If you were looking at an mRNA and saw the codon AUG, what would you .pdfnaveenkumar29100
If you were looking at an mRNA and saw the codon AUG, what would you conclude about it?
What does it mean to that the genetic code is redundant, but not ambiguous? The genetic code is
nearly universal, meaning the same RNA codon that designates tryptophan in humans, designates
tryptophan in bacteria. a. What has this knowledge allowed us to conclude about the code? b.
What has this knowledge allowed us to do with genes Transcription is the DNA-directed
synthesis of RNA: a closer look Describe the general model of transcription. Include in your
answer the steps of transcription and the key elements of each step. Compare and contrast
transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes What makes RNA polymerase start
transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a prokaryotic cell? What makes RNA
polymerase start transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a eukaryotic cell?
Solution
A)Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene\'s DNA sequence
to make an RNA molecule.Transcription can be divided into four distinct stages:
Template recognition
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Initiation:RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the promoter,found near the
beginning of a gene.Each gene has its own promoter.Once bound,RNA polymerase separates the
DNA strands,providing the single-stranded template needed for transcription.
Elongation:One strand of DNA,the template strand,acts as a template for RNA polymerase.As it
reads this template one base at a time,the polymerase builds an RNA molecule out of
complementary nucleotides,making a chain that grows from 5\' to 3\'.The RNA transcript carries
the same information as the non-template (coding) strand of DNA,but it contains the base uracil
instead of thymine .
Termination:Sequences called terminators signal that the RNA transcript is complete.Once they
are transcribed,they cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase.
B)Prokaryotes do not have an organized nucleus,so the nuclear materials or DNA is in the
cytoplasm.Therefore,the transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and all the precursors needed for
the transcription are found in the cytoplasm.Prokaryotic transcription requires the RNA
polymerase enzyme in order for the transcription to be successfully completed.The enzyme binds
to the sigma factor and the promoter region,and then initiate the transcription by completing the
holoenzyme.In prokaryotes,DNA is not bound to histones.Thus,the transcription initiates
directly.This could be advantageous when prokaryotes have overlapping genes.Transcription
starts at the promoter region and elongate through the coding region and ends when the RNA
polymerase reads the termination signal.There are two types of termination signals,Rho-
dependent and independant.Transcribed mRNA will be completely translated during the
transcription,and no post-transcription processing will be undergoing most of the
time.Transcriptionl unit has one or more .
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8 DNA RNA Protein What i.pdfmckenziecast21211
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8: DNA RNA Protein What is DNA? a
phosphate Structure of DNA: Building blocks are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is
composed of three br uithofenas bee. What makes DNA so special? Provide 4 reasons, below
DNA DNA (Replication): Where does DNA replication take place? When does DNA replication
take place? Explain steps involved in DNA replication: DNA RNA Protein (Gene Expression)
Involves 2 processes: 1. Transcription 2. Translation Explain the Synthesis of Proteins (Gene
Expression): o DNA RNA Protein What is RNA? What is \"codon What is \"anticodon\" What is
a protein molecule? DNA mutation; Change in nucleotide bases of DNA Duplex Point mutation
Frame shift mutation
Solution
Question
Answer
Where does DNA replication take place:
It takes place in the nucleus in case of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm in case of
prokaryotic cells
When does DNA replication take place:
DNA replication occurs during the S-phase during cell cycle, so that cell can make an extra copy
of genetic material.
Explain steps involved in DNA replication:
Initiation: During initiation, the proteins will bind to the origin of replication; helicase unwinds
the DNA helix which results in the formation of two replication forks.
Elongation: A RNA primer sequence will be added to this the DNA pol III will add the
nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction and chain will elongate.
Termination: In case of bacteria, termination of replication occurs whenever two replication
forks meet each other from the opposite end of the parental chromosome.
Transcription
Gene expression first step is transcription, here a particular segment of DNA will be copied into
RNA with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase
Translation
Translation is the final step of the gene expression. Here mRNA will be used to synthesize the
polypeptide chain. The information present in the mRNA in the form of codon will code for the
amino acids needed for polypeptide chain synthesis.
What is RNA?
RNA is ribonucleic acid and is found in all living cells. It acts as the messenger carrying
instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins.
Few viruses will have RNA as their genetic material.
What is codon?
Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides and they together form a unit of genetic code in either
DNA or RNA.
What is anticodon?
It is found on tRNA and it is a sequence of three nucleotides which forms a genetic code on
tRNA, and these anticodon is complementary to the codons found on messenger RNA.
What is a protein molecule?
During translation, when amino acids are added in a sequential manner, the condensation of
amino acids will form a peptide bond in between them and finally forms a polypeptide chain. It
is the DNA through mRNA directs the protein synthesis.
Point mutation
In point mutation, only one or very few nucleotides will be affected or mutated in a gene
sequence.
Frame shift mutation
Either insertions or deletion can result in frame shift mutation, due to th.
Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins. Translation, the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes, is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway, along with generation of messenger RNA (mRNA), aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA), co-translational transport, and post-translational modification. Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps. They are principally during transcription (phenomenon of RNA synthesis from DNA template) and translation (phenomenon of amino acid assembly from RNA). The cistron DNA is transcribed into the first of a series of RNA intermediates. The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain. Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA. A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during post translational modification. A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence (an N-terminal signal peptide) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes, i.e., targets them for secretion. The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum. Preproteins have both sequences (inhibitory and signal) still present. In protein synthesis, a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base-pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA. The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain, and the tRNAs, no longer carrying amino acids, are released. This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome, formed of two main chains of RNA, called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and more than 50 different proteins. The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it, capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain.
Chapter 8:
Microbial Genetics
*
Plasmids Exist in Cells Separate from Chromosomes
Big Picture: Genetics
The science of heredity
Central dogma of molecular biology
Mutations
Gene expression controlled by operons
Alteration of bacterial genes and/or gene expression
Cause of disease
Prevent disease treatment
Manipulated for human benefit
Big Picture: Genetics
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
Learning Objectives
8-1 Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code, genotype, phenotype, and genomics.
8-2 Describe how DNA serves as genetic information.
8-3 Describe the process of DNA replication.
8-4 Describe protein synthesis, including transcription, RNA processing, and translation.
8-5 Compare protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
Genetics: the study of genes, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated
Chromosomes: structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information; the chromosomes contain genes
Genes: segments of DNA that encode functional products, usually proteins
Genome: all the genetic information in a cell
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material The genetic code is a set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a proteinCentral dogma:
Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype: expression of the genes
DNA and Chromosomes
Bacteria usually have a single circular chromosome made of DNA and associated proteins
Short tandem repeats (STRs): repeating sequences of noncoding DNA
Figure 8.1 A Prokaryotic Chromosome
Chromosome
The Flow of Genetic Information
Vertical gene transfer: flow of genetic information from one generation to the next
Horizontal gene transfer: flow of genetic information between individuals of the SAME generation (see the middle portion of the next slide!)
Figure 8.2 The Flow of Genetic Information
Parent cell
DNA
Genetic information is used
within a cell to produce the
proteins needed for the cell
to function.
Genetic information can be
transferred horizontally between
cells of the same generation.
Genetic information can be
transferred vertically to the
next generation of cells.
New combinations
of genes
Translation
Cell metabolizes and grows
Recombinant cell
Offspring cells
Transcription
DNA Replication
DNA forms a double helix
“Backbone” consists of deoxyribose-phosphate
Two strands of nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G
Strands are antiparallel
Order of the nitrogen-containing bases forms the genetic instructions of the organism
DNA Replication
One strand serves as a template for the production of a second strand
Topoisomerase and gyrase relax the strands
Helicase separates the strands
A replication fork is created
DNA Replication
DNA poly ...
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdfarihantelehyb
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
If you were looking at an mRNA and saw the codon AUG, what would you .pdfnaveenkumar29100
If you were looking at an mRNA and saw the codon AUG, what would you conclude about it?
What does it mean to that the genetic code is redundant, but not ambiguous? The genetic code is
nearly universal, meaning the same RNA codon that designates tryptophan in humans, designates
tryptophan in bacteria. a. What has this knowledge allowed us to conclude about the code? b.
What has this knowledge allowed us to do with genes Transcription is the DNA-directed
synthesis of RNA: a closer look Describe the general model of transcription. Include in your
answer the steps of transcription and the key elements of each step. Compare and contrast
transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes What makes RNA polymerase start
transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a prokaryotic cell? What makes RNA
polymerase start transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a eukaryotic cell?
Solution
A)Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene\'s DNA sequence
to make an RNA molecule.Transcription can be divided into four distinct stages:
Template recognition
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Initiation:RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the promoter,found near the
beginning of a gene.Each gene has its own promoter.Once bound,RNA polymerase separates the
DNA strands,providing the single-stranded template needed for transcription.
Elongation:One strand of DNA,the template strand,acts as a template for RNA polymerase.As it
reads this template one base at a time,the polymerase builds an RNA molecule out of
complementary nucleotides,making a chain that grows from 5\' to 3\'.The RNA transcript carries
the same information as the non-template (coding) strand of DNA,but it contains the base uracil
instead of thymine .
Termination:Sequences called terminators signal that the RNA transcript is complete.Once they
are transcribed,they cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase.
B)Prokaryotes do not have an organized nucleus,so the nuclear materials or DNA is in the
cytoplasm.Therefore,the transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and all the precursors needed for
the transcription are found in the cytoplasm.Prokaryotic transcription requires the RNA
polymerase enzyme in order for the transcription to be successfully completed.The enzyme binds
to the sigma factor and the promoter region,and then initiate the transcription by completing the
holoenzyme.In prokaryotes,DNA is not bound to histones.Thus,the transcription initiates
directly.This could be advantageous when prokaryotes have overlapping genes.Transcription
starts at the promoter region and elongate through the coding region and ends when the RNA
polymerase reads the termination signal.There are two types of termination signals,Rho-
dependent and independant.Transcribed mRNA will be completely translated during the
transcription,and no post-transcription processing will be undergoing most of the
time.Transcriptionl unit has one or more .
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8 DNA RNA Protein What i.pdfmckenziecast21211
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8: DNA RNA Protein What is DNA? a
phosphate Structure of DNA: Building blocks are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is
composed of three br uithofenas bee. What makes DNA so special? Provide 4 reasons, below
DNA DNA (Replication): Where does DNA replication take place? When does DNA replication
take place? Explain steps involved in DNA replication: DNA RNA Protein (Gene Expression)
Involves 2 processes: 1. Transcription 2. Translation Explain the Synthesis of Proteins (Gene
Expression): o DNA RNA Protein What is RNA? What is \"codon What is \"anticodon\" What is
a protein molecule? DNA mutation; Change in nucleotide bases of DNA Duplex Point mutation
Frame shift mutation
Solution
Question
Answer
Where does DNA replication take place:
It takes place in the nucleus in case of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm in case of
prokaryotic cells
When does DNA replication take place:
DNA replication occurs during the S-phase during cell cycle, so that cell can make an extra copy
of genetic material.
Explain steps involved in DNA replication:
Initiation: During initiation, the proteins will bind to the origin of replication; helicase unwinds
the DNA helix which results in the formation of two replication forks.
Elongation: A RNA primer sequence will be added to this the DNA pol III will add the
nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction and chain will elongate.
Termination: In case of bacteria, termination of replication occurs whenever two replication
forks meet each other from the opposite end of the parental chromosome.
Transcription
Gene expression first step is transcription, here a particular segment of DNA will be copied into
RNA with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase
Translation
Translation is the final step of the gene expression. Here mRNA will be used to synthesize the
polypeptide chain. The information present in the mRNA in the form of codon will code for the
amino acids needed for polypeptide chain synthesis.
What is RNA?
RNA is ribonucleic acid and is found in all living cells. It acts as the messenger carrying
instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins.
Few viruses will have RNA as their genetic material.
What is codon?
Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides and they together form a unit of genetic code in either
DNA or RNA.
What is anticodon?
It is found on tRNA and it is a sequence of three nucleotides which forms a genetic code on
tRNA, and these anticodon is complementary to the codons found on messenger RNA.
What is a protein molecule?
During translation, when amino acids are added in a sequential manner, the condensation of
amino acids will form a peptide bond in between them and finally forms a polypeptide chain. It
is the DNA through mRNA directs the protein synthesis.
Point mutation
In point mutation, only one or very few nucleotides will be affected or mutated in a gene
sequence.
Frame shift mutation
Either insertions or deletion can result in frame shift mutation, due to th.
Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins. Translation, the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes, is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway, along with generation of messenger RNA (mRNA), aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA), co-translational transport, and post-translational modification. Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps. They are principally during transcription (phenomenon of RNA synthesis from DNA template) and translation (phenomenon of amino acid assembly from RNA). The cistron DNA is transcribed into the first of a series of RNA intermediates. The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain. Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA. A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during post translational modification. A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence (an N-terminal signal peptide) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes, i.e., targets them for secretion. The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum. Preproteins have both sequences (inhibitory and signal) still present. In protein synthesis, a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base-pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA. The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain, and the tRNAs, no longer carrying amino acids, are released. This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome, formed of two main chains of RNA, called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and more than 50 different proteins. The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it, capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain.
Chapter 8:
Microbial Genetics
*
Plasmids Exist in Cells Separate from Chromosomes
Big Picture: Genetics
The science of heredity
Central dogma of molecular biology
Mutations
Gene expression controlled by operons
Alteration of bacterial genes and/or gene expression
Cause of disease
Prevent disease treatment
Manipulated for human benefit
Big Picture: Genetics
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
Learning Objectives
8-1 Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code, genotype, phenotype, and genomics.
8-2 Describe how DNA serves as genetic information.
8-3 Describe the process of DNA replication.
8-4 Describe protein synthesis, including transcription, RNA processing, and translation.
8-5 Compare protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
Genetics: the study of genes, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated
Chromosomes: structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information; the chromosomes contain genes
Genes: segments of DNA that encode functional products, usually proteins
Genome: all the genetic information in a cell
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material The genetic code is a set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a proteinCentral dogma:
Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype: expression of the genes
DNA and Chromosomes
Bacteria usually have a single circular chromosome made of DNA and associated proteins
Short tandem repeats (STRs): repeating sequences of noncoding DNA
Figure 8.1 A Prokaryotic Chromosome
Chromosome
The Flow of Genetic Information
Vertical gene transfer: flow of genetic information from one generation to the next
Horizontal gene transfer: flow of genetic information between individuals of the SAME generation (see the middle portion of the next slide!)
Figure 8.2 The Flow of Genetic Information
Parent cell
DNA
Genetic information is used
within a cell to produce the
proteins needed for the cell
to function.
Genetic information can be
transferred horizontally between
cells of the same generation.
Genetic information can be
transferred vertically to the
next generation of cells.
New combinations
of genes
Translation
Cell metabolizes and grows
Recombinant cell
Offspring cells
Transcription
DNA Replication
DNA forms a double helix
“Backbone” consists of deoxyribose-phosphate
Two strands of nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G
Strands are antiparallel
Order of the nitrogen-containing bases forms the genetic instructions of the organism
DNA Replication
One strand serves as a template for the production of a second strand
Topoisomerase and gyrase relax the strands
Helicase separates the strands
A replication fork is created
DNA Replication
DNA poly ...
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdfarihantelehyb
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
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3. GROWING CELL
Before cell division the cell’s
DNA has to duplicate
(DNA REPLICATION)
While the cell is growing it needs
enzymes and extra proteins…
4. TRANSCRIPTION
THE PROTEINS ARE MADE IN
THE CYTOPLASM IN THE
RIBOSOMES
THE INFO FROM THE DNA IS
COPIED INTO m RNA, WHICH
CAN LEAVE THE NUCLEUS AND
GET TO THE RIBOSOMES IN THE
CYTOPLASM.
THE INFORMATION FOR
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS IN THE
DNA IN THE NUCLEUS.
DNA INFO COPIED TO
mRNA
5. TRANSCRIPTION: the
process
Only 1 strand of
DNA in a gene
gets transcribed:
RNA polymerase: enzyme
that initiates transcription
by binding to promoter at
the 3' end of DNA,
unwinds and unzips it.
RNA activated
nucleotides
pair with the
complementary
bases of the
DNA strand
RNA polymerase, binds
the RNA nucleotides
together to form the
mRNA poynucleotide.
7. TRANSLATION
DNA
M RNA
PROTEI
N
transcriptio
n
DNA info is copied into to RNA code, which is still in
the “language” of nitrogenous bases, except that
adenine on the DNA pairs with uracil (in place of
thymine) on the RNA. HAPPENS IN NUCLEUS.
translation
The RNA code is then translated to protein code,
which is a different “language.” (nitrogenous bases to
aminoacids.
This process involves ribosomes and two kinds of
RNA: mRNA and tRNA. HAPPENS IN CYTOPLASM
8. INFORMATION IN THE
mRNA
Codon: sequence of 3 nucleotides on
m-RNA that codes for one amino acid.
The GENETIC CODE states which codon
stands for which aminoacid.
1 aminoacid
1 aminoacid
9. GENETIC CODE
Even though there are only 20 amino acids
that exist, there are actually 64 possible
tRNA molecules:
4 X 4 X 4 = 64 possible combinations
CODON
CODON CODON G C U
1º NUCLEOTIDE
2º NUCLEOTIDE
3º NUCLEOTIDE
=Gly
10. GENETIC CODE (II)
The GENETIC
CODE can be
reffered as well to
the DNA, as in this
case.
How can you tell this
GENETIC CODE
reffers to DNA?
Why can it be reffered to
the DNA?
11. CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE GENETIC CODE
It can be reffered to DNA or RNA.
It is UNIVERSAL.
All living organisms share the same code.
We can “read” the DNA of a bacterium, a plant or a
worm using the same code!! PROOF FOR
EVOLUTION!!!
It is DEGENERATE
As there are ONLY 20 aminoacids but 64 possible
codons Each aminoacid has MORE
than ONE codon!
There are codons that code for punctuation (START and STOP)
13. TRANSLATION
The newly made mRNA (transcription) leaves the nuceus and binds with the
ribosome in the cytoplasm.
ONE codon is exposed at site P and
another codon at site A
A tRNA with a complementary codon
in its anticodon site will bind with
the codon at site P, bringing an
aminoacid.
1º AMINOACID:
Methionine (AUG)
in site P.
14. TRANSLATION
Even though every protein begins with the Methionine amino acid,
not all
proteins will ultimately have methionine at one end. If the "start"
methionine is not needed, it is removed before the new protein goes to
work (either inside the cell or outside the cell, depending on the type
of
protein synthesized)