Cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, and organs combine to form organ systems which make up an organism. The document then provides examples of how smooth muscle cells and epithelial lung cells form tissues that make up organs in the digestive and respiratory systems respectively. It proceeds to define the main tissue types and organ systems in the human body, describing their main functions. Finally, it explains how feedback loops control bodily functions, with negative feedback maintaining homeostasis and positive feedback driving processes away from their set points.
Human body system:
A system of human body means a collective functional unit made by several organs in which the organs work in complete coordination with one another. Organs cannot work alone because their are certain needs of every organ that need to be fulfilled and the organ itself cannot fulfill those needs. So all organs of human body need the support of other organs to perform their functions and in this way an organ system is formed.
1. Integumentary system
-largest sensory organ
-vitamin D syntheses
-protects deeper tissue
-regulates fluid and blood loss
2. skeletal system
-stores calcium
-frame work for the body
-protects vital organs
-produces red blood cells
3. muscular system
-generates heat
-creates movement
-maintains posture
-uses energy
4. Immune System
-portions of many different systems that fight disease
5. Reproductive System
-production off spring
-production of hormones
6. cardiovascular System
-transportation of nutrients and gas waste
-supports immune function
7. urinary system
-get rid of nitrogenous waste out of blood
-regulated electrolytes, fluid and pH balance
8. Digestive system
-breaks down food into the building blocks for the body
9. respiratory system
-portions moistens and heats air
-gas exchange
10. nervous system
-sensory input
-interpretation of input or thought
-elicit and signal responses
-coordination of muscles
11. endocrine System
-secrets hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and general body function.
Human body system:
A system of human body means a collective functional unit made by several organs in which the organs work in complete coordination with one another. Organs cannot work alone because their are certain needs of every organ that need to be fulfilled and the organ itself cannot fulfill those needs. So all organs of human body need the support of other organs to perform their functions and in this way an organ system is formed.
1. Integumentary system
-largest sensory organ
-vitamin D syntheses
-protects deeper tissue
-regulates fluid and blood loss
2. skeletal system
-stores calcium
-frame work for the body
-protects vital organs
-produces red blood cells
3. muscular system
-generates heat
-creates movement
-maintains posture
-uses energy
4. Immune System
-portions of many different systems that fight disease
5. Reproductive System
-production off spring
-production of hormones
6. cardiovascular System
-transportation of nutrients and gas waste
-supports immune function
7. urinary system
-get rid of nitrogenous waste out of blood
-regulated electrolytes, fluid and pH balance
8. Digestive system
-breaks down food into the building blocks for the body
9. respiratory system
-portions moistens and heats air
-gas exchange
10. nervous system
-sensory input
-interpretation of input or thought
-elicit and signal responses
-coordination of muscles
11. endocrine System
-secrets hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and general body function.
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
Under the microscopeCORE273 Summer2019What is Biology.docxouldparis
Under the microscope
CORE273 Summer2019
What is Biology?
Biology is a word derived from the Greek words bios, meaning “life”, and logos meaning “study”.
Therefore biology is defined as the science and study of life and living organisms.
An “organism” is a living entity consisting of one cell (bacteria) or several cells (plants, animals, fungi).
https://www.ntnu.edu/biology/about-us/what-is-biology
2
Characteristics of Living things
Made of different molecules than non-living things.
Carbon atoms form bonds with other atomic elements.
Molecules result: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.
Require energy and raw materials.
Intake of above molecules offers energy and building blocks of cells.
Have a metabolism.
Breaks down/builds up molecules into/from atoms (respectively).
Living things will grow, reproduce, and evolve.
Characteristics of Living things
Respond to their environment and maintain homeostasis.
Necessary to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
Systems present in any organism must respond to internal/external stimuli.
Make adjustments to compensate for stress on other systems.
Negative Feedback Loops
Controlled Variable is the factor being monitored.
Sensors keep “tabs” on if these factors are at their “set points”.
Control Center gathers information and determines appropriate actions.
Effectors are activated by control center to carry out necessary response.
Characteristics of Living things
All living things are composed of cells and cell products.
A single cell is the smallest unit exhibiting all characteristics of life.
Often divided by internal structural organization:
Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane bound “nucleus” and have few “organelles” (i.e.; bacteria)
Eukaryotic cells do have a membrane bound nucleus and many organelles with different functions (i.e.; plants, animals, fungi)
Inside our human Cells
Nucleus is the “brain”; directs activities via DNA.
DNA molecules contain our genetic information.
Organelles are “little organs”
Ribosomes: produce proteins.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: produces proteins via ribosomes that are on membrane.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: produces primarily lipids; no ribosomes.
Golgi apparatus: refines, ships, and packages products from both endoplasmic reticula.
Mitochondria: “powerhouse”. Produces energy in the form of ATP molecules.
Cells of the body
While the internal structure remains fairly similar between cells of the body, cells can differ in external structure.
The form (shape/size) of a cell will greatly influence it’s overall function.
Neurons are long and thin for fast communication between cells.
Muscle cells have special segments that shorten to allow the tissue to contract.
Tissues of the body
Groups of similar cells come together to form tissues.
There are four primary types of tissues:
Epithelial: covers body cavities, lines organs, and surfaces.
Glandular epithelium secretes products.
Connective: supports and connects.
Loose, d ...
3. The Digestive System: The Respiratory System:
Smooth muscle cells Epithelial lung cells
make: make:
Intestinal muscle Epithelial lung tissues,
tissues, which make: which make:
Intestines, which are Lungs, which are part
part of the: of the:
Digestive system Respiratory system
4. Epithelial tissue– tightly packed cells that line
organs and make the skin
Connective Tissue—support, bind together, and
protect tissues and organs. Tendons, ligaments,
bone and cartilage are connective tissues
Muscle Tissue—produces movement. Skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth muscle
Nervous Tissue—transmits and receives impulses
6. Immune—white blood cells, thymus, spleen.
Protects against disease, stores and makes white
blood cells.
Integumentary—skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil
glands. Barrier to infection, injury, UV rays,
regulates body temperature.
Muscular—skeletal,smooth, and cardiac
muscles. Produces movement, helps circulate
blood and moves food
Nervous– brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.
Processes info., regulates responses
7. Reproductive—testes, penis, ovaries, fallopian
tubes, uterus, vagina. Produces reproductive
cells, houses an embryo
Respiratory—nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, lings. Brings in O2, expels CO2 and
water vapor
Skeletal—bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons.
Supports and protects organs, movement, stores
nutrients, makes red blood cells.
Excretory—skin, lungs, kidneys, bladder.
Eliminates waste, helps maintain homeostasis
8. Allparts of the body are controlled by
feedback loops.
Negative feedback keeps things at set points
(ex. body temperature, blood glucose level,
oxygen levels)
Positive feedback moves AWAY from a set point
(ex. clotting factors will increase greatly until a
cut stops bleeding, hormones levels are greatly
increased during puberty)