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CRIMINOLOGY

               TODAY
            AN INTEGRATIVE INTRODUCTION
                     sixth edition


            By FRANK SCHMALLEGER




Pearson Education, Inc.
CRIMINOLOGY

               TODAY
            AN INTEGRATIVE INTRODUCTION
                     sixth edition


            By FRANK SCHMALLEGER


                Chapter 1
           What is Criminology?


Pearson Education, Inc.
What is Crime?
  • Four definitional perspectives
     –   Legalistic
     –   Political
     –   Sociological
     –   Psychological

  • Perspective is important because it determines the
    assumptions we make and the questions we ask

   • This book uses the legalistic perspective
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger              3      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                      Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Legalistic Perspective

  • Crime is defined as:

        Human conduct in violation of the criminal laws
        of a state, the federal government, or a local
        jurisdiction that has the power to make such
        laws
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger              4      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                      Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Shortcomings of the Legalistic
  Perspective
  •   Yields moral high ground to powerful individuals
      who can influence lawmaking

  •   Insists that the nature of crime and the nature of
      law cannot be separated – not all immoral acts
      are contravened by statute
Criminology
   • An
Today: Fails to recognize that formal law did not always
       exist
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger              5       Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                       Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Political Perspective

  • Crime - the result of criteria that have been built into
    the law by powerful groups and are then used to label
    selected undesirable forms of behavior as illegal

  • Laws serve the interests of the politically powerful

  • Crimes are behaviors those in power perceive as
    threats to their interests
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger               6        Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                         Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Sociological (Sociolegal) Perspective

  • Crime – an antisocial act of such a nature
    that its repression is necessary or is
    supposed to be necessary to the
    preservation of the existing system of
    society

   • Crime is an offense against human
Criminology
     relationships first, a violation of law second
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger            7      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Psychological (Maladaptive)
  Perspective
  • Crime - problem behavior, especially human
    activity that contravenes the criminal law and
    results in difficulties in living within a
    framework of generally acceptable social
    arrangements

Criminology
    • Includes any
Today: An            harmful or potentially harmful
      behaviors
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger             8      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                     Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Crime and Deviance
  • Deviant behavior –
    any activity that
    violates social norms

  • Deviance and crime
    overlap – not identical


Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger             9     Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
What Should be Criminal?
  • Lack agreement about appropriate legal
    status of many behaviors

  • Question answered differently by two
    contrasting perspectives
      – Consensus
      – Pluralist
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger         10     Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                 Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
What Should be Criminal?
          Consensus                                    Pluralist
  • Laws are enacted to          • Behaviors typically
    criminalize given forms of     criminalized through a
    behavior when agreed           political process, after
    upon by members of             debate over appropriate
    society                        course of action

  • Most applicable to           • Legislation, appellate court
    homogeneous societies          action
Criminology
Today: An                        • Most applicable to diverse
Integrative                        societies
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger                11      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                         Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
What Do Criminologists Do?
  • Criminologist – studies crime, criminals and
    criminal behavior

  • Criminalist – a specialist in the collection and
    examination of the physical evidence of crime

   • Criminal Justice Professionals – do the day-to-
     day work of the criminal justice system
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger             12      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                      Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
What Do Criminologists Do?
  Characteristics of academic and research criminologists:

  •    Ph.D. in criminology, criminal justice, or related field

  •    Teach in colleges and universities

  •    Most conduct research designed to advance
       criminological knowledge

Criminology write for publication in journals
   •   Most
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger                  13        Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                             Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
What is Criminology?
  • Many difficulties in defining subject

  • Text’s definition of criminology:
    An interdisciplinary profession built around the
    scientific study of crime and criminal behavior,
    including their manifestations, causes, legal
    aspects, and control

  • Focus on causes of criminality
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger              14      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                       Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
What is Criminology?
  Social scientific discipline                    Interdisciplinary




Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger               15     Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                       Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
What is Criminology?
  • Criminal justice:
      – Application of the criminal law and study of the
        components of the justice system
      – Police, courts, corrections


  • Focus on control of lawbreaking
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger              16      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                       Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Theoretical Criminology

  • Subfield of general criminology

  • Primarily found in colleges and universities

  • Posits explanations for criminal behavior
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger           17     Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                   Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Theoretical Criminology
  • Theory
        Made up of clearly stated propositions that posit
        relationships, often of a causal sort, between
        events and things under study


  • Criminologists have developed many
    theories to explain and understand crime
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger              18      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                       Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Theoretical Criminology
  • General theory – tries to explain all/most forms of crime
    through a single overarching approach

  • Unicausal – approaches that posit a single identifiable
    source for all serious deviant and criminal behavior

  • Integrated theory – tries to explain crime by merging
    concepts from different sources

   • Experimental criminology – uses social scientific
Criminology
      techniques to test the accuracy of theories about crime
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger                 19       Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                           Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Formulation of Social Policy
  •    Social policies based on research findings are of
       potentially broader importance than theory
       testing

  •    Social policy includes government initiatives,
       programs, plans to address problems in society

  •    Should be linked to objective findings of well-
       conducted criminological research
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger              20      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                       Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Social Policy and Public Crime
  Concerns
  •    Concern about crime not always related to
       actual incidence of crime

  •    Concern about crime an important factor in
       determining public policy – political
       agendas focusing on reducing crime well-
       received
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger           21    Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                  Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
The Theme of This Book
          Social Problems                  Social Responsibility
  •   Crime a manifestation of         •      People responsible for
      social problems                         own behavior, choose
                                              crime over other
  •   Public health model to                  legitimate options
      deal with crime
      –    Large-scale government
           expenditures                •      Personalized crime
      –    Social programs                    reduction strategies
           addressing roots of crime
Criminology
                                       •      Micro approach
Today:Macro approach
   •    An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger                      22        Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                                 Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
The Social Context of Crime
  • Crime does not occur in a vacuum – every crime
    has a unique set of
     – Causes
     – Consequences
     – Participants


  • Crime provokes reactions from many sources

   • Reactions to crime may affect future criminal
Criminology
      events
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger             23      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                      Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Causes and Consequences of Crime

  • Crime is a social event, not an isolated individual
    activity

  • Crime has many different kinds of meanings

  • Crime is socially relative:
         Social events are interpreted differently according to the
         cultural experiences and personal interests of the
         initiator, observer, or recipient of the behavior
Criminology
Today: An
   • Crime
Integrative means different things to different people
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger                  24       Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                            Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Causes and Consequences of Crime




Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger         25   Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                               Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Causes and Consequences of Crime
  • Crime results from the coming together of
    inputs provided by the offender, the victim,
    the criminal justice system, and society

  • Foreground – features that immediately
    determine the nature of the crime

   • Background
Criminology          causes – generic contributions
Today: An
      to the crime
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger              26     Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                      Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Crime and the Offender

  • Background features             • Foreground
      –   Life experiences            contributions
      –   Biology and personality       – Motivation
      –   Values/beliefs                – Specific Intent
      –   Skills/knowledge              – State of mind (drug-
                                          induced)


Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger                  27      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                           Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Crime and the Criminal Justice
   System
   • Background                     • Immediate
     contributions - failure          contributions –
     to:                              features of situation
      – Prevent crime                   – Presence/absence of
      – Identify/inhibit specific         police officers
         offenders                      – Availability of official
      – Prevent release of                assistance
         recidivists                    – Willingness of officers to
Criminology                               intervene pre-crime
Today: An                               – Response time
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger                    28    Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                           Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Crime and the Victim
  • Background contributions
      – Passive presence
      – Active contributions through lifestyle


  • Victim precipitation
      – Active victim participation in initial stages of
        criminal event
      – Victim instigates chain of events resulting in
Criminology
        victimization
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger               29       Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                         Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Crime and Society
  • Background contributions
      – Generic social practices and conditions
      – Socialization process


  • Foreground contributions
      – Distribution of resources
      – Accessibility of services
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger              30         Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                          Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Immediate Effects of Crime
  • Outputs affect all parties involved

  • Impact affected by perceptual filters
      – Results in ongoing interpretations before, during,
        after crime
      – Everyone associated with a crime engages in
        interpretations
Criminology
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger              31      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                       Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Integrative Approach to Crime
  • Attempt to identify and understand multiple
    causes of crime

  • Highlight the processes involved in the
    criminal event as it unfolds

   • Analyze the interpretation
Criminology                          of the crime
      phenomenon
Today: An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger           32     Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                   Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Integrative Approach to Crime
  Crime as an emergent activity that:

  • Arises out of past complex causes

  • Assumes a course that builds upon immediate
    interrelationships among everyone involved

   • Elicits a formal response from the justice system,
Criminology public perceptions, and may give rise to
     shapes
Today: An
     changes in social policy
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger              33     Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                      Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
The Primacy of Sociology?
  •   Many disciplines have made important
      contributions to criminology

  •   Many criminologists today operate
      primarily from a sociological perspective

  •    Many modern theories
Criminology                    of criminal behavior
Today: based in sociology
        An
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger           34     Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                   Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
The Primacy of Sociology?
  •    Advantages
      –   Crime is a social phenomenon
      –   Much contemporary criminology rests on tradition of
          social scientific investigation


  •    Problems
      – Reluctant to accept findings from other disciplines
      – Frequently unable to integrate these findings into
Criminologyexisting sociological understandings of crime
Today: An
      – Unable to show effective ways to control crime
Integrative
Introduction, 6/e
Frank
Schmalleger                 35      Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.
                                                          Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved

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Criminology pp1a

  • 1. CRIMINOLOGY TODAY AN INTEGRATIVE INTRODUCTION sixth edition By FRANK SCHMALLEGER Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 2. CRIMINOLOGY TODAY AN INTEGRATIVE INTRODUCTION sixth edition By FRANK SCHMALLEGER Chapter 1 What is Criminology? Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 3. What is Crime? • Four definitional perspectives – Legalistic – Political – Sociological – Psychological • Perspective is important because it determines the assumptions we make and the questions we ask • This book uses the legalistic perspective Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 3 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 4. Legalistic Perspective • Crime is defined as: Human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 4 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 5. Shortcomings of the Legalistic Perspective • Yields moral high ground to powerful individuals who can influence lawmaking • Insists that the nature of crime and the nature of law cannot be separated – not all immoral acts are contravened by statute Criminology • An Today: Fails to recognize that formal law did not always exist Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 5 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 6. Political Perspective • Crime - the result of criteria that have been built into the law by powerful groups and are then used to label selected undesirable forms of behavior as illegal • Laws serve the interests of the politically powerful • Crimes are behaviors those in power perceive as threats to their interests Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 6 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 7. Sociological (Sociolegal) Perspective • Crime – an antisocial act of such a nature that its repression is necessary or is supposed to be necessary to the preservation of the existing system of society • Crime is an offense against human Criminology relationships first, a violation of law second Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 7 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 8. Psychological (Maladaptive) Perspective • Crime - problem behavior, especially human activity that contravenes the criminal law and results in difficulties in living within a framework of generally acceptable social arrangements Criminology • Includes any Today: An harmful or potentially harmful behaviors Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 8 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 9. Crime and Deviance • Deviant behavior – any activity that violates social norms • Deviance and crime overlap – not identical Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 9 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 10. What Should be Criminal? • Lack agreement about appropriate legal status of many behaviors • Question answered differently by two contrasting perspectives – Consensus – Pluralist Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 10 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 11. What Should be Criminal? Consensus Pluralist • Laws are enacted to • Behaviors typically criminalize given forms of criminalized through a behavior when agreed political process, after upon by members of debate over appropriate society course of action • Most applicable to • Legislation, appellate court homogeneous societies action Criminology Today: An • Most applicable to diverse Integrative societies Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 11 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 12. What Do Criminologists Do? • Criminologist – studies crime, criminals and criminal behavior • Criminalist – a specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of crime • Criminal Justice Professionals – do the day-to- day work of the criminal justice system Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 12 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 13. What Do Criminologists Do? Characteristics of academic and research criminologists: • Ph.D. in criminology, criminal justice, or related field • Teach in colleges and universities • Most conduct research designed to advance criminological knowledge Criminology write for publication in journals • Most Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 13 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 14. What is Criminology? • Many difficulties in defining subject • Text’s definition of criminology: An interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior, including their manifestations, causes, legal aspects, and control • Focus on causes of criminality Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 14 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 15. What is Criminology? Social scientific discipline Interdisciplinary Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 15 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 16. What is Criminology? • Criminal justice: – Application of the criminal law and study of the components of the justice system – Police, courts, corrections • Focus on control of lawbreaking Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 16 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 17. Theoretical Criminology • Subfield of general criminology • Primarily found in colleges and universities • Posits explanations for criminal behavior Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 17 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 18. Theoretical Criminology • Theory Made up of clearly stated propositions that posit relationships, often of a causal sort, between events and things under study • Criminologists have developed many theories to explain and understand crime Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 18 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 19. Theoretical Criminology • General theory – tries to explain all/most forms of crime through a single overarching approach • Unicausal – approaches that posit a single identifiable source for all serious deviant and criminal behavior • Integrated theory – tries to explain crime by merging concepts from different sources • Experimental criminology – uses social scientific Criminology techniques to test the accuracy of theories about crime Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 19 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 20. Formulation of Social Policy • Social policies based on research findings are of potentially broader importance than theory testing • Social policy includes government initiatives, programs, plans to address problems in society • Should be linked to objective findings of well- conducted criminological research Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 20 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 21. Social Policy and Public Crime Concerns • Concern about crime not always related to actual incidence of crime • Concern about crime an important factor in determining public policy – political agendas focusing on reducing crime well- received Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 21 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 22. The Theme of This Book Social Problems Social Responsibility • Crime a manifestation of • People responsible for social problems own behavior, choose crime over other • Public health model to legitimate options deal with crime – Large-scale government expenditures • Personalized crime – Social programs reduction strategies addressing roots of crime Criminology • Micro approach Today:Macro approach • An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 22 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 23. The Social Context of Crime • Crime does not occur in a vacuum – every crime has a unique set of – Causes – Consequences – Participants • Crime provokes reactions from many sources • Reactions to crime may affect future criminal Criminology events Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 23 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 24. Causes and Consequences of Crime • Crime is a social event, not an isolated individual activity • Crime has many different kinds of meanings • Crime is socially relative: Social events are interpreted differently according to the cultural experiences and personal interests of the initiator, observer, or recipient of the behavior Criminology Today: An • Crime Integrative means different things to different people Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 24 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 25. Causes and Consequences of Crime Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 25 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 26. Causes and Consequences of Crime • Crime results from the coming together of inputs provided by the offender, the victim, the criminal justice system, and society • Foreground – features that immediately determine the nature of the crime • Background Criminology causes – generic contributions Today: An to the crime Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 26 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 27. Crime and the Offender • Background features • Foreground – Life experiences contributions – Biology and personality – Motivation – Values/beliefs – Specific Intent – Skills/knowledge – State of mind (drug- induced) Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 27 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 28. Crime and the Criminal Justice System • Background • Immediate contributions - failure contributions – to: features of situation – Prevent crime – Presence/absence of – Identify/inhibit specific police officers offenders – Availability of official – Prevent release of assistance recidivists – Willingness of officers to Criminology intervene pre-crime Today: An – Response time Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 28 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 29. Crime and the Victim • Background contributions – Passive presence – Active contributions through lifestyle • Victim precipitation – Active victim participation in initial stages of criminal event – Victim instigates chain of events resulting in Criminology victimization Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 29 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 30. Crime and Society • Background contributions – Generic social practices and conditions – Socialization process • Foreground contributions – Distribution of resources – Accessibility of services Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 30 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 31. Immediate Effects of Crime • Outputs affect all parties involved • Impact affected by perceptual filters – Results in ongoing interpretations before, during, after crime – Everyone associated with a crime engages in interpretations Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 31 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 32. Integrative Approach to Crime • Attempt to identify and understand multiple causes of crime • Highlight the processes involved in the criminal event as it unfolds • Analyze the interpretation Criminology of the crime phenomenon Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 32 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 33. Integrative Approach to Crime Crime as an emergent activity that: • Arises out of past complex causes • Assumes a course that builds upon immediate interrelationships among everyone involved • Elicits a formal response from the justice system, Criminology public perceptions, and may give rise to shapes Today: An changes in social policy Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 33 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 34. The Primacy of Sociology? • Many disciplines have made important contributions to criminology • Many criminologists today operate primarily from a sociological perspective • Many modern theories Criminology of criminal behavior Today: based in sociology An Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 34 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
  • 35. The Primacy of Sociology? • Advantages – Crime is a social phenomenon – Much contemporary criminology rests on tradition of social scientific investigation • Problems – Reluctant to accept findings from other disciplines – Frequently unable to integrate these findings into Criminologyexisting sociological understandings of crime Today: An – Unable to show effective ways to control crime Integrative Introduction, 6/e Frank Schmalleger 35 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved