This document discusses key concepts around motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It defines these terms and provides examples and formulas for calculating them. Distance is the length between two points, while displacement includes direction using vectors. Speed is the ratio of distance to time, while velocity includes both speed and direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity and can refer to changes in speed, direction, or both. Formulas are provided for calculating average speed, acceleration, and combining velocities using vector addition and subtraction.

1. CHAPTER 11
MOTION
SECTION 11.1 DISTANCE AND
DISPLACEMENT

2. 11.1 DISTANCE AND
DISPLACEMENT
All of science is concerned with motion.
The motion of objects change when forces act
upon them.
All objects have motion they just appear to be
motionless. All of matter contains atoms that are
continuously in motion (vibrate and collide).
In order to describe motion you must state the
direction in which the object is moving and how
fast the object is moving.

3. *
You have to choose a frame of reference. ( To
describe motion accurately)
It is a system of objects that are not moving with
respect to one another.
EX. People on the bus are not a good frame of
reference because they are moving with the bus.
You need to choose and object not moving outside
the bus.
You have to choose an appropriate frame of
reference to describe motion in a clear and
relevant manner.
Relevant Motion is movement in relation to a
frame of reference.

4. MEASURING DISTANCE
Distance is the length of a path between
two points.
SI unit for distance is the meter (m)
However, for larger distances it is better
to use kilometers (km)

5. MEASURING DISPLACEMENTS
Displacement is the direction from the starting
point and the length of a straight line from the
starting point to the ending point.
Displacement use vectors
A vector is a quantity that has magnitude and
direction.
Magnitude can be the size, length, or amount of
something.
Arrows on maps represent vectors.
Symbol for vector →

6. COMBINING DISPLACEMENTS
Distance: Displacements along a straight line
Use vector addition or subtraction.
Going 10 km east and 3 km west = 10-3 = 7
Page 330 demo
Use vector addition if in a straight line 4km +
2km = 6km

8. DISPLACEMENT THAT ISN’T ALONG A
STRAIGHT PATH
Resultant vector- is the vector sum of
two or more vectors.
The vector goes directly from the
starting point to the end point.
P. 331 Figure 4

9. SECTION 11.2 SPEED
AND VELOCITY
Speed- is the ratio of the distance an object moves
to the amount of time the object moves.
SI unit = m/s *use the units that make the most
sense.
cars = miles/hr or km/hr
2 Ways to express the speed of an object
1. Average speed- (v) is the total distance traveled,
(d) divided by the time, (t) it takes to travel that
distance.

10. CALCULATING SPEED
Formula:
Average speed = Total distance
Total time
v=d
t
Sometimes you have to rearrange the formula to
solve for distance or time.
d=v×t
t=d
v
• The speed of the object can change during the
time it moves but, this equation gives you the
overall average.

11. 11.2 SPEED AND VELOCITY
Instantaneous Speed (v) is the rate at
which an object is moving at a given
moment in time.
Ex driving car look at a speedometer.
• Average speed is computed for the
duration of a trip. And it does not have
to be the speed that you are driving
throughout the whole trip.
Instantaneous is JUST the speed at a
particular moment

12. 11.2 SPEED AND VELOCITY
Velocity is the speed and direction in which an object is moving
(has to be measured relative to a reference point)
• calculated the same as speed
• It is a vector (use an arrow.)
Combining Velocities
Use vector addition when the motion involves more than one
velocity ( direction).
Example:
Boat Velocity with respect to river bank is the same directions with
the water at 12 km/hr.
River is moving 5km/h
How fast is the boat moving? Answer: 5km/h + 12 km/h = 17 km/h

13. 11.2 SPEED AND VELOCITY
In vector addition you add the speed of water
and the speed of the boat.
5km/h + 12 km/h = 17 km/h
Example 2:
When the boat is moving opposite of the flow of
the water.
Velocity with respect to river bank is the same
directions against the water at 12 km/hr.
Answer: 5km/h - 12 km/h = 7 km/h
You subtract the movement of the boat from the movement of
the water.

14. 11.3 ACCELERATION
Acceleration - the rate at which velocity
changes.
• Unit m/s2 Meters per second squared.
• Velocity changes all the time.
• You can have positive or negative
acceleration.
Negative is slowing down and decreases
acceleration
Positive is speeding up and increases
acceleration.

15. 11.3 ACCELERATION
Acceleration can be described as changes in speed,
changes in direction, or changes in both speed and
direction.
• It is a vector.
1. Change in speed = free fall
Ex: parachuting before you engage the chute.
Movement of an object towards the Earth solely
because of gravity.
Value of acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s2
Speed is m/s
Acceleration is m/s2

16. *
2. Change in direction
- You are still accelerating but your speed is
constant.
Ex:
riding bike around a curve (you coast)
Carousel ( merry-go-round)
3. Change in direction and speed
Ex:
roller coaster
car around a curve ( slowdown)

17. 11.3 ACCELERATION
Constant Acceleration
• Is a steady change in velocity.
• The velocity of the object changes
by the same amount each second.
Ex: Jet taking off. Constantly
accelerating

18. *
How to calculate acceleration
• Assume that we are moving in a straight
line of motion- divide the change in
velocity by the total time
Formula : Acceleration = Change in velocity
Total Time
A= (vf-vi)
T
f= final, i= initial