This document provides an overview of how Congress organizes and conducts its legislative business. It discusses how Congress convenes each year and the roles of key leaders like the Speaker of the House and Senate Majority Leader. It describes how bills are introduced and how they progress through the committee system and floors of the House and Senate. Key concepts covered include the functions of standing committees, how the House Rules Committee determines the floor schedule, and differences in debate procedures between the two chambers. The role of conference committees in reconciling differences in passed bills is also outlined.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of members of Congress. It provides background on the 107th Congress, noting the typical age, education level, and occupations of its members. It also outlines the main duties of Congress, which include making laws, overseeing the executive branch, and representing constituents. Members of Congress are compensated with a salary and have access to certain privileges. They may see their roles as trustees of the people, delegates of their constituents, partisans of their political party, or politicos who combine elements of these approaches.
This document is a chapter from a textbook on American government. It covers the powers of Congress as laid out in the US Constitution. The chapter is divided into 5 sections. Section 1 discusses the different types of congressional powers - expressed, implied, and inherent - as well as debates over strict vs liberal interpretations of these powers. Section 2 focuses on Congress's powers related to taxation, spending, commerce, currency and bankruptcy. Section 3 covers other expressed powers like foreign relations, war powers, and regulation of territories. Section 4 examines the Necessary and Proper Clause and Supreme Court cases that have shaped the implied powers of Congress. Section 5 discusses non-legislative powers such as amending the Constitution, impeachment, executive powers like
The document provides an overview of the presidency, including the president's roles and qualifications, presidential succession, the selection process, and the electoral college. It covers sections from a chapter on the presidency, with each section summarizing key points on a topic and including review questions. The sections discuss the original provisions in the Constitution for selecting the president, how political parties changed this process, the role of conventions and primaries in nominations, and flaws in the current electoral college system.
Factors leading to 42nd Constitution Amendment-Basic structure-legal challeng...Satheesh Kumar
The Kesavananda Bharati case involved a constitutional challenge to various amendments passed by the Indian Parliament in the 1970s. In a landmark judgment, the Supreme Court ruled that while Parliament has the power to amend the constitution, this power is not unlimited. It cannot be used to alter the basic structure or framework of the constitution. This established the concept of the basic structure doctrine, and affirmed the court's power of judicial review over constitutional amendments. It was a major decision that set important limits on parliamentary sovereignty while upholding the supremacy of the constitution.
The document discusses the amending provisions in the Indian constitution. It notes that no constitution is complete without amendment and that amendment allows future generations to adapt the constitution to their needs. It outlines the genesis of amendment provisions in India, defines key terms, and describes the different modes and types of amendments. It also summarizes several important Supreme Court cases related to limitations on constitutional amendments, including the establishment of the basic structure doctrine.
The document discusses the Sri Sankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India and State of Bihar Supreme Court case from 1952 regarding the constitutionality of the Constitution (First Amendment) Act of 1951. The Act inserted Articles 31A and 31B into the Constitution to save land reform laws from legal challenges and validate certain existing laws respectively. The case examined the three methods for amending the Constitution - ordinary majority, special majority as per Article 368, and amendments requiring additional state legislature ratification. It aimed to determine if the First Amendment was validly enacted and within Parliament's constituent powers.
The document discusses the basic structure doctrine of the Indian Constitution. It outlines key cases like Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala that established that Parliament does not have unlimited power to amend the Constitution and cannot damage its basic structure. The basic features identified by judges include the supremacy of the Constitution, republican and democratic form of government, secularism, separation of powers, federalism, and unity and integrity of the nation. Later cases like Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain added free and fair elections as a basic feature, while Minerva Mills v. Union of India established that harmonizing fundamental rights and directive principles is also a basic structure. In conclusion, the basic structure doctrine has
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of members of Congress. It provides background on the 107th Congress, noting the typical age, education level, and occupations of its members. It also outlines the main duties of Congress, which include making laws, overseeing the executive branch, and representing constituents. Members of Congress are compensated with a salary and have access to certain privileges. They may see their roles as trustees of the people, delegates of their constituents, partisans of their political party, or politicos who combine elements of these approaches.
This document is a chapter from a textbook on American government. It covers the powers of Congress as laid out in the US Constitution. The chapter is divided into 5 sections. Section 1 discusses the different types of congressional powers - expressed, implied, and inherent - as well as debates over strict vs liberal interpretations of these powers. Section 2 focuses on Congress's powers related to taxation, spending, commerce, currency and bankruptcy. Section 3 covers other expressed powers like foreign relations, war powers, and regulation of territories. Section 4 examines the Necessary and Proper Clause and Supreme Court cases that have shaped the implied powers of Congress. Section 5 discusses non-legislative powers such as amending the Constitution, impeachment, executive powers like
The document provides an overview of the presidency, including the president's roles and qualifications, presidential succession, the selection process, and the electoral college. It covers sections from a chapter on the presidency, with each section summarizing key points on a topic and including review questions. The sections discuss the original provisions in the Constitution for selecting the president, how political parties changed this process, the role of conventions and primaries in nominations, and flaws in the current electoral college system.
Factors leading to 42nd Constitution Amendment-Basic structure-legal challeng...Satheesh Kumar
The Kesavananda Bharati case involved a constitutional challenge to various amendments passed by the Indian Parliament in the 1970s. In a landmark judgment, the Supreme Court ruled that while Parliament has the power to amend the constitution, this power is not unlimited. It cannot be used to alter the basic structure or framework of the constitution. This established the concept of the basic structure doctrine, and affirmed the court's power of judicial review over constitutional amendments. It was a major decision that set important limits on parliamentary sovereignty while upholding the supremacy of the constitution.
The document discusses the amending provisions in the Indian constitution. It notes that no constitution is complete without amendment and that amendment allows future generations to adapt the constitution to their needs. It outlines the genesis of amendment provisions in India, defines key terms, and describes the different modes and types of amendments. It also summarizes several important Supreme Court cases related to limitations on constitutional amendments, including the establishment of the basic structure doctrine.
The document discusses the Sri Sankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India and State of Bihar Supreme Court case from 1952 regarding the constitutionality of the Constitution (First Amendment) Act of 1951. The Act inserted Articles 31A and 31B into the Constitution to save land reform laws from legal challenges and validate certain existing laws respectively. The case examined the three methods for amending the Constitution - ordinary majority, special majority as per Article 368, and amendments requiring additional state legislature ratification. It aimed to determine if the First Amendment was validly enacted and within Parliament's constituent powers.
The document discusses the basic structure doctrine of the Indian Constitution. It outlines key cases like Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala that established that Parliament does not have unlimited power to amend the Constitution and cannot damage its basic structure. The basic features identified by judges include the supremacy of the Constitution, republican and democratic form of government, secularism, separation of powers, federalism, and unity and integrity of the nation. Later cases like Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain added free and fair elections as a basic feature, while Minerva Mills v. Union of India established that harmonizing fundamental rights and directive principles is also a basic structure. In conclusion, the basic structure doctrine has
The document outlines the various powers of the presidency under the US Constitution. It discusses the president's powers as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, to appoint officials, make treaties, issue executive orders, and grant pardons. It also examines how presidential power has expanded over time through interpreting laws and the president's role in foreign policy and national security decisions. Congress has given the president broad authority to use military force without declaring war since World War II.
The Maulvi Tamizuddin case challenged the Governor General of Pakistan's dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in 1954. The Sind Chief Court initially ruled in favor of Maulvi Tamizuddin, invalidating the Governor General's proclamation. However, the Federal Court overturned this decision, holding that the enactments of the Constituent Assembly required the assent of the Governor General. One judge dissented, stating that the Constituent Assembly was a sovereign body that could amend the statutes under which the Governor General functioned.
The Supreme Court of India ruled that Sections 4 and 55 of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976 were unconstitutional in the landmark Minerva Mills case. The Court established that the power of parliamentary amendment is limited and cannot be used to alter the basic structure of the constitution, such as by removing judicial review or the balance between fundamental rights and directive principles. While directive principles are important, they cannot totally disregard fundamental rights and liberties. The basic structure doctrine and limited parliamentary amendment power are integral to India's constitutional design.
The document discusses the need for and process of amending the Indian constitution. It notes that all constitutions need to evolve over time to meet changing societal needs. The Indian constitution allows for amendment through simple majority votes, 2/3rd majority votes of parliament, or 2/3rd majority plus ratification by state legislatures depending on the type of amendment. However, the Supreme Court established in the Kesavananda Bharati case that amendments cannot alter the "basic structure" or fundamental founding principles of the constitution like its democratic and secular nature. The basic structure doctrine places important limits on the amendment power of parliament.
This document compares and contrasts responsible government and independent government systems. It outlines 11 key distinctions between the two systems:
1. In responsible government systems like Malaysia and the UK, there is no strict separation of powers and the executive must come from the legislative branch. In independent systems like the US, there is a clear separation of powers.
2. In responsible systems, the executive is accountable to parliament while in independent systems the government is separate from the legislature.
3. Divided government is possible in independent systems if different parties control the executive and legislative branches.
That is a high-level summary of some of the main comparisons made between responsible and independent forms of government based on the provided document.
- The document outlines the basic concepts of government that emerged from early English documents like the Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights, including ordered government, limited government, and representative government.
- It then discusses the different types of colonial governments and growing calls for unity among the colonies, culminating in the First and Second Continental Congresses.
- Finally, it summarizes the creation of state governments after the Declaration of Independence and the critical period under the Articles of Confederation that led to the drafting and ratification of the US Constitution in 1787.
There are four methods for formally amending the Constitution outlined in the document. The first method involves a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress and ratification by three-fourths of state legislatures. Twenty-six of the twenty-seven amendments have been proposed and ratified through this process. In addition to formal amendments, the Constitution can be informally amended through executive action, legislation, court decisions, and political party practices, which have added new meanings and interpretations over time without actual changes to the text.
The document discusses constitutional amendments in Malaysia. It covers:
1) The methods and requirements for amending the Federal Constitution under Articles 159 and 161E, including amendments requiring a two-thirds majority and consent of the Conference of Rulers or State Governor.
2) Key court cases that shaped the interpretation of constitutional amendment provisions.
3) The controversial 1983 and 1984 amendments regarding legislative seats and royal powers.
4) The 1993 amendments further limiting royal immunity and self-pardons.
The document traces the history of Singapore from the founding of the East India Company in 1600 through various acts establishing British control over Singapore and the Straits Settlements, reforms establishing representative government, merger with and separation from Malaysia, and establishment as an independent republic with a constitution in 1965. Key events and reforms related to governance, the legislature, judiciary and constitution are mentioned.
This document discusses the basic principles of the US Constitution. It outlines that there are six basic principles: popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial review, and federalism. It also discusses the three branches of government established in Articles I-III and how amendments can be made formally, through passing amendments, or informally, through legislation, executive action, court decisions, political parties, and customs changing interpretations over time. Executive agreements allow the President to make pacts with foreign leaders.
The document outlines the process that a bill goes through in Congress, beginning with its introduction in the House of Representatives, referral to committee, and potential scheduling of debate on the House floor. It describes the roles of standing committees, select committees, and conference committees. The summary also explains the initial steps a bill takes and common outcomes in committee before advancing to a floor vote in the House.
Can Fundamental Rights be amended under aticle 13(4)zaztha1
The document discusses several Supreme Court cases related to whether constitutional amendments can limit fundamental rights in India. The key cases find that:
1) Constitutional amendments made under Article 368 are not considered "laws" under Article 13, so they are not void for abridging fundamental rights (Shankari Prasad case).
2) The power to amend the constitution is contained in Article 368, not other legislative powers, so amendments can limit fundamental rights (Kesavananda Bharati case).
3) However, amendments cannot alter the "basic structure" of the constitution, like its republican form or secular nature (Kesavananda Bharati case). This established the basic structure doctrine that limits the
9 basic structure of the constitution revisitedjudicialreform
The document summarizes the complex history behind the formulation of India's basic structure doctrine by the Supreme Court in the 1973 Kesavananda Bharati case. It notes that while the basic structure theory now plays an important role, the actual decision in the case was hopelessly divided with no clear majority view. The doctrine is argued to have gained legitimacy more through accidental circumstances and individual judges' views rather than a coherent judicial formulation. The origins of key aspects of basic structure theory, including its application to fundamental rights, are traced to be more complex and dubious than commonly understood.
The 24th amendment to the Indian constitution was enacted to override the Supreme Court's ruling in Golaknath v State of Punjab (1967). This ruling had determined that parliament did not have the power to amend parts of the constitution relating to fundamental rights. The 24th amendment expressly gave parliament the power to amend any part of the constitution by adding clause 4 to article 13, stating that article 13 does not apply to amendments made under article 368. It also updated article 368 about the procedure for amending the constitution. This ensured parliament had authority over fundamental rights amendments.
The document summarizes key features of Pakistan's 1973 constitution. It notes that the 1973 constitution introduced several new elements, including being a written document, making the Objectives Resolution a substantive part of the constitution, ensuring an Islamic system, and being relatively difficult to amend. It established a federal parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature, direct elections, fundamental rights for citizens, an independent judiciary, and authorization for referendums. The conclusion states it also aimed to protect and promote Islamic ideology like previous constitutions.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 1 from Magruder's American Government textbook. It covers three main sections: (1) principles of government, (2) forms of government, and (3) basic concepts of democracy. Key points include definitions of government and the state, different systems of government classified by participation and power distribution, and foundations of democracy such as individual freedom and compromise.
The Bogra formula was a political compromise proposed by Prime Minister Bogra in 1953 that sought to abolish the British-appointed governor-general and replace them with an elected figurehead president. It proposed a federal legislature with two houses - an upper house of 50 members equally divided among the five units, and a lower house of 300 members divided among the units based on population. Both houses would have equal powers over all matters. It was received with enthusiasm but also criticism, particularly over giving both houses equal power as the lower house represented the people.
The 44th amendment to the Indian Constitution aimed to remove distortions introduced by the 42nd amendment. It sought to safeguard the secular and democratic character of the Constitution, and protect fundamental rights and free elections. Specifically, it restored the powers of the Supreme Court and High Courts. It also modified emergency provisions to prevent future misuse, including requiring Cabinet approval and more stringent parliamentary approval processes for declaring emergencies. The amendment further protected the rights to life and liberty during emergencies.
The document summarizes how a bill becomes law in the House of Representatives. It discusses the first steps of introducing a bill, how bills are handled in committees, how House leaders schedule debate on bills, the process on the House floor, and the final step of passing a bill in the House. Key points covered include bills being assigned to committees for review, the use of discharge petitions if a committee does not act on a bill, and committees gathering information through hearings and trips.
This document provides an overview of the legislative process in Congress. It discusses how bills are introduced and moved through committees in both the House and Senate. Key points include:
- Bills are first assigned a number and title upon introduction in either the House or Senate. They are then typically referred to committee.
- Committees play a crucial role in shaping legislation through hearings and amendments. They can also block bills from advancing.
- The House and Senate have different rules around debate, with the Senate allowing unlimited debate through the filibuster tactic.
- If the two chambers pass different versions, a conference committee works to settle differences before final passage and presidential action.
The document outlines the various powers of the presidency under the US Constitution. It discusses the president's powers as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, to appoint officials, make treaties, issue executive orders, and grant pardons. It also examines how presidential power has expanded over time through interpreting laws and the president's role in foreign policy and national security decisions. Congress has given the president broad authority to use military force without declaring war since World War II.
The Maulvi Tamizuddin case challenged the Governor General of Pakistan's dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in 1954. The Sind Chief Court initially ruled in favor of Maulvi Tamizuddin, invalidating the Governor General's proclamation. However, the Federal Court overturned this decision, holding that the enactments of the Constituent Assembly required the assent of the Governor General. One judge dissented, stating that the Constituent Assembly was a sovereign body that could amend the statutes under which the Governor General functioned.
The Supreme Court of India ruled that Sections 4 and 55 of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976 were unconstitutional in the landmark Minerva Mills case. The Court established that the power of parliamentary amendment is limited and cannot be used to alter the basic structure of the constitution, such as by removing judicial review or the balance between fundamental rights and directive principles. While directive principles are important, they cannot totally disregard fundamental rights and liberties. The basic structure doctrine and limited parliamentary amendment power are integral to India's constitutional design.
The document discusses the need for and process of amending the Indian constitution. It notes that all constitutions need to evolve over time to meet changing societal needs. The Indian constitution allows for amendment through simple majority votes, 2/3rd majority votes of parliament, or 2/3rd majority plus ratification by state legislatures depending on the type of amendment. However, the Supreme Court established in the Kesavananda Bharati case that amendments cannot alter the "basic structure" or fundamental founding principles of the constitution like its democratic and secular nature. The basic structure doctrine places important limits on the amendment power of parliament.
This document compares and contrasts responsible government and independent government systems. It outlines 11 key distinctions between the two systems:
1. In responsible government systems like Malaysia and the UK, there is no strict separation of powers and the executive must come from the legislative branch. In independent systems like the US, there is a clear separation of powers.
2. In responsible systems, the executive is accountable to parliament while in independent systems the government is separate from the legislature.
3. Divided government is possible in independent systems if different parties control the executive and legislative branches.
That is a high-level summary of some of the main comparisons made between responsible and independent forms of government based on the provided document.
- The document outlines the basic concepts of government that emerged from early English documents like the Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights, including ordered government, limited government, and representative government.
- It then discusses the different types of colonial governments and growing calls for unity among the colonies, culminating in the First and Second Continental Congresses.
- Finally, it summarizes the creation of state governments after the Declaration of Independence and the critical period under the Articles of Confederation that led to the drafting and ratification of the US Constitution in 1787.
There are four methods for formally amending the Constitution outlined in the document. The first method involves a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress and ratification by three-fourths of state legislatures. Twenty-six of the twenty-seven amendments have been proposed and ratified through this process. In addition to formal amendments, the Constitution can be informally amended through executive action, legislation, court decisions, and political party practices, which have added new meanings and interpretations over time without actual changes to the text.
The document discusses constitutional amendments in Malaysia. It covers:
1) The methods and requirements for amending the Federal Constitution under Articles 159 and 161E, including amendments requiring a two-thirds majority and consent of the Conference of Rulers or State Governor.
2) Key court cases that shaped the interpretation of constitutional amendment provisions.
3) The controversial 1983 and 1984 amendments regarding legislative seats and royal powers.
4) The 1993 amendments further limiting royal immunity and self-pardons.
The document traces the history of Singapore from the founding of the East India Company in 1600 through various acts establishing British control over Singapore and the Straits Settlements, reforms establishing representative government, merger with and separation from Malaysia, and establishment as an independent republic with a constitution in 1965. Key events and reforms related to governance, the legislature, judiciary and constitution are mentioned.
This document discusses the basic principles of the US Constitution. It outlines that there are six basic principles: popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial review, and federalism. It also discusses the three branches of government established in Articles I-III and how amendments can be made formally, through passing amendments, or informally, through legislation, executive action, court decisions, political parties, and customs changing interpretations over time. Executive agreements allow the President to make pacts with foreign leaders.
The document outlines the process that a bill goes through in Congress, beginning with its introduction in the House of Representatives, referral to committee, and potential scheduling of debate on the House floor. It describes the roles of standing committees, select committees, and conference committees. The summary also explains the initial steps a bill takes and common outcomes in committee before advancing to a floor vote in the House.
Can Fundamental Rights be amended under aticle 13(4)zaztha1
The document discusses several Supreme Court cases related to whether constitutional amendments can limit fundamental rights in India. The key cases find that:
1) Constitutional amendments made under Article 368 are not considered "laws" under Article 13, so they are not void for abridging fundamental rights (Shankari Prasad case).
2) The power to amend the constitution is contained in Article 368, not other legislative powers, so amendments can limit fundamental rights (Kesavananda Bharati case).
3) However, amendments cannot alter the "basic structure" of the constitution, like its republican form or secular nature (Kesavananda Bharati case). This established the basic structure doctrine that limits the
9 basic structure of the constitution revisitedjudicialreform
The document summarizes the complex history behind the formulation of India's basic structure doctrine by the Supreme Court in the 1973 Kesavananda Bharati case. It notes that while the basic structure theory now plays an important role, the actual decision in the case was hopelessly divided with no clear majority view. The doctrine is argued to have gained legitimacy more through accidental circumstances and individual judges' views rather than a coherent judicial formulation. The origins of key aspects of basic structure theory, including its application to fundamental rights, are traced to be more complex and dubious than commonly understood.
The 24th amendment to the Indian constitution was enacted to override the Supreme Court's ruling in Golaknath v State of Punjab (1967). This ruling had determined that parliament did not have the power to amend parts of the constitution relating to fundamental rights. The 24th amendment expressly gave parliament the power to amend any part of the constitution by adding clause 4 to article 13, stating that article 13 does not apply to amendments made under article 368. It also updated article 368 about the procedure for amending the constitution. This ensured parliament had authority over fundamental rights amendments.
The document summarizes key features of Pakistan's 1973 constitution. It notes that the 1973 constitution introduced several new elements, including being a written document, making the Objectives Resolution a substantive part of the constitution, ensuring an Islamic system, and being relatively difficult to amend. It established a federal parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature, direct elections, fundamental rights for citizens, an independent judiciary, and authorization for referendums. The conclusion states it also aimed to protect and promote Islamic ideology like previous constitutions.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 1 from Magruder's American Government textbook. It covers three main sections: (1) principles of government, (2) forms of government, and (3) basic concepts of democracy. Key points include definitions of government and the state, different systems of government classified by participation and power distribution, and foundations of democracy such as individual freedom and compromise.
The Bogra formula was a political compromise proposed by Prime Minister Bogra in 1953 that sought to abolish the British-appointed governor-general and replace them with an elected figurehead president. It proposed a federal legislature with two houses - an upper house of 50 members equally divided among the five units, and a lower house of 300 members divided among the units based on population. Both houses would have equal powers over all matters. It was received with enthusiasm but also criticism, particularly over giving both houses equal power as the lower house represented the people.
The 44th amendment to the Indian Constitution aimed to remove distortions introduced by the 42nd amendment. It sought to safeguard the secular and democratic character of the Constitution, and protect fundamental rights and free elections. Specifically, it restored the powers of the Supreme Court and High Courts. It also modified emergency provisions to prevent future misuse, including requiring Cabinet approval and more stringent parliamentary approval processes for declaring emergencies. The amendment further protected the rights to life and liberty during emergencies.
The document summarizes how a bill becomes law in the House of Representatives. It discusses the first steps of introducing a bill, how bills are handled in committees, how House leaders schedule debate on bills, the process on the House floor, and the final step of passing a bill in the House. Key points covered include bills being assigned to committees for review, the use of discharge petitions if a committee does not act on a bill, and committees gathering information through hearings and trips.
This document provides an overview of the legislative process in Congress. It discusses how bills are introduced and moved through committees in both the House and Senate. Key points include:
- Bills are first assigned a number and title upon introduction in either the House or Senate. They are then typically referred to committee.
- Committees play a crucial role in shaping legislation through hearings and amendments. They can also block bills from advancing.
- The House and Senate have different rules around debate, with the Senate allowing unlimited debate through the filibuster tactic.
- If the two chambers pass different versions, a conference committee works to settle differences before final passage and presidential action.
Congress organizes at the beginning of each new term. The House and Senate establish committees and leadership positions. In the House, the Speaker of the House presides, while in the Senate the Vice President presides as President of the Senate. Bills are introduced and may be amended as they pass through committees before coming to a floor vote. If differences exist between House and Senate versions, a conference committee works to create a single bill to pass both chambers. Finally, the President may sign the bill, veto it, or do nothing and allow it to become law.
House leadership coordinates 435 members to organize their party, schedule legislation, ensure attendance for key votes, distribute information, communicate with the president, and promote their party's positions. The Speaker is the most powerful leader and presides over the House. Committees in Congress include standing, select, joint, and conference committees that review legislation and conduct oversight.
This document provides an overview of the environmental regulatory process in the United States. It describes the three branches of government and their roles in creating and enforcing environmental laws. It outlines how bills become laws through Congress, and how regulations are created by administrative agencies. It also discusses the influence of lobbying on the legislative process from both industry and environmental groups.
The document provides an overview of the organization and procedures of the United States Congress. It discusses how Congress convenes every two years and the House needs to reorganize on its opening day by electing officers and committee members. The Senate does not require the same reorganization since it is a continuous body. It also describes the different types of bills that can be introduced and the committee process involving hearings and reports. Additionally, it outlines the differences between floor debates in the House and Senate and how cloture can be used to end filibusters in the Senate. Conference committees are formed to reconcile differences in bills passed by both chambers.
This document provides an overview of state governments in the United States. It discusses the history and principles of early state constitutions, the typical structure and roles of state legislatures, governors, and courts. It notes that state legislatures are usually bicameral and hold annual sessions. Governors typically serve four-year terms and share executive powers with other elected officials. State courts apply different types of law and are organized in a hierarchy, with general trial courts hearing most civil and criminal cases. Judges are usually selected by popular vote, gubernatorial appointment, or legislative appointment.
The document discusses the three branches of the US federal government - the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It describes the structure and roles of each branch, including that the legislative branch is divided into the House of Representatives and Senate, the executive branch is led by the President, and the judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court. It also explains the system of checks and balances between the three branches to prevent any one from becoming too powerful.
The document provides an overview of how Congress is organized and functions. It discusses how Congress convenes, the roles of presiding officers like the Speaker of the House and President of the Senate, how party officers and committee chairmen are chosen, and how committees consider and advance legislation. It also summarizes the legislative process, including how a bill is introduced, moves through committees, comes to the floor for debate and votes, and is reconciled between the House and Senate before being sent to the President.
The document provides an overview of the legislative process in Congress. It describes how Congress is organized at the beginning of each new term, with each house electing leaders and committees. It then explains the roles of key leaders like the Speaker of the House and party leaders. It details how bills are introduced and referred to committees, which may hold hearings and amend bills before reporting them to the floor for debate and a vote. Committees play a crucial role in reviewing legislation.
This document provides information about the US Congress, including:
- Key leadership positions like the Speaker of the House (Paul Ryan) and President Pro Tempore of the Senate (Orrin Hatch).
- An overview of the process for how a bill becomes law, from introduction in Congress to getting passed by both chambers and signed by the President.
- The differences between expressed and implied powers of Congress as outlined in the Constitution.
- Descriptions of common legislative terms like standing committees, conference committees, and the role they play in Congress.
Congress can propose constitutional amendments by a two-thirds vote in each house or by calling a national convention. The Senate must confirm all major presidential appointments by majority vote. Congress oversees the executive branch by approving treaties and appointments. Congress can impeach the president, vice president, and civil officers for treason, bribery, or other high crimes through a House vote and Senate trial.
The document summarizes key aspects of the legislative process in Texas, including:
- The Texas legislature meets for 140 days every other year, with a House of 150 members and a Senate of 31 members.
- Bills are introduced, referred to committees, and must pass three readings on the floor of each chamber. Committees play a powerful role in shaping legislation.
- The Lieutenant Governor has significant power as President of the Senate, while the Speaker of the House is elected from within the House membership.
- The legislative process is time-consuming, so identical companion bills are often introduced in both chambers to speed the process.
The document provides an overview of how Congress is organized and structured according to the U.S. Constitution. It discusses how Congress is made up of two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate, with different membership sizes and terms. It also describes the process by which a bill is introduced, debated through committees, amended, and voted on before potentially becoming law, which involves multiple steps and opportunities for the bill to be altered or blocked.
The document provides an overview of the U.S. Congress, including its structure and functions. It discusses how Congress is divided into two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. It also describes the key roles of Congress such as lawmaking, representation, and oversight of the executive branch. The document outlines the differences between the House and Senate, including their terms of office and committee systems.
The Legislative Branch has two chambers - the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House has 435 members who are elected every two years. The Senate has 100 members with two per state who are elected to six year terms. Both chambers operate under a bicameral legislature and have committees that work on legislation. Bills go through an extensive process between the committees and chambers before being sent to the President to become law or face a veto.
The document provides an overview of the legislative process in the United States Congress. It discusses how bills are introduced, referred to committees, considered and amended in committees, debated on the floor of each chamber, and can be passed using procedures like suspension of the rules or discharged from a committee. The majority of bills die in committee. If passed by both the House and Senate, a bill would then be sent to the President to be signed into law or vetoed.
This document outlines the bylaws of the Wilmington Neighborhood Council, including its purpose, boundaries, stakeholders, governing board structure, officers, committees, meetings, finances, elections, grievance process, parliamentary procedures, amendments, and compliance guidelines. The board is composed of 24 representatives from different stakeholder groups in the community. The bylaws establish rules for board composition, voting, terms, duties, vacancies, and code of conduct to govern the neighborhood council.
The document provides information about how bills become laws in Congress and about gerrymandering. It explains the 10 step process bills must go through, including being introduced, debated in committee, voted on by both the House and Senate, and sent to the President. It also describes how political parties can manipulate redistricting to their advantage through gerrymandering when they control the state legislature, and efforts to reform the redistricting process.
The terms "closed rule" and "open rule" refer to congressional provisions regarding floor debate and amendments, not public access, committee assignments, or lobbyists. A closed rule prohibits all amendments during floor debate, while an open rule places no restrictions on amendments.
The President has broad executive powers that allow them to carry out and enforce federal laws. This includes interpreting laws, issuing executive orders, appointing officials, negotiating treaties, and serving as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President also has legislative powers like proposing budgets, signing or vetoing bills, and issuing signing statements. Judicial powers grant the President pardon and clemency authority. The Constitution provides the framework for these powers while practice, court rulings, and legislation have further defined their limits and scope over time.
Nationalist revolutions swept through Europe in the late 18th and 19th centuries, challenging traditional conservative orders. Liberal and radical political philosophies gained popularity and supported nationalism and nation-states. This led to the unification of Italy and Germany through the efforts of statesmen like Cavour and Bismarck, contributing to the formation of new nations and a new political order in Europe.
The Cold War intensified in the late 1940s and early 1950s as tensions rose between the United States and Soviet Union over the fate of postwar Europe and East Asia. The Soviets expanded their control over Eastern Europe, leading the US to implement the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to contain communism. The Berlin blockade escalated tensions further until the US launched the Berlin airlift. In Korea, communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, drawing the US into the Korean War as part of a UN coalition to defend South Korea, even as the conflict brought the US and China close to direct war. The Korean War ended in a stalemate but increased US defense spending and global military commitments for the foreseeable future.
The document is a chapter from a world history textbook describing the rise of nationalist revolutions in Europe between 1789-1900. It discusses the influence of Enlightenment ideas, the conflicts between conservative, liberal, and radical political philosophies in early 1800s Europe. Notable events included nationalist uprisings in the 1830s that were crushed by conservatives, and the revolutions of 1848 that failed to unite liberals. The chapter also examines the unification of Italy and Germany in this period driven by nationalist sentiments.
The document provides an overview of how World War II impacted life on the American home front. It discusses how the war effort increased opportunities for women and minorities in the workforce. It also examines the internment of Japanese Americans and restrictions on civil liberties. The document analyzes how all Americans were urged to support the war through activities like rationing, buying war bonds, and victory gardens. It describes the Allied victory in Europe and the Pacific, including the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan.
This document provides background information on the rise of totalitarian regimes in Europe and Asia in the 1930s, including the regimes led by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini in Italy, and Adolf Hitler in Germany. It then discusses the early years of World War II, including Germany's rapid military conquests across Europe in 1939-1941. It also covers the debate in the United States over intervention in the war prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, which prompted America's entry into the war. Finally, it summarizes the initial challenges faced by the Allies in 1942 as Japan expanded its territory rapidly in the Pacific.
The document summarizes democratic reforms and the development of self-rule in Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland between 1815-1914. In Britain, the Reform Bill of 1832 expanded voting rights and representation. Canada transitioned to self-rule through the Durham Report and formation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Australia and New Zealand saw initial penal colonies transition to self-governing colonies granting women's suffrage. Ireland struggled for independence, splitting into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland in 1921 after centuries of English domination and a devastating potato famine in the 1840s.
This document summarizes the causes of the Great Depression in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. It describes the economic weaknesses in the 1920s that led to the 1929 stock market crash, contributing to the Depression. It details how the Depression spread across the country, devastating both urban and rural communities. Unemployment rose sharply as people lost homes, farms, and livelihoods. President Herbert Hoover initially took a hands-off approach but his policies relying on voluntary cooperation and local solutions failed to alleviate the crisis. Americans grew disillusioned with Hoover and capitalism as the Depression continued.
This document discusses the nominating process in American politics. It outlines several methods by which candidates can become nominated for public office, including self-announcement, caucuses, conventions, direct primaries, and petitions. It focuses on explaining the direct primary system, which is now the principal nominating method used in most states, where qualified voters directly cast private ballots to select their preferred party candidates.
The document summarizes a chapter on political parties in the United States. It discusses the key terms related to political parties and systems. It then describes the origins and evolution of the American two-party system over time, including the early Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties, the rise of the Democratic Party, and periods of single-party domination by the Democrats and Republicans. It also addresses how the modern two-party system functions and alternatives like multiparty and one-party systems.
The document outlines the process for amending the US Constitution through formal amendments. It describes how amendments can be proposed by a two-thirds vote in Congress or national convention, and then ratified by three-fourths of state legislatures or conventions. This process reflects the principles of federalism by involving both federal and state actors, and popular sovereignty by basing it on votes of elected representatives. In total, 27 amendments have been successfully added to the Constitution through this formal process.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 22 which discusses the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and American Revolution between 1550-1789. It includes sections on the Scientific Revolution which questioned accepted beliefs and developed the scientific method. The Enlightenment in Europe section describes how new ways of thinking led to views favoring reason and natural rights. The Enlightenment spreads section notes how Enlightenment ideas influenced art, music, literature and some monarchs adopted Enlightenment values.
This document provides an overview of World War I and the American home front during the war in several sections. It discusses the causes of WWI and America's entry into the war in 1917. It describes how the U.S. government mobilized the economy and public opinion to support the war effort through agencies like the Committee on Public Information and the draft. However, there was also opposition to the war from pacifists and those who refused conscription. The war had social impacts as well, as women entered the workforce and over a million African Americans migrated north in the Great Migration.
The document provides an overview of the federal court system in the United States. It discusses the structure and jurisdiction of the different levels of federal courts, including:
- District courts, which are the federal trial courts that handle around 80% of federal cases. There are 94 district courts serving the 50 states and U.S. territories.
- Courts of appeals, of which there are 13, that hear appeals from district courts and special courts.
- The Court of International Trade, which tries civil cases related to U.S. trade laws.
It also outlines the roles of judges, magistrates, U.S. attorneys, and other court officers in the federal court system.
Progressive era women fought for expanded rights and roles in society. Through education and activism, middle-class women sought to address issues facing working women like long hours, unsafe conditions, and lack of rights. Reformers established organizations to advocate for labor laws, family planning access, and women's suffrage. Their efforts achieved some successes at the state level but women's right to vote required passage of the 19th Amendment in 1919.
This document provides an overview of Westward expansion and conflicts with Native Americans in the late 1800s. It discusses how increasing settlement by white Americans led to conflicts over land and differences in worldviews between Native Americans and settlers. Native Americans were forced onto reservations and faced disease, loss of buffalo, and wars as their way of life was disrupted. The Indian Wars ended with the Wounded Knee massacre in 1890. The document also examines economic and social changes in the post-Civil War West, including mining, cattle ranching, farming, and the growth of railroads. Corruption in politics during the Gilded Age is discussed along with civil service reforms and debates over economic issues like tariffs. Farmers faced difficulties that led to
The cartoon depicts Theodore Roosevelt's policy of intervention in Latin America as involving the use of military force ("Big Stick") to restore stability and protect American business interests ("Dollar Diplomacy"), showing the U.S. beginning to take a more active role internationally despite its traditional isolationism.
The document provides an overview of the federal budgeting process in the United States. It discusses how federal agencies submit budget proposals to the President, who then sends a budget request to Congress. Congress then reviews the request with help from the Congressional Budget Office. The House and Senate Budget Committees each draft a budget resolution, which is merged and voted on by Congress. The budget determines how money will be allocated to various spending priorities, including entitlement programs, defense, and debt payments. It also distinguishes between controllable and uncontrollable spending categories.
The document discusses the roles and qualifications of the US presidency. It outlines the seven main roles of the president as chief of state, chief executive, chief administrator, chief diplomat, commander in chief, chief legislator, and chief citizen. It notes the three constitutional qualifications to be president: being at least 35 years old, a natural born US citizen, and having lived in the US for at least 14 years. It also discusses presidential terms, succession, disability, and the role and qualifications of the vice president.
The document discusses several executive powers of the President related to foreign policy. It explains that the President can make treaties with foreign nations, but these require a two-thirds approval from the Senate. The President can also make executive agreements without Senate approval. Additionally, the President has the power to recognize foreign nations and recall American diplomats. The President acts as commander-in-chief of the military and can order operations abroad without a declaration of war.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Section:Section: 44
C H A P T E R 12
The Federal Court SystemThe Federal Court System
SECTION 1Congress Organizes
SECTION 2Committees in Congress
SECTION 3
How a Bill Becomes a Law: The House
SECTION 4The Bill in the Senate
Chapter 12Chapter 12
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Section:Section: 44 Chapter 12, Section 1Chapter 12, Section 1
S E C T I O N 1
Congress OrganizesCongress Organizes
• How and when does Congress convene?
• What are the roles of the presiding officers in
the Senate and the House?
• What are the duties of party officers in
Congress?
• How are committee chairmen chosen, and
what is their role in the legislative process?
22 33 44
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Section:Section: 44
Congress ConvenesCongress Convenes
Chapter 12, Section 1Chapter 12, Section 1
22 33 44
• Congress convenes every two years—on January 3 of
every odd-numbered year.
• The House has formal organizational meetings at the
beginning of each term to determine committee
membership and standing officers.
• The Senate, because it is a continuous body, has fewer
organizational issues to address at the start of each term.
• When Congress is organized, the President presents a
State of the Union message to a joint session of Congress.
This message, in which the President reports on the state
of the nation as he sees it, is given annually.
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Section:Section: 44
The Presiding OfficersThe Presiding Officers
Chapter 12, Section 1Chapter 12, Section 1
22 33 44
The Speaker of the House
• The Speaker of the House is
the presiding officer of the
House of Representatives and
the acknowledged leader of the
majority party.
• The Speaker’s main duties
revolve around presiding over
and keeping order in the House.
• The Speaker names the
members of all select and
conference committees, and
signs all bills and resolutions
passed by the House.
The President of the Senate
• The job of president of the
Senate is assigned by the
Constitution to the Vice
President.
• The president of the Senate has
many of the same duties as the
Speaker of the House, but
cannot cast votes on legislation.
• The president pro tempore, the
leader of the majority party, is
elected from the Senate and
serves in the Vice President’s
absence.
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Section:Section: 44
Party OfficersParty Officers
Chapter 12, Section 1Chapter 12, Section 1
22 33 44
The Party Caucus
• The party caucus is a closed meeting of the members of
each party in each house which deals with matters of party
organization.
The Floor Leaders
• The floor leaders are party officers picked for their posts
by their party colleagues.
• The party whips assist the floor leaders and serve as a
liaison between the party’s leadership and its rank-and-file
members.
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Section:Section: 44
Committee Chairmen and Seniority RuleCommittee Chairmen and Seniority Rule
Committee Chairmen
• The committee chairmen
are the members who
head the standing
committees in each
chamber of Congress.
• The chairman of each of
these permanent
committees is chosen from
the majority party by the
majority party caucus.
Chapter 12, Section 1Chapter 12, Section 1
22 33 44
Seniority Rule
• The seniority rule, an
unwritten custom, holds that
the most important posts will
be held by those party
members with the longest
records of service in
Congress.
• The head of each committee
is often the longest-serving
member of the committee
from the majority party.
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Section:Section: 44
Composition of CongressComposition of Congress
Chapter 12, Section 1Chapter 12, Section 1
22 33 44
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Section:Section: 44
•Party Officers
•This chart shows party strength at the start of the past 15 terms of Congress. Analyze Charts
What is the largest majority each party has held in each house over the past 30 years?
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Section:Section: 44
•Party Officers
•The colors on these maps indicate the party composition of each State's delegation in the
House and Senate. Analyze Maps Which States are the same color on both maps?
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Section:Section: 44
•Standing Committees
•Chairing a committee is viewed as a powerful role and a badge of honor. Analyze Charts
What conclusions can you draw about committees' jurisdictions based on their titles?
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Section:Section: 44
•Joint and Conference Committees
•This chart describes four long-standing and permanent joint committees. Analyze Charts
Why are some matters dealt with by joint committees?
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Section:Section: 44
Section 1 ReviewSection 1 Review
1. The presiding officer of the House of Representatives is
(a) the President.
(b) the Speaker of the House.
(c) the majority whip.
(d) the president pro tempore.
2. The party whips are responsible for all of the following EXCEPT
(a) serving as a liaison between party leaders and rank-and-file members.
(b) presiding over the House or Senate.
(c) informing the floor leader of anticipated vote counts in key decisions.
(d) seeing that all members of the party are present for important votes.
Chapter 12, Section 1Chapter 12, Section 1
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22 33 44
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Section:Section: 44
S E C T I O N 2
Committees in CongressCommittees in Congress
• How do the standing committees function?
• What are the duties and responsibilities of
the House Rules Committee?
• What are the functions of joint and
conference committees?
Chapter 12, Section 2Chapter 12, Section 2
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Section:Section: 44 Chapter 12, Section 2Chapter 12, Section 2
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Standing CommitteesStanding Committees
• Standing committees are permanent panels in
Congress to which bills of similar nature could be
sent.
• Most of the standing committees handle bills
dealing with particular policy matters, such as
veterans’ affairs or foreign relations.
• The majority party always holds a majority of the
seats on each committee (the lone exception being
the House Committee on Standards of Official
Conduct).
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Section:Section: 44
Permanent Committees of CongressPermanent Committees of Congress
Chapter 12, Section 2Chapter 12, Section 2
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Section:Section: 44
The House Rules Committee and SelectThe House Rules Committee and Select
CommitteesCommittees
Chapter 12, Section 2Chapter 12, Section 2
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The House Rules
Committee
• The Rules Committee
decides whether and
under what conditions
the full House will
consider a measure.
• This places great power
in the Rules Committee,
as it can speed, delay, or
even prevent House
action on a measure.
The Select Committees
• Select committees are
panels established to
handle a specific matter
and usually exist for a
limited time.
• Most select committees
are formed to investigate
a current matter.
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Section:Section: 44
Joint and Conference CommitteesJoint and Conference Committees
Chapter 12, Section 2Chapter 12, Section 2
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• A joint committee is one composed of members
of both houses.
• Examples of joint committees include the Joint
Economic Committee, the Joint Committee on
Printing, and the Joint Committee on the Library of
Congress
• A conference committee—a temporary, joint
body—is created to iron out differences between
bills passed by the House and Senate before they
are sent to the President.
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Section:Section: 44
Section 2 ReviewSection 2 Review
1. The House Rules Committee
(a) establishes codes of conduct.
(b) determines when and under what conditions the full House will consider a
measure.
(c) oversees the execution of bills once they are passed into law.
(d) determines which members of the Senate may vote on a measure.
2. A conference committee is formed to
(a) iron out differences in bills passed by the House and Senate before they are
sent to the President.
(b) hold press conferences.
(c) appoint Supreme Court justices.
(d) determine rules for debate.
Chapter 12, Section 2Chapter 12, Section 2
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33 4411
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Section:Section: 44 Chapter 12, Section 3Chapter 12, Section 3
S E C T I O N 3
How a Bill Becomes a Law: The HouseHow a Bill Becomes a Law: The House
• What are the first steps in introducing a new
bill to the House?
• What happens to a bill once it enters a
committee?
• How do House leaders schedule debate
on a bill?
• What happens to a bill on the House floor?
• What is the final step in passing a bill in the
House?
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The First StepsThe First Steps
Chapter 12, Section 3Chapter 12, Section 3
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• A bill is a proposed law presented to the House or
Senate for consideration.
• A bill or resolution usually deals with a single
matter, but sometimes a rider dealing with an
unrelated matter is included.
• The clerk of the House numbers each bill, gives it a
short title, and enters it into the House Journal and
the Congressional Record for the day. With these
actions the bill has received its first reading.
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Section:Section: 44
Types of Bills and ResolutionsTypes of Bills and Resolutions
Chapter 12, Section 3Chapter 12, Section 3
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The Bill in CommitteeThe Bill in Committee
Discharge Petitions
• Most bills die in committee,
pigeonholed, or put away,
never to be acted upon.
• If a committee pigeonholes
a bill that a majority of the
House wishes to consider,
it can be brought out of
committee via a discharge
petition.
Gathering Information
• Most committees do their
work through several
subcommittees—
divisions of existing
committees formed to
address specific issues.
• Committees and
subcommittees often hold
public hearings or make a
junket (trip) to gather
information relating to a
measure.
Chapter 12, Section 3Chapter 12, Section 3
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Committee ActionsCommittee Actions
When a subcommittee has completed its work on a bill, it
returns to the full committee. The full committee may do
one of several things:
1. Report the bill favorably, with a “do pass” recommendation.
2. Refuse to report the bill. 3. Report the bill in amended
form.
4. Report the bill with
unfavorable recommendation.
5. Report a committee bill.
Chapter 12, Section 3Chapter 12, Section 3
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Scheduling Floor DebateScheduling Floor Debate
Chapter 12, Section 3Chapter 12, Section 3
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• A bill is placed into one of five calendars before
going to the floor for consideration:
1. The Calendar of the Committee of the Whole House on the State
of the Union
2. The House Calendar
3. The Calendar of the Committee of the Whole House
4. The Consent Calendar
5. The Discharge Calendar
• Before most measures can be taken from a
calendar, the Rules Committee must approve that
step and set a time for its appearance on the
floor.
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The Bill on the FloorThe Bill on the Floor
Committee of the Whole
• The Committee of the Whole includes all members of the
House, however, they sit as one large committee and not
as the House itself.
• When the Committee of the Whole resolves itself, the
Speaker steps down and another member presides.
General debate follows.
Debate
• Severe limits are placed on floor debate due to the House’s
large size.
• Majority and minority floor leaders generally decide in
advance how they will split the time to be spent on a bill.
Chapter 12, Section 3Chapter 12, Section 3
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Section:Section: 44
Voting on a BillVoting on a Bill
There are four methods of taking a floor
vote in the House:
1. During voice votes the Speaker
calls for the “ayes” and then the
“noes.”
2. In a standing vote, members in
favor of for and then those opposed
to the bill rise and then are counted
by the clerk.
3. One fifth of a quorum can demand
a teller vote, in which the Speaker
names two tellers, for and against,
and members pass by each one to
be counted.
4. A roll-call vote may be demanded
by one fifth of the members present.
Chapter 12, Section 3Chapter 12, Section 3
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Once a bill has been approved at second reading, it is
engrossed, or printed in its final form. It is then read for a
third time and a final vote is taken.
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Section:Section: 44
Section 3 ReviewSection 3 Review
1. Riders are
(a) measures attached to a bill dealing with an unrelated matter.
(b) bills dealing with transportation matters only.
(c) measures included in a bill that are unconstitutional.
(d) none of the above.
2. All of the following are options for committees to take once they
have finished reviewing a bill EXCEPT
(a) refusing to report the bill.
(b) reporting a bill in amended form.
(c) reporting a committee bill.
(d) passing the bill into law.
Chapter 12, Section 3Chapter 12, Section 3
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22 4411
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Section:Section: 44
S E C T I O N 4
The Bill in the SenateThe Bill in the Senate
• How is a bill introduced in the Senate?
• How do the Senate’s rules for debate differ from
those in the House?
• What is the role of conference committees in
the legislative process?
• What actions can the President take after both
houses have passed a bill?
Chapter 12, Section 4Chapter 12, Section 4
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Section:Section: 44 Chapter 12, Section 4Chapter 12, Section 4
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Introducing a Bill and Rules for DebateIntroducing a Bill and Rules for Debate
Introducing a Bill
• Bills are introduced by senators, who are formally
recognized for that purpose.
• Proceedings are much less formal in the Senate
compared to the House.
Rules for Debate
• The major differences between House and Senate rules
regard debate over measures.
• As a general matter, senators may speak on the floor for
as long as they wish.
• This freedom of debate allows for the fullest possible
discussion of matters on the floor.
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Section:Section: 44
Filibuster and ClotureFilibuster and Cloture
The Cloture Rule
• Rule XXII in the
Standing Rules of the
Senate deals with
cloture, or limiting
debate
• If at least 60 senators
vote for cloture, no
more than another 30
hours may be spent on
debate, forcing a vote
on a bill.
Chapter 12, Section 4Chapter 12, Section 4
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Filibuster
• A filibuster is an
attempt to “talk a bill to
death.”
• A senator may
exercise his or her right
of holding the floor as
long as necessary, and
in essence talk until a
measure is dropped.
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Section:Section: 44
Conference CommitteesConference Committees
• Any measure enacted by Congress must have
been passed by both houses in identical form.
• If one of the houses will not accept the other’s
version of a bill, a conference committee is
formed to iron out the differences.
• Once a conference committee completes work
on a bill, it is returned to both houses for final
approval. It must be accepted or rejected
without amendment.
22 3311 Chapter 12, Section 4Chapter 12, Section 4
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The President ActsThe President Acts
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The Constitution provides four options for the
President when he receives a bill:
1. The President may sign the
bill, and it then becomes law.
2. The President may veto the
bill, or refuse to sign it. The
President’s veto can be
overridden by a two-thirds vote
of the members present in
each house.
3. If the President does not act
upon a bill within 10 days of
receiving it, it becomes law.
4. A pocket veto occurs if
Congress adjourns within 10
days of submitting a bill and
the President does not sign it.
The bill then dies.
Chapter 12, Section 4Chapter 12, Section 4
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Section 4 ReviewSection 4 Review
1. A filibuster is
(a) a tool used by senators to speed up the process of passing legislation.
(b) the name for a bill once it is signed into law.
(c) a delay tactic in which a bill is talked to death.
(d) an executive privilege that allows for the amending of passed bills.
2. All of the following are options for the President for dealing with a
bill once he receives it EXCEPT
(a) allowing it to become law by not acting upon it for 10 days.
(b) signing the bill into law.
(c) altering the bill and signing it into law.
(d) vetoing the bill.
Chapter 12, Section 4Chapter 12, Section 4
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22 3311