimum Arousal
A Hierarchy of Motives
5. 5
Sexual Motivation
The Physiology of Sex
The Psychology of Sex
Adolescent Sexuality
Sexual Orientation
Sex and Human Values
6. 6
The Need to Belong
Motivation at Work
Personnel Psychology
Organizational Psychology:
Motivating Achievement
7. 7
Motivation
Motivation is a need
or desire that energizes
behavior and directs it
towards a goal.
Aron Ralston was
motivated to cut his
arm in order to free
himself from a rock
that pinned him down.
Aron Ralston
APPhoto/RockyMountainNews,JudyWalgren
8. 8
Perspectives on Motivation
Four perspectives used to explain motivation
include the following:
1. Instinct Theory (replaced
by the evolutionary
perspective)
2. Drive-Reduction Theory
3. Arousal Theory
4. Hierarchy of Motives
10. 10
Drives and Incentives
When the instinct theory of motivation failed, it
was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A
physiological need creates an aroused tension
state (a drive) that motivates an organism to
satisfy the need.
11. 11
Incentive
Where our needs push, incentives (positive or
negative stimuli) pull us in reducing our drives.
A food-deprived person who smells baking bread
(incentive) feels a strong hunger drive.
12. 12
Optimum Arousal
Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels
of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys
and children are known to explore the
environment in the absence of a need-based
drive.
HarlowPrimateLaboratory,UniversityofWisconsin
RandyFaris/Corbis
13. 13
A Hierarchy of Motives
Abraham Maslow (1970)
suggested that certain
needs have priority over
others. Physiological
needs like breathing,
thirst, and hunger come
before psychological
needs such as
achievement, self-
esteem, and the need for
recognition.
(1908-1970)
14. 14
Hierarchy of Needs
Hurricane Survivors
MenahemKahana/AFP/GettyImagesMarioTama/GettyImages
DavidPortnoy/GettyImagesforSternJoeSkipper/Reuters/Corbis
15. 15
Hunger
When are we hungry?
When do we eat?
When there is no food in our stomach.
When we are hungry.
How do we know when our stomach is empty?
Our stomach growls. These are also called hunger pangs.
16. 16
The Physiology of Hunger
Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to
the brain making us aware of our hunger.
17. 17
Stomachs Removed
Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the
esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still
felt hungry (and ate food).
18. 18
Body Chemistry & the Brain
Levels of glucose in
the blood are
monitored by
receptors (neurons) in
the stomach, liver, and
intestines. They send
signals to the
hypothalamus in the
brain.
Rat Hypothalamus
19. 19
Hypothalamic Centers
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger
(stimulation). Destroy the LH, and the animal has
no interest in eating. The reduction of blood
glucose stimulates orexin in the LH, which leads
rats to eat ravenously.
21. 21
Hypothalamus & Hormones
The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that
are related to hunger.
Hormone Tissue Response
Orexin increase Hypothalamus Increases hunger
Ghrelin increase Stomach Increases hunger
Insulin increase Pancreas Increases hunger
Leptin increase Fat cells Decreases hunger
PPY increase Digestive tract Decreases hunger
22. 22
Set Point
Manipulating the lateral and the ventromedial
hypothalamus alters the body’s “weight
thermostat.” Heredity influences set point and
body type.
If weight is lost, food intake increases and energy
expenditure decreases. If weight is gained, the opposite
takes place.
23. 23
The Psychology of Hunger
Memory plays an important role in hunger. Due
to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients
eat frequently if given food (Rozin et al., 1998).
24. 24
Taste Preference: Biology or Culture?
Body chemistry and environmental factors
influence not only when we feel hunger but what
we feel hungry for!
RichardOlsenius/BlackStar
VictorEnglebert
25. 25
Hot Cultures like Hot Spices
Countries with hot climates use more bacteria-
inhibiting spices in meat dishes.
26. 26
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa: A condition in which a
normal-weight person (usually an adolescent
woman) continuously loses weight but still feels
overweight.
ReprintedbypermissionofTheNewEngland
JournalofMedicine,207,(Oct5,1932),613-617.
LisaO’Connor/Zuma/Corbis
27. 27
Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa: A disorder characterized by
episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie
foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives,
fasting, or excessive exercise.
28. 28
Reasons for Eating Disorders
1. Sexual Abuse: Childhood sexual abuse does
not cause eating disorders.
2. Family: Younger generations develop eating
disorders when raised in families in which
weight is an excessive concern.
3. Genetics: Twin studies show that eating
disorders are more likely to occur in
identical twins rather than fraternal twins.
29. 29
Obesity and Weight Control
Fat is an ideal form of
stored energy and is
readily available. In
times of famine, an
overweight body was
a sign of affluence.
31. 31
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Obesity in children
increases their risk of
diabetes, high blood
pressure, heart disease,
gallstones, arthritis,
and certain types of
cancer, thus shortening
their life-expectancy.
33. 33
Social Effects of Obesity
When women applicants were made to look
overweight, subjects were less willing to hire
them.
34. 34
Physiology of Obesity
Fat Cells: There are 30-40 billion fat cells in the
body. These cells can increase in size (2-3 times
their normal size) and number (75 billion) in an
obese individual (Sjöstrum, 1980).
35. 35
Set Point and Metabolism
When reduced from 3,500 calories to 450 calories,
weight loss was a minimal 6% and the metabolic
rate a mere 15%.
The obese defend their weight by conserving energy.
36. 36
The Genetic Factor
Identical twin studies reveal that body weight has a
genetic basis.
The obese mouse on the left has a defective gene for the hormone
leptin. The mouse on the right sheds 40% of its weight when
injected with leptin. CourtesyofJohnSoltis,TheRockefellerUniversity,NewYork,NY
37. 37
Activity
Lack of exercise is a major contributor to obesity.
Just watching TV for two hours resulted in a 23%
increase of weight when other factors were
controlled (Hu & others, 2003).
38. 38
Food Consumption
Over the past 40 years, average weight gain has
increased. Health professionals are pleading with
US citizens to limit their food intake.
39. 39
Losing Weight
In the US, two-thirds of the women and half of
the men say they want to lose weight. The
majority of them lose money on diet programs.
40. 40
Plan to Lose Weight
When you are motivated to lose weight, begin a
weight-loss program, minimize your exposure to
tempting foods, exercise, and forgive yourself for
lapses.
JoeR.Liuzzo
43. 43
The Physiology of Sex
Masters and Johnson (1966) describe the human sexual
response cycle as consisting of four phases:
Phase Physiological Response
Excitement
Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina
expands secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges.
Plateau
Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and
blood pressure.
Orgasm
Contractions all over the body. Increase in
breathing, pulse & blood pressure. Sexual release.
Resolution
Engorged genital release blood. Male goes
through refractory phase. Women resolve slower.
44. 44
Sexual Problems
Men generally suffer from two kinds of sexual
problems: premature ejaculation and erectile
disorder. Women may suffer from orgasmic
disorders.
These problems are not due to personality disorders
and can be treated through behavior therapy and drugs
such as Viagra.
45. 45
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Sex hormones effect the development of sexual
characteristics and (especially in animals)
activate sexual behavior.
Male Testes
Testosterone
(Small amounts of
estrogen)
Female
Ovaries
Adrenals
Estrogen
(Small amounts of
testosterone)
46. 46
Estrogen
Female animals “in heat” express peak levels of
estrogen. Female receptivity may be heightened
with estrogen injections.
Sex hormones may have milder affects on humans than on
animals. Women are more likely to have sex when close to
ovulation (increased testosterone), and men show increased
testosterone levels when socializing with women.
47. 47
Testosterone
Levels of testosterone remain relatively constant
in males, so it is difficult to manipulate and
activate sexual behavior. Castration, which
reduces testosterone levels, lowers sexual
interest.
48. 48
The Psychology of Sex
Hunger responds to a need. If we do not eat, we
die. In that sense, sex is not a need because if we
do not have sex, we do not die.
49. 49
External Stimuli
It is common knowledge that men become
sexually aroused when browsing through erotic
material. However, women experience similar
heightened arousal under controlled conditions.
50. 50
Imagined Stimuli
Our imagination in our brain can influence
sexual arousal and desire. People with spinal
cord injuries and no genital sensation can still
feel sexual desire.
Sotographs/TheGamma-LiaisonNetwork/GettyImages
51. 51
Adolescent Sexuality
When individuals reach adolescence, their
sexual behavior develops. However, there are
cultural differences.
Sexual promiscuity in modern Western culture is much greater
than in Arab countries and other Asian countries.
52. 52
Contraception
1. Ignorance: Canadian teen girls do not have the right
ideas about birth control methods.
2. Guilt Related to Sexual Activity: Guilt reduces sexual
activity, but it also reduces the use of contraceptives.
3. Minimal Communication: Many teenagers feel
uncomfortable discussing contraceptives.
4. Alcohol Use: Those who use alcohol prior to sex are
less likely to use contraceptives.
5. Mass Media: The media’s portrayal of unsafe
extramarital sex decreases the use of contraceptives.
53. 53
Sexually Transmitted Infections
1. High Intelligence: Teens with higher intelligence
are likely to delay sex.
2. Religiosity: Religious teens and adults often reserve
sex for a marital commitment.
3. Father Presence: A father’s absence from home can
contribute to higher teen sexual activity.
4. Learning Programs: Teens who volunteer and tutor
in programs dedicated to reducing teen pregnancy
are less likely to engage in unsafe sex.
Factors that reduce sexual activity in teens.
54. 54
Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference
for emotional and sexual relationships with
individuals of the same sex, the other sex,
and/or either sex.
Homosexual Heterosexual Bisexual
55. 55
Sexual Orientation Statistics
In Europe and America, based on many national
surveys, homosexuality in men is 3-4% and in
women is 1-2%.
As members of a minority, homosexuals often struggle
with their sexual orientation.
56. 56
Origins of Sexual Orientation
Homosexuality is more likely based on
biological factors like differing brain centers,
genetics, and parental hormone exposure rather
than environmental factors.
Homosexual parents
CynthiaJohnson/Timemagazine
57. 57
Animal Homosexuality
A number of animal
species are devoted to
same-sex partners,
suggesting that
homosexuality exists
in the animal world.
Wendell and Cass
DavidHecker/AFP/GettyImages
58. 58
Genes & Sexual Orientation
A number of reasons suggest that
homosexuality may be due to genetic factors.
1. Family: Homosexuality seems to run in families.
2. Twin studies: Homosexuality is more common in
identical twins than fraternal twins. However, there
are mixed results.
3. Fruit flies: Genetic engineers can genetically
manipulate females to act like males during
courtship and males to act like females.
61. 61
Sex and Human Values
“Promiscuous recreational sex poses certain
psychological, social, health, and moral
problems that must be faced realistically”
(Baumrind, 1982).
AndreannaSeymore/GettyImages
62. 62
The Need to Belong
“[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle).
Separation from others increases our need to
belong.
“Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffers
from social starvation.
20th
CenturyFox/Dreamworks/TheKobalCollection
63. 63
Aiding Survival
Social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival
rates. These bonds led to the following:
1. Protecting against predators, especially for the young.
2. Procuring food.
3. Reproducing the next offspring.
64. 64
Belongingness
1. Wanting to Belong: The need to belong colors our
thinking and emotions.
2. Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with
others increases our self-esteem. Social segregation
decreases it.
3. Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking
social bonds, even bad ones.
4. Ostracism: Social exclusion leads to demoralization,
depression, and at times nasty behavior.
65. 65
Achievement Motivation
Achievement motivation is defined as a desire for
significant accomplishment.
Skinner devised a daily discipline schedule
that led him to become the 20th
century’s most
influential psychologist.
KenHeyman/WoodfinCamp&Associates
66. 66
Achievement Motivation
People with a high need to achieve tend to:
choose tasks that allow for success, yet
still require skill and effort, and
keep persisting until success is achieved.
67. 67
Sources of Achievement Motivation
Why does one person become more motivated
to achieve than another? Parents and teachers
have an influence on the roots of motivation.
Emotional roots: learning to associate
achievement with positive emotions.
Cognitive roots: learning to attribute
achievements to one’s own competence, thus
raising expectations of oneself.
68. 68
Psychology at Work
The healthy life, said Sigmund Freud, is filled
by love and work.
CulverPictures
69. 69
Attitudes Towards Work
1. Job: Necessary way to make money.
2. Career: Opportunity to advance from one position
to another.
3. Calling: Fulfilling a socially useful activity.
People have different attitudes toward work.
Some take it as a:
70. 70
Flow & Rewards
Flow is the experience between no work and a
lot of work. Flow marks immersion into one’s
work.
People who “flow” in their work (artists, dancers,
composers etc.) are driven less by extrinsic rewards
(money, praise, promotion) and more by intrinsic
rewards.
72. 72
Industrial-Organizational (I/O)
Psychology
Applies psychological principles to the workplace.
1. Personnel Psychology: Studies the principles of selecting and
evaluating workers.
2. Organizational Psychology: Studies how work environments
and management styles influence worker motivation,
satisfaction, and productivity.
3. Human Factors Psychology: Explores how machines and
environments can be designed to fit our natural perception.
74. 74
Harnessing Strengths
Identifying people’s strengths (analytical,
disciplined, eager to learn etc.) and matching
them to a particular area of work is the first step
toward workplace effectiveness.
76. 76
The Interviewer Illusion
Interviewers often overrate their discernment.
1. Intention vs. Habits: Intensions matter, but long-
lasting habits matter even more.
2. Successful Employees: Interviewers are more likely
to talk about those employees that turned out
successful.
3. Presumptions about Candidates: Interviewers
presume (wrongly) that what we see (candidate) is
what we get.
4. Preconceptions: An interviewer’s prior knowledge
about the candidate may affect her judgment.
77. 77
Structured Interview
A formal and disciplined way of gathering
information from the interviewee. Structured
interviews pinpoint strengths (attitudes,
behaviors, knowledge, and skills). The
personnel psychologist may do the following:
1. Analyze the job.
2. Script questions.
3. Train the interviewer.
81. 81
Satisfaction & Engagement
Harter et al., (2002) observed that employee
engagement means that the worker:
1. Knows what is expected of
him.
2. Has what is needed to do
the work.
3. Feels fulfilled at work.
4. Has opportunities to do
his best.
5. Thinks himself to be a part
of something significant.
6. Has opportunities to learn
and develop.
Engaged workers are more productive
than non-engaged workers at different stores
of the same chain.
Capital-Journal/DavidEulitt/AP/WideWorldPhotos
82. 82
Managing Well
Every leader dreams of managing in ways that
enhance people’s satisfaction, engagement, and
productivity in his or her organization.
Larry Brown offers 4-5 positive comments for every negative
comment.
EzraShaw/GettyImages
83. 83
Harnessing Job-Relevant Strengths
Effective leaders need to select the right people,
determine their employees’ talents, adjust their
work roles to their talents, and develop their
talents and strengths.
Editor's Notes
Preview Question 1: From what perspectives do psychologists view motivated behavior?
Preview Question 2: What physiological factors produce hunger?
Preview Question 3: What psychological and cultural factors influence hunger?
Preview Question 4: How do anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder demonstrate the influence of psychological forces on physiologically motivated behaviors?
Preview Question 5: What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese?
Preview Question 6: What stages mark the human sexual response cycle?
Preview Question 7: Do hormones influence human sexual motivation?
Preview Question 8: How do internal and external stimuli influence sexual motivation?
Preview Question 9: What factors influence teenage pregnancy and risk of sexually transmitted infections?
Preview Question 10: What has research taught us about sexual orientation?
Preview Question 11: Is scientific research on sexual motivation value-free?
Preview Question 12: What evidence points to our human need to belong?
Preview Question 13: How do personnel psychologists help organizations with employee selection, work placement, and performance appraisal?
Preview Question 14: What is the role of organizational psychologists?