The document discusses basic biological concepts and genetics. It defines cells as the basic unit of life and describes prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures. It also summarizes Mendel's experiments with pea plants which demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units now called genes, and that genes assort independently during reproduction.

1. BASIC BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND BASIC GENETICS BHARTI MPH

2. BASIC BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS

3. CELL A cell is a smallest unit that is capable of performing life function

4. Cell Theory All living things are made up of cell Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

6. TYPES OF CELLS Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

7. CHARACTERSTICS OF PROKARYOTIC CELL 1.Do not have structures surrounded by membranes. 2.Few internal structures. 3. One –celled organism , Bacteria

8. CHARACTERSTICS OF EUKARYOTIC CELL Contain organelles surrounded by membranes. Most living organisms. IT IS OF TWO TYPES: Animal cell Plant cell

11. DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF ANIMAL CELL Ribosome's Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell Membrane

12. BACTERIA Simple structure Lacks membrane – bound nucleus Enormous range of metabolic activities Few bacteria causes disease Usually they contain peptidoglycan Gives shape & mechanical strength to the cell

13. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF STAINING Bacteria can be divided into two groups on the basis of gram staining. Gram positive bacteria Gram negative bacteria

14. SHAPES Round shape (cocci) Rod shape (bacilli) Spiral shape (Spring like)

15. BACTERIAL DISEASE Diptheria Tuberculosis Whooping cough Tetanus Cholera Typhoid fever Bacterial Dysentry

16. VIRUS Sub-microscopic infectious agent Unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell Consist of genetic material (DNA,RNA)

17. VIRAL DISEASES Influenza Common cold Small pox Mumps Measles German measles Poliovirus Yellow fever

18. FUNGI Eukaryotic organism Heterotrophic organisms possessing a chitinous cell wall Some fungal species grow as single cell Examples: yeasts, molds, mushrooms Symptoms: fluffy white patches, reed inflamed skin under patch, severe irritation

19. DISEASE CAUSED BY FUNGI Athlete's foot Head ringworm Candidiasis

20. PROTOZOA One –celled animals Smallest of all animals Most of them can only be seen under a microscope They do breathe, move, reproduce like multi celled animals

21. Live in water where it is damp Example: paramecium, euglena, amoeba Some are harmful to man ,cause serious diseases Helpful because they eat harmful bacteria and are food for fish and other animal Also called fission

22. DISEASE CAUSED BY PROTOZA Malaria Amoebiasis

23. BASIC CONCEPTS IN GENETICS

24. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENT Research was with plants Basic underline principle of heredity Also applicable to human beings and animals Performed experiment on common pea plant Certain traits show up in the offspring Observed seven traits Apparently occur in one of the two form

25. TRAITS Flower color is purple or white Flower position is axil or terminal Stem length is long or short Seed shape is round or wrinkled Seed color is yellow or green Pod shape is inflated or constricted Pod color is yellow or green

26. Mendel’s second experiment Picked common garden pea plant Pea plant have both male and female reproductive organs Can be self pollinated Cross pollinated

27. Cross pollinating plants that either produce yellow or green pea seeds First offspring generation (f1) always has yellow seeds F2 generation has 3:1 ratio of yellow to green 3:1 ratio occur in the later generations as well Realized that this was the key to under -standing the basic mechanism of inheritance

30. conclusion inheritance of each trait is determined by ‘units’ or ‘factors’ that are passed on to descendents unchanged (genes) An individual inherits one such unit from each parent for each trait Trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next generation

31. Starting parent plants – homozygous (alleles or form) F1 generation – heterozygous (different alleles) Genotype Phenotype

33. the principle of segregation the principle of independent assortment

34. thank you