Chapter 1 the evolution of policing.ppt

Community Policing and Problem Solving (Sixth Edition)
Kenneth J. Peak, Ronald W. Glensor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
The Evolution of Policing: Past Wisdom and
Future Directions
Chapter 1
Community Policing and Problem
Solving: Strategies and Practices
(Sixth Edition)

British Contributions
• Henry Fielding
– 1748 – London’s Chief Magistrate
of Bow Street
– Bow Street Runners
•Worked for the Magistrate.
•Served writs and arrested
offenders, did not patrol.
• John Fielding
–Created court-like setting
–Expanded availability

British Contributions
•Robert Peel
–Metropolitan Police Act of
1829
–Preventive nature
–Bobbies
–Peel’s principles of policing

Early Beginnings in America
• The New York Model
• Vigilante committees
• Policing quickly
spreads to the West
• Politics and
corruption
• Emergence of
professionalism

Movement Toward Reform
• Improvement of testing
and training
• National Police Chief
Union
• August Vollmer
– Professionalism
– Police as social worker
– “old methods of dealing
with crime must be
changed, and newer ones
adopted”

Movement Toward Reform
•Frederick Taylor
–Hierarchy, standardized police work, no discretion

Crime Commissions and Studies
• Wickersham Commission (1931)
– President Hoover
– Set recommendations to reduce corruption
• O.W. Wilson
– Police administration
– Crime fighter image
• J. Edgar Hoover
– Appointed director of FBI in 1924
– Professionalized FBI

The Professional Crime Fighter
• Emphasis on efficiency and control
• Impartial law enforcer
• Reduce citizen responsibility of
crime control
• Thin blue lines
• Need for rapid response to calls
• Effectiveness defined by crime rate

The Professional Crime Fighter- Dragnet

Police-Community Relations
• Louis Radelet
– Founded the National Institute on Police and
Community Relations at MSU (1955)
– Coordinator of National Center on Police and
Community Relations (1965-73)
• Purposes of the many programs
1.Police-citizen participation
2.Improve communications and mutual understanding
3.Promote interprofessional approaches and
community responsibility

Police-Community Relations (cont.)
4.Cooperation within criminal justice system
5.Understand nature and causes of problems and
improve police-minority relationships
6.Equal protections for all

Problems with Professional Model
• Crime continued to rise
• Multiple commissions established to find
solutions
• President’s Crime Commission (1967)
– Need to reinstate Peel’s principles
• The police should be close to the public
• Poor quality of policing contributes to social disorder
• The police should focus on community relations
• Fear rose

Problems with Professional Model (cont.)
• Minorities felt mistreated by the police
• Antiwar and civil rights movements challenged
police
• Using little or no discretion and focusing on law
enforcement is ineffective
• Problems with line officers
• No financial support
• Private security and crime control movement

More Recent Studies of Police Work
• 1950s studies provided a new “realism” on
policing
– Use of informal strategies to handle problems were
more often used than allowed
– Outside pressures influence police more than the
law does
– Arrests are used for many different purposes
– Discretion is highly used

More Recent Studies of Police Work
(cont.)
• 1980s studies
– Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
– Preventive patrol is ineffective
– Rapid response time does not reduce crime
– Police have little impact on preventing crime
• Sacred Cow
– “We’ve always done it this way” mentality
– Hard to change
• Time for a new approach

Community Problem-Solving Era
• Team Policing
– Decentralized, neighborhood focus to the delivery
of police services
– Failed
• Officers don’t understand their duties
• Higher officers felt threatened
• Did not differentiate a different view of policing

Community Problem-Solving Era (cont.)
• Foot Patrol
– Residents responded positively
– Residents felt crime had declined and it was safer
– Improved police relations
– Can gather information more easily

Principles of the New Model
• Officers
– More autonomy
– Look at underlying causes
– Creative solutions
• Emphasis on crime control and crime prevention
– Decisions are made by lower level of organization
• “Demarketing” programs

Why the Emergence of COPPS
• Prior narrowing of the police mission to crime
fighting
• Increased cultural diversity and concern with
police violating minority civil rights
• Detachment of patrol officers in patrol vehicles
and administration from officer and community
input
• Increased violence in our society

Why the Emergence of COPPS (cont.)
• A downturn in the economy and subsequently a
"do more with less" philosophy toward the police
• Increased dependence on high-technology
equipment, rather than contact with the public
• Emphasis on organizational change, including
decentralization and greater officer discretion

Why the Emergence of COPPS (cont.)
• A desire for greater personalization of
government services
• Burgeoning attempts by the police to adequately
reach the community through crime prevention,
team policing and police-community relations
• Common theme
– Isolation of police from the public
– “Means over ends” syndrome
– “Us versus them” mentality

The Innovation Generation of COPPS
• 1979-1986
• Begins with Goldstein and “broken windows
theory”
• “Experiments,” “test sites” and “demonstration
projects”
• Larger metropolitan cities
• Foot patrols, problem-solving methods, or
community substations
• Provided innovative ideas

The Diffusion Generation of COPPS
• 1987-1994
• COPPS spread quickly throughout police
agencies
– 1985
• 300 agencies
– 1994
• 8,000 agencies
• Strategies normally targeted drug, fear of crime
issues while improving police/community
relationships

The Institutionalization Generation of
COPPS
• 1995 to present
• Today nearly 7 in 10 (68 percent) of the nation’s
17,000 local police agencies, employing 90
percent of all officers, have adopted this strategy
• Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
of 1994
– $8.8 billion to create the Office of Community-
Oriented Policing Services (COPS)
– Allowed for police agencies to apply for grant
money and programs

Emerging Tools and Processes
• Language of policing
– CompStat
– Intelligence-led policing
– Predictive policing
• Information age
– Agency websites
– Social networking

COPPS and Homeland Security
• Domestic terrorism
– Military support of law enforcement
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
– Formed in 2002
– 14 billion in new money
– Five directorates
• Border and Transportation Security; Emergency
Preparedness and Response; Chemical, Biological,
Radiological, and Nuclear Countermeasures;
Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection;
and Management

The Role of COPPS
• Police and citizens work together
• Beat police need to know the community so data
collection is easier
• Serves as a framework for homeland security to
find prevention strategies
• Technologies
• Share resources

Executive Sessions
• 1980s: Harvard University’s JFK School of
Government sponsored sessions
• Police executives and academics discuss
redefining and proposed solutions for
substantive police policy issues
• 2008-2010: Second Executive Sessions held
– Produced series of papers called New Perspectives
in Policing
– Focus on how police will manage new challenges

Chapter 1 the evolution of policing.ppt

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