This chapter discusses the criminal justice system in the United States. It covers:
1) The history of crime and criminal justice in the U.S. from the 1850s to the present.
2) How the criminal justice system balances individual rights with public order and safety.
3) The structure of the U.S. criminal justice system, which consists of police, courts, and corrections.
Criminal investigation involves both art and science. It requires obtaining evidence to identify suspects and determine if a crime has been committed. Effective criminal investigations require preparation, training, and the use of technology. Investigators must work with other law enforcement agencies and the community to solve crimes and present strong cases in court.
1) Data breaches are a constant threat, with insiders posing a major risk.
2) Proactive database forensics is an emerging area that can help detect and respond to insider threats.
3) A proactive forensic architecture is needed to integrate auditing and forensics activities to reliably gather evidence from multiple sources and ensure its integrity.
Cold Case Murder of Krystal Beslanowitch, 1995Navaira Arif
This document summarizes a cold case murder investigation from 1995 of 17-year-old Krystal Beslanowitch. Her body was found beaten to death with a rock in the Provo River in Utah. The initial investigation was unable to find any DNA evidence other than the victim's. In 2013, a new DNA collection technique called M-Vac was able to extract DNA from fingerprints left on the murder weapon, identifying the suspect as Joseph Michael Simpson. Police were able to collect Simpson's DNA from a discarded cigarette and convict him of first-degree murder. He was already on parole for a previous murder conviction at the time of killing Beslanowitch.
The crime scene is where forensic investigations begin and physical evidence must be carefully collected and preserved. Upon arrival, the scene is documented through photography, sketches, and notes while being secured and searched systematically. Evidence is then packaged with detailed labeling to maintain the strict chain of custody, recording everyone who handles it to ensure its integrity if used in court.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of criminal investigation. It discusses characteristics of successful investigators including being objective, adjustable, and diplomatic. It outlines the basic types of investigations and steps in preliminary and follow-up investigations. It also covers interview and interrogation techniques, types of interviews, obtaining and recording information, and the difference between information and evidence in criminal cases.
The document discusses the elements and key aspects of the crimes of robbery, theft, estafa, and bouncing checks under Philippine criminal law. It defines robbery as taking property through violence/intimidation and notes it is more serious than theft. Theft is taking property without consent. Estafa involves abuse of confidence and deceit. Bouncing checks involves issuing a check knowing there are insufficient funds to cover it. The document provides details on how each crime is committed and elements that must be proven for conviction.
This document outlines the rules for prosecuting criminal offenses in the Philippines. It discusses how criminal actions are instituted by filing complaints or informations, who is responsible for prosecution, and what must be included in complaints and informations such as the accused's name, offense details, dates, and locations. It also covers amending complaints/informations, where actions can be instituted, and exceptions for certain crimes.
This document provides an overview of police intelligence and its history. It defines intelligence as deriving from the Latin word "intelligere" meaning to "pick out or discern." It discusses the organization, activities, and products of intelligence work. It then examines various historical figures and their contributions to developing intelligence techniques, including Sun Tzu, Frederick the Great, Sir Francis Walsingham, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Herbert Yardly. It also discusses important intelligence agencies like the Australian Secret Intelligence Service.
Criminal investigation involves both art and science. It requires obtaining evidence to identify suspects and determine if a crime has been committed. Effective criminal investigations require preparation, training, and the use of technology. Investigators must work with other law enforcement agencies and the community to solve crimes and present strong cases in court.
1) Data breaches are a constant threat, with insiders posing a major risk.
2) Proactive database forensics is an emerging area that can help detect and respond to insider threats.
3) A proactive forensic architecture is needed to integrate auditing and forensics activities to reliably gather evidence from multiple sources and ensure its integrity.
Cold Case Murder of Krystal Beslanowitch, 1995Navaira Arif
This document summarizes a cold case murder investigation from 1995 of 17-year-old Krystal Beslanowitch. Her body was found beaten to death with a rock in the Provo River in Utah. The initial investigation was unable to find any DNA evidence other than the victim's. In 2013, a new DNA collection technique called M-Vac was able to extract DNA from fingerprints left on the murder weapon, identifying the suspect as Joseph Michael Simpson. Police were able to collect Simpson's DNA from a discarded cigarette and convict him of first-degree murder. He was already on parole for a previous murder conviction at the time of killing Beslanowitch.
The crime scene is where forensic investigations begin and physical evidence must be carefully collected and preserved. Upon arrival, the scene is documented through photography, sketches, and notes while being secured and searched systematically. Evidence is then packaged with detailed labeling to maintain the strict chain of custody, recording everyone who handles it to ensure its integrity if used in court.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of criminal investigation. It discusses characteristics of successful investigators including being objective, adjustable, and diplomatic. It outlines the basic types of investigations and steps in preliminary and follow-up investigations. It also covers interview and interrogation techniques, types of interviews, obtaining and recording information, and the difference between information and evidence in criminal cases.
The document discusses the elements and key aspects of the crimes of robbery, theft, estafa, and bouncing checks under Philippine criminal law. It defines robbery as taking property through violence/intimidation and notes it is more serious than theft. Theft is taking property without consent. Estafa involves abuse of confidence and deceit. Bouncing checks involves issuing a check knowing there are insufficient funds to cover it. The document provides details on how each crime is committed and elements that must be proven for conviction.
This document outlines the rules for prosecuting criminal offenses in the Philippines. It discusses how criminal actions are instituted by filing complaints or informations, who is responsible for prosecution, and what must be included in complaints and informations such as the accused's name, offense details, dates, and locations. It also covers amending complaints/informations, where actions can be instituted, and exceptions for certain crimes.
This document provides an overview of police intelligence and its history. It defines intelligence as deriving from the Latin word "intelligere" meaning to "pick out or discern." It discusses the organization, activities, and products of intelligence work. It then examines various historical figures and their contributions to developing intelligence techniques, including Sun Tzu, Frederick the Great, Sir Francis Walsingham, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Herbert Yardly. It also discusses important intelligence agencies like the Australian Secret Intelligence Service.
The document provides an overview of crime scene processing, including key principles like Locard's exchange principle and the importance of properly collecting, documenting, and preserving evidence. It discusses establishing boundaries, photographing and diagramming the scene, collecting physical and trace evidence, and maintaining chain of custody for any evidence. Careful and thorough processing following standard protocols is emphasized to avoid compromising potential evidence.
This document provides information about criminal investigations and interviews. It discusses the purpose of interviews, which is to gather valid information about a crime. It identifies different types of witnesses and suspects. It also outlines characteristics of effective interviewers and different types of questions. The document discusses verbal and nonverbal cues that can indicate deception or truthfulness. It provides examples of deception techniques like hedging, qualifiers, and denial responses. Overall, the document offers guidance on conducting interviews to obtain accurate information in a criminal investigation.
Computer forensics is a branch of digital forensic science involving the legal investigation and analysis of evidence found in computers and digital storage media. The objectives are to recover, analyze, and preserve digital evidence in a way that can be presented in a court of law, and to identify evidence and assess the identity and intent of perpetrators in a timely manner. Computer forensics techniques include acquiring, identifying, evaluating, and presenting digital evidence found in files, databases, audio/video files, websites, and other locations on computers, as well as analyzing deleted files, network activity, and detecting steganography.
The initial responding officers should assess any threats upon arriving at a crime scene, preserve evidence by limiting disturbance of the scene, and ensure safety by controlling any dangerous situations, persons, or materials.
This document discusses several key concepts in criminology, including:
1) Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior using interdisciplinary approaches including sociology, psychology, and other fields.
2) There are different perspectives on what constitutes a crime and how crime is defined, including consensus, conflict, and interactionist views.
3) Criminologists study various aspects of crime including developing theories of causation, examining criminal justice systems, analyzing crime data, and understanding criminal behavior.
4) There are ongoing debates around defining crime and how the criminal justice system operates.
This document provides guidelines for handcuffing techniques. It describes four main handcuffing positions - standing, kneeling, prone, and wall supported. For each position, it lists the steps officers should take to safely handcuff a subject. These include instructing subjects to stop, place their hands behind their back, and be searched. The document emphasizes the importance of handcuffing for officer and public safety and reducing injuries. It also describes types of searches and safe practices for handcuffing and moving subjects.
IMPORTANCE OF CRIME SCENE: COLLECTION & PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCESifs India
The Crime Scene Investigation plays a very crucial role in the criminal investigation
process. Every scene of crime is delicate in nature. Therefore, suitable processing is the
most primary requisite in the criminal investigation proceedings. The students will be
taught the way to process every crime scene differently.
The document outlines the key steps and concepts in criminal prosecution in India according to the Criminal Procedure Code and other relevant laws. It discusses classes of criminal courts, registration of FIRs, investigation and arrest procedures, production of the accused before courts, police reports and charge sheets, trial procedures for both warrant and summons cases, and concepts like bail, cognizance, and judgments. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the criminal prosecution process in India from the registration of an FIR through investigation, trial and final judgment.
The document discusses the procedures related to arrest, search and seizure under Philippine law. It defines arrest and outlines who is exempted from arrest, such as the President. It describes the methods of arrest with and without a warrant and the lawful reasons for warrantless arrest. It also discusses procedures for effecting an arrest, the rights of the arrested person, and special procedures for arresting minors. The document then covers topics like search warrants, raids, seizure of evidence, and the booking and rights of arrested persons.
(09) parole and probation administration(word)Mcypp Ncmf
1. The document discusses probation and parole administration in the Philippines. It outlines the distinct phases of probation including investigation, supervision, and treatment of offenders. It also discusses eligibility requirements, conditions, and violations for both probation and parole.
2. Statistics on probation caseloads, applications, demographics of probationers, and estimated government savings from 2009-2013 are provided. Benefits of probation for the government, society, victims, families, and offenders are highlighted.
3. Facts on parole/executive clemency are also covered, including eligibility, disqualifications, and the purpose of parole under Philippine law.
Criminal procedure in the Philippines mandates that a pre-trial conference be held within 30 days of arraignment unless a special law specifies a shorter period. The pre-trial conference can only be held with the agreement of the accused and their counsel. Considerations during the pre-trial conference include plea bargaining, stipulating facts, identifying evidence, and modifying the trial order. Agreements made during pre-trial must be in writing and signed or they cannot be used against the accused. The court will issue an order after pre-trial outlining the actions, stipulated facts, and marked evidence, which then binds the parties and guides the trial.
Crime prevention, Tips for Filipino CitezenKenneth Malte
This document provides information and tips on crime prevention. It discusses what constitutes a crime and how crime prevention aims to reduce crimes from occurring. It offers several recommendations for community involvement in crime prevention through neighborhood watches and meetings. It also provides safety tips for individuals and families, including securing homes, being wary of strangers, and teaching children about stranger danger. The document stresses the importance of reporting any suspicious criminal activities or emergencies to the 117 emergency hotline number in the Philippines.
INTERPOL was founded in 1914 at the first International Criminal Police Congress in Monaco. It was officially established in 1923 in Vienna as the International Criminal Police Commission and became known as INTERPOL in 1956. INTERPOL is the world's largest international police organization with 190 member countries. Its General Secretariat is located in Lyon, France and operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, with regional offices across the world and representatives at the UN and EU. INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police cooperation regardless of diplomatic relations between countries and within the limits of existing laws and human rights.
This document outlines standard operating procedures for Philippine police units. It discusses policies for maintaining police blotters, coordinating operations between units, use of force guidelines, arrest procedures, crime scene management, and search and seizure protocols. Police units must keep separate blotters for cases involving violence against women and children to protect privacy. Officers are instructed to use reasonable and proportional force, issue warnings before using force, and file reports after discharging firearms. When responding to calls, priorities are aiding the injured, apprehending criminals, and protecting crime scenes.
The document summarizes the history and development of forensic science from ancient times to the present. Some key points covered include:
- Archimedes in 287 BC is considered the father of forensic science due to applying math and physics to investigate legal matters.
- Major developments in the field occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries with contributions from scientists in toxicology, fingerprint analysis, blood typing, and toolmark examination.
- Forensic science became recognized as an academic discipline in the early 20th century with the establishment of university courses and programs.
- Modern forensic science draws on multiple traditional sciences and has specialized branches like fingerprint analysis, ballistics, and crime scene investigation to assist law enforcement.
The formal appearance of an accused person to hear, and to receive a copy of, the charge against him or her, in the presence of a judge, and to then enter a plea of guilty or not guilty.
Snehal Gaware was found murdered in her home in July 2007 with her hands and legs tied. Her boyfriend Hiten Rathod was a suspect but police dropped the charges in 2011 due to lack of evidence. Police believe Rathod murdered Gaware, took her phone, and sold it. The phone was eventually traced but the seller was never identified. Despite interviews and tests conducted on witnesses, the case remains unsolved without enough evidence to convict a suspect after 13 years.
Victimology is the deliberate study of crime victims to better understand the crime. Studying victims can help define a suspect pool by linking victims to possible suspects and developing timelines of victims' activities. Understanding a victim's past and present lifestyle and environment can help predict what types of victims may be targeted in the future. Key factors that affect a victim's risk include their state of mind, the time and location of the crime, whether they were alone or with others, and any drug or alcohol use. The level of skill and planning by the offender also influences the risk, with more disorganized offenders posing a higher risk. Details about the victim, crime scene, and timeline are essential to solving the case.
Forensic chemistry and toxicology are discussed. Key points include defining forensic science as the application of scientific techniques to solve crimes, providing knowledge of physical evidence. The history of the fields is reviewed, noting figures like Orfila and Marsh who advanced techniques like toxicology. Crime laboratories are introduced as the place where physical and chemical analysis is conducted to study evidence like drugs, fingerprints, firearms. The roles of forensic chemists are outlined in collecting, examining, and communicating results of samples to help solve legal cases.
The document discusses the National Forensic Science Agency of Pakistan, which operates several forensic science laboratories across Pakistan. It provides forensic services and training to law enforcement. Forensic science uses scientific methods to solve crimes. The document then outlines several types of forensic investigations conducted, including digital forensics, narcotics analysis, toxicology, DNA analysis, pathology, fingerprint analysis, trace chemistry, and forensic photography.
This document summarizes the purpose and functions of the criminal justice system. It discusses competing views of the criminal justice system's purpose as either crime control focused on effectively punishing criminals, or due process focused on protecting individual rights and limiting state power. It notes these are not mutually exclusive views but represent different emphases. The criminal justice system can be understood as a set of social institutions that regulate behavior through sometimes coercive means, within procedural limits aimed at protecting individuals. Overall the document provides context around debates about balancing crime control and due process in the criminal justice system.
The East India Company was granted authority over administration of justice in its territories through several charters and agreements. The 1600 charter allowed the Company to establish laws for self-governance but did not mention territories or factories. The 1623 commission explicitly authorized punishment on Company lands. The 1661 charter expanded this, allowing governors and councils to judge all civil and criminal cases in factories. The important factory in Surat was established in 1612 as a commercial and populous center, and the Mughal firman of 1615 recognized the Company's authority to govern itself under its own laws in disputes. A dual legal system operated without clear territorial jurisdiction.
The document provides an overview of crime scene processing, including key principles like Locard's exchange principle and the importance of properly collecting, documenting, and preserving evidence. It discusses establishing boundaries, photographing and diagramming the scene, collecting physical and trace evidence, and maintaining chain of custody for any evidence. Careful and thorough processing following standard protocols is emphasized to avoid compromising potential evidence.
This document provides information about criminal investigations and interviews. It discusses the purpose of interviews, which is to gather valid information about a crime. It identifies different types of witnesses and suspects. It also outlines characteristics of effective interviewers and different types of questions. The document discusses verbal and nonverbal cues that can indicate deception or truthfulness. It provides examples of deception techniques like hedging, qualifiers, and denial responses. Overall, the document offers guidance on conducting interviews to obtain accurate information in a criminal investigation.
Computer forensics is a branch of digital forensic science involving the legal investigation and analysis of evidence found in computers and digital storage media. The objectives are to recover, analyze, and preserve digital evidence in a way that can be presented in a court of law, and to identify evidence and assess the identity and intent of perpetrators in a timely manner. Computer forensics techniques include acquiring, identifying, evaluating, and presenting digital evidence found in files, databases, audio/video files, websites, and other locations on computers, as well as analyzing deleted files, network activity, and detecting steganography.
The initial responding officers should assess any threats upon arriving at a crime scene, preserve evidence by limiting disturbance of the scene, and ensure safety by controlling any dangerous situations, persons, or materials.
This document discusses several key concepts in criminology, including:
1) Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior using interdisciplinary approaches including sociology, psychology, and other fields.
2) There are different perspectives on what constitutes a crime and how crime is defined, including consensus, conflict, and interactionist views.
3) Criminologists study various aspects of crime including developing theories of causation, examining criminal justice systems, analyzing crime data, and understanding criminal behavior.
4) There are ongoing debates around defining crime and how the criminal justice system operates.
This document provides guidelines for handcuffing techniques. It describes four main handcuffing positions - standing, kneeling, prone, and wall supported. For each position, it lists the steps officers should take to safely handcuff a subject. These include instructing subjects to stop, place their hands behind their back, and be searched. The document emphasizes the importance of handcuffing for officer and public safety and reducing injuries. It also describes types of searches and safe practices for handcuffing and moving subjects.
IMPORTANCE OF CRIME SCENE: COLLECTION & PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCESifs India
The Crime Scene Investigation plays a very crucial role in the criminal investigation
process. Every scene of crime is delicate in nature. Therefore, suitable processing is the
most primary requisite in the criminal investigation proceedings. The students will be
taught the way to process every crime scene differently.
The document outlines the key steps and concepts in criminal prosecution in India according to the Criminal Procedure Code and other relevant laws. It discusses classes of criminal courts, registration of FIRs, investigation and arrest procedures, production of the accused before courts, police reports and charge sheets, trial procedures for both warrant and summons cases, and concepts like bail, cognizance, and judgments. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the criminal prosecution process in India from the registration of an FIR through investigation, trial and final judgment.
The document discusses the procedures related to arrest, search and seizure under Philippine law. It defines arrest and outlines who is exempted from arrest, such as the President. It describes the methods of arrest with and without a warrant and the lawful reasons for warrantless arrest. It also discusses procedures for effecting an arrest, the rights of the arrested person, and special procedures for arresting minors. The document then covers topics like search warrants, raids, seizure of evidence, and the booking and rights of arrested persons.
(09) parole and probation administration(word)Mcypp Ncmf
1. The document discusses probation and parole administration in the Philippines. It outlines the distinct phases of probation including investigation, supervision, and treatment of offenders. It also discusses eligibility requirements, conditions, and violations for both probation and parole.
2. Statistics on probation caseloads, applications, demographics of probationers, and estimated government savings from 2009-2013 are provided. Benefits of probation for the government, society, victims, families, and offenders are highlighted.
3. Facts on parole/executive clemency are also covered, including eligibility, disqualifications, and the purpose of parole under Philippine law.
Criminal procedure in the Philippines mandates that a pre-trial conference be held within 30 days of arraignment unless a special law specifies a shorter period. The pre-trial conference can only be held with the agreement of the accused and their counsel. Considerations during the pre-trial conference include plea bargaining, stipulating facts, identifying evidence, and modifying the trial order. Agreements made during pre-trial must be in writing and signed or they cannot be used against the accused. The court will issue an order after pre-trial outlining the actions, stipulated facts, and marked evidence, which then binds the parties and guides the trial.
Crime prevention, Tips for Filipino CitezenKenneth Malte
This document provides information and tips on crime prevention. It discusses what constitutes a crime and how crime prevention aims to reduce crimes from occurring. It offers several recommendations for community involvement in crime prevention through neighborhood watches and meetings. It also provides safety tips for individuals and families, including securing homes, being wary of strangers, and teaching children about stranger danger. The document stresses the importance of reporting any suspicious criminal activities or emergencies to the 117 emergency hotline number in the Philippines.
INTERPOL was founded in 1914 at the first International Criminal Police Congress in Monaco. It was officially established in 1923 in Vienna as the International Criminal Police Commission and became known as INTERPOL in 1956. INTERPOL is the world's largest international police organization with 190 member countries. Its General Secretariat is located in Lyon, France and operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, with regional offices across the world and representatives at the UN and EU. INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police cooperation regardless of diplomatic relations between countries and within the limits of existing laws and human rights.
This document outlines standard operating procedures for Philippine police units. It discusses policies for maintaining police blotters, coordinating operations between units, use of force guidelines, arrest procedures, crime scene management, and search and seizure protocols. Police units must keep separate blotters for cases involving violence against women and children to protect privacy. Officers are instructed to use reasonable and proportional force, issue warnings before using force, and file reports after discharging firearms. When responding to calls, priorities are aiding the injured, apprehending criminals, and protecting crime scenes.
The document summarizes the history and development of forensic science from ancient times to the present. Some key points covered include:
- Archimedes in 287 BC is considered the father of forensic science due to applying math and physics to investigate legal matters.
- Major developments in the field occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries with contributions from scientists in toxicology, fingerprint analysis, blood typing, and toolmark examination.
- Forensic science became recognized as an academic discipline in the early 20th century with the establishment of university courses and programs.
- Modern forensic science draws on multiple traditional sciences and has specialized branches like fingerprint analysis, ballistics, and crime scene investigation to assist law enforcement.
The formal appearance of an accused person to hear, and to receive a copy of, the charge against him or her, in the presence of a judge, and to then enter a plea of guilty or not guilty.
Snehal Gaware was found murdered in her home in July 2007 with her hands and legs tied. Her boyfriend Hiten Rathod was a suspect but police dropped the charges in 2011 due to lack of evidence. Police believe Rathod murdered Gaware, took her phone, and sold it. The phone was eventually traced but the seller was never identified. Despite interviews and tests conducted on witnesses, the case remains unsolved without enough evidence to convict a suspect after 13 years.
Victimology is the deliberate study of crime victims to better understand the crime. Studying victims can help define a suspect pool by linking victims to possible suspects and developing timelines of victims' activities. Understanding a victim's past and present lifestyle and environment can help predict what types of victims may be targeted in the future. Key factors that affect a victim's risk include their state of mind, the time and location of the crime, whether they were alone or with others, and any drug or alcohol use. The level of skill and planning by the offender also influences the risk, with more disorganized offenders posing a higher risk. Details about the victim, crime scene, and timeline are essential to solving the case.
Forensic chemistry and toxicology are discussed. Key points include defining forensic science as the application of scientific techniques to solve crimes, providing knowledge of physical evidence. The history of the fields is reviewed, noting figures like Orfila and Marsh who advanced techniques like toxicology. Crime laboratories are introduced as the place where physical and chemical analysis is conducted to study evidence like drugs, fingerprints, firearms. The roles of forensic chemists are outlined in collecting, examining, and communicating results of samples to help solve legal cases.
The document discusses the National Forensic Science Agency of Pakistan, which operates several forensic science laboratories across Pakistan. It provides forensic services and training to law enforcement. Forensic science uses scientific methods to solve crimes. The document then outlines several types of forensic investigations conducted, including digital forensics, narcotics analysis, toxicology, DNA analysis, pathology, fingerprint analysis, trace chemistry, and forensic photography.
This document summarizes the purpose and functions of the criminal justice system. It discusses competing views of the criminal justice system's purpose as either crime control focused on effectively punishing criminals, or due process focused on protecting individual rights and limiting state power. It notes these are not mutually exclusive views but represent different emphases. The criminal justice system can be understood as a set of social institutions that regulate behavior through sometimes coercive means, within procedural limits aimed at protecting individuals. Overall the document provides context around debates about balancing crime control and due process in the criminal justice system.
The East India Company was granted authority over administration of justice in its territories through several charters and agreements. The 1600 charter allowed the Company to establish laws for self-governance but did not mention territories or factories. The 1623 commission explicitly authorized punishment on Company lands. The 1661 charter expanded this, allowing governors and councils to judge all civil and criminal cases in factories. The important factory in Surat was established in 1612 as a commercial and populous center, and the Mughal firman of 1615 recognized the Company's authority to govern itself under its own laws in disputes. A dual legal system operated without clear territorial jurisdiction.
Administration of Justice 2015 (more organised)xareejx
A better more organised version of my lecture slides on Administration of Justice. This one combines two previous slides on administration of justice (parts 1 and 2).
This document discusses administrative law and delegated legislation. It defines administrative law and outlines its key aspects, including the powers of administrative authorities, limits on those powers, required procedures, and judicial oversight. It then explains reasons for the growth of administrative law and delegated legislation, such as the expanding role of the state, inadequate judicial and legislative systems, and the need for flexibility and experimentation. It also summarizes principles of administrative law like natural justice, permissible vs. impermissible delegations of power, and conditional legislation.
This document discusses issues and challenges in policing, covering topics like police subculture, corruption, dangers faced by police, post-9/11 policing changes, civil liability, racial profiling, use of force, and promoting professionalism. It provides learning objectives for each section and describes key points, such as how the police subculture is shaped more by informal socialization than training, types of police corruption, physical and mental hazards of police work, the expanded counterterrorism role of police after 9/11, common sources of civil suits against police, efforts to address racial profiling, guidelines for use of force, and the importance of education and ethics in professional policing.
The document discusses different types of crime data collection in the United States. It describes the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting/National Incident-Based Reporting System (UCR/NIBRS) program, including its history and purpose of providing annual crime rate data. It also describes the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, which surveys households to collect data on crimes, including unreported crimes. The document compares the UCR/NIBRS and NCVS programs and discusses how they provide different perspectives on crime in the US. It also describes several special categories of crime and how they remain significant today, such as crimes against women, the elderly, hate crimes, and drug and
This document provides an overview of the American court system, including both federal and state courts. It discusses the structure and jurisdiction of trial courts, appellate courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court. It also covers important criminal justice processes that occur in courts like bail, grand juries, preliminary hearings, arraignment, pleas and plea bargaining.
Chapter 5 Challenges to Effective PolicingKatrina Homer
The document summarizes key aspects of policing including:
1) Police recruits undergo training at the police academy to learn laws and procedures, then receive field training from officers to apply their knowledge on the job.
2) Community policing aims to increase community cooperation and support for police, and problem-oriented policing seeks to solve the root causes of crime in specific areas.
3) Police work involves dangers and stress, while officers also face ethical dilemmas regarding their discretion, duties, honesty, and loyalties.
The document summarizes the administration of justice in Bombay from 1668 to 1726. It describes how the Portuguese acquired the island of Bombay in 1534 and transferred it to the British East India Company in 1668. The judicial system in Bombay developed in three stages during this period. The first stage from 1668-1683 established courts with 5 judges in each of the island's two divisions. The second stage from 1684-1690 created a King's Bench and Court of Common Pleas. The third stage from 1718-1726 saw a court reappear with a chief justice and nine other judges, five of whom were British.
The document summarizes developments in the administration of justice in Madras between 1686-1726. It notes that the Admiralty Court was established in 1683 to hear maritime and commercial cases. In 1687, a professional lawyer was appointed as chief judge to replace Governor and Council's judicial role. The Mayor's Court was also established in 1688 to dispense local justice. However, the judicial system had drawbacks like justice not being based on fixed legal rules and being slow and uncertain. The Act of Settlement in 1781 directed applying personal laws for Hindus and Muslims and English law for others.
The document discusses management, defining it as a set of activities including planning, organizing, leading and controlling resources to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively. A manager is someone who carries out the management process by planning, organizing, leading and controlling human, financial, physical and information resources. Managers are categorized into top managers who manage overall goals and strategy, middle managers who implement policies and supervise lower managers, and first-line managers who supervise operating employees. The management process involves planning and decision making, organizing, leading and controlling. It aims to attain goals efficiently and effectively.
The document summarizes the judicial system of Pakistan. It discusses the following key points:
1. The judicial system has evolved over time from Hindu, Muslim, and British rule and is now based on English common law mixed with Islamic law.
2. The system includes the Supreme Court, high courts, district and sessions courts, special tribunals, and family and juvenile courts.
3. Appointments of judges were reformed in 2010 to establish a judicial commission and parliamentary committee process in response to allegations of favoritism.
Administration involves setting policies, objectives, and plans for an organization, while management focuses on implementing those plans and coordinating organizational activities. Practically, managers perform both administrative and management functions, with higher-level managers spending more time on administration and lower-level managers focusing more on operational management. Public administration differs from private administration in that it operates within a legal and political framework, aims to serve public needs rather than profit, and is accountable to the public. It also typically involves larger-scale operations and provides essential services.
Administration involves managing business operations and major decision making to achieve organizational goals. It requires organizing people and resources efficiently through five key functions: planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Planning establishes goals and arranges them logically. Organizing groups responsibilities and specifies relationships. Staffing fills positions with the right people. Directing leads people toward goals through resource allocation and support. Controlling evaluates performance, detects deviations, and ensures quality results through information management and corrective actions. Together these functions allow an administrator to obtain the best results for an organization.
This document contains a series of scenarios related to criminal justice ethics. It introduces a basic framework for ethical decision-making involving facts, moral criteria, and conclusions. It then provides several hypothetical scenarios involving issues like hiring practices, sobriety checkpoints, the role of criminal defense attorneys, use of force by police, and others. For each scenario, it poses discussion questions about how to approach the issue from utilitarian, deontological, and virtue ethics perspectives. The document is intended for use in a criminal justice ethics class.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 1 of a criminal justice textbook. It discusses how mass media and politics shape public perspectives on crime, how fear of victimization affects individuals and society, and provides an overview of criminology and the study of criminal justice. It also summarizes major historical events that changed the US criminal justice system, how the system balances due process and crime control, the structure and process of the criminal justice system, important terms, and the concept of victimless crimes.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 1 of a criminal justice textbook. It discusses:
1) How mass media and politics shape public perceptions of crime, and how fear of victimization affects behaviors.
2) Criminology as the study of crime and criminal justice systems. Major events that led to changes in the US system.
3) Competing perspectives in criminal justice around public order vs. individual rights, and how the system balances these.
The document outlines the key objectives covered in Chapter 1 of the criminal justice textbook. It summarizes that mass media and political perspectives often exaggerate atypical crimes and shape public perceptions. It also summarizes that fear of crime can lead people to avoid activities and in rare cases engage in unlawful acts. Criminology is defined as the study of crime and the criminal justice system. Major events like slavery and Prohibition are discussed as examples of how criminal laws have changed over time in the U.S. The two perspectives of crime control (public order) and due process (individual rights) are introduced, noting how the criminal justice system aims to balance the two.
Probation and parole aim to control prison populations by supervising offenders in the community instead of incarcerating them. Their use has grown due to rising incarceration rates, disease, aging prisoners, and "three-strikes" laws increasing sentences. 5 million adults are under community supervision, with 80% on probation. Criminal justice systems lack coordination between agencies and "bargain justice" due to large caseloads can result in marginal cases receiving prison instead of probation.
This document discusses deontological ethics and three main approaches: Kantian ethics, prima facie duties, and rights-based ethics. It explains Kant's categorical and hypothetical imperatives and the concepts of maxims and universal laws. The document also covers prima facie duties and how they can be overridden. It defines natural rights and discusses the morality of legal punishment and deontology's views on criminal punishment and mandatory sentencing laws.
The document summarizes key chapters about criminal trial procedures and defenses. It discusses major Supreme Court cases that established and extended the right to counsel. It explains the plea bargaining process and prosecutorial discretion in choosing charges. It also describes diversion programs, new criminal defenses, and reasons for high rates of unprosecuted cases.
I cannot recommend lying or committing an unethical act. While protecting public safety is important, upholding civil liberties and the integrity of the justice system is equally vital. Some options to consider:
1. Tell the truth about the illegal search and have the evidence suppressed, but continue investigating other leads to build a lawful case.
2. Consult with legal advisors on alternative charges that don't rely on the suppressed evidence, such as those related to the initial traffic violation.
3. If releasing the suspect poses an imminent threat, lawful detention may be possible until the investigation continues. But this should be a last resort and according to procedure.
Upholding ethics, even when difficult, is crucial for maintaining public
Due process is a fundamental constitutional right that ensures fairness in the criminal justice system. It requires that the government respect all legal rights that are owed to a person according to the fair administration of justice. This includes fair notice of what conduct is prohibited and equal treatment under the law. Due process helps to protect against arbitrary or unfair treatment by the government.
This document discusses the medical-legal and ethical aspects of out-of-hospital care that paramedics must consider. It covers legal duties and responsibilities, the legal system, laws affecting EMS, and legal accountability. Paramedics must understand legal issues, make medical decisions within their scope of practice, and document care thoroughly to avoid liability. Ethical responsibilities include responding promptly to patients, maintaining skills, and respecting other professionals. The legal duties of paramedics are based on accepted standards to provide an appropriate level of care.
The due process clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments requires that the government respect all legal rights that are "due" to an individual. This helps guarantee fair treatment through the criminal justice process and prevents the government from arbitrarily taking away someone's life, liberty, or property. Due process is crucial for protecting civil liberties and ensuring a just criminal justice system.
This document outlines key concepts from Chapter 2 of a criminal justice textbook, including:
- Types of choices people make and their consequences, and how choices relate to ethics.
- Scenarios like witnessing a crime raise questions about legal and moral obligations to report.
- Morality concerns choices that affect others, and examples of controversial issues.
- Police subculture can influence norms and values through exposure, potentially enabling unethical behavior if informal values conflict with laws.
The number of people under correctional supervision in the US has continued to climb despite declines in crime rates. This is due to get-tough-on-crime laws, the War on Drugs, and parole authorities' fear of liability. There are now over 500 incarcerated per 100,000 people. Corrections involves prisons, jails, probation, parole, and alternative sentencing programs. The growing corrections population has led to an expanding workforce of over 750,000 nationwide. Corrections aims to achieve justice through the criminal justice system, which includes the police, courts, and corrections.
This document provides an overview of the objectives and content covered in a Criminal Law course. It begins by outlining the study skills and legal abilities students will develop, such as effective reading, note-taking, and legal reasoning. Major topics covered include substantive criminal law, offenses and defenses. The document explains why a proper legal analysis is important given the consequences of a criminal conviction. It also distinguishes between civil and criminal law and their different burdens of proof. The methodology of identifying the actus reus and mens rea of offenses is demonstrated using the example of theft. Finally, the document provides tips for how to effectively study and approach analyzing criminal law.
111620151American Policing and Court Systems-SSantosConleyha
11/16/2015
1
American Policing and Court
Systems
-Slides and data in this outline are from Siegel
(2015); Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007); and
modified by Manning (2007, & 2015).
The Criminal Justice System overview
• The Process of Justice
– From initial contact, through post-release
• Crime committed - investigation
• Police make arrest based on probable cause
• Booking (custody) fingerprinting and investigation
• Grand jury hands down its indictment
• Arraignment: formal charges & rights read to defendant
• Bail or detention
• Plea bargaining
• Trial process/adjudication
• Sentencing/disposition
• Appeals
• Correctional treatment
• Release
• Post release/aftercare. if early release on parole.
England’s Policing History
• 1829, Sir Robert Peels created the
Metropolitan Constabulary in London.
– So successful all counties were required to have
them by 1856.
– Police officers must have a perfect command of
temper.
– Critics said these agencies were created to control
the poor.
11/16/2015
2
American Policing History
• Colonial America
– Used system like England's
• America’s first uniformed police
– Boston in 1838 and New York in 1844
• Progressive Era – lead by T. Roosevelt
– 1895—tried to reform police by removing them from
politics.
• Today more than 20,000 separate agencies in US
– 708,022 sworn officers
Federal Law Enforcement
• First Federal police force 1790
– US Coast Guard.
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
– Investigate domestic terrorism, white collar crime,
organized crime, public corruption.
– Named FBI in 1935 under J. Edger Hoover
– Chief investigative branch of Depart of Justice.
• Captured Baby Face Nelson, Pretty Boy Floyd.
– Image tarnished
• 1960s wire tapping, opening mail
• 1993 handling of WACO TX Branch Davidians.
Federal Policing cont’d
• Drug Enforcement Administration DEA
• Immigration and Naturalization Service
– INS largest group of federal police.
– Now called ICE:
• US Immigration and Customs Enforcement
• United States Marshall Service
– Witness protection, federal court security
• Treasury Department: Secret Service
11/16/2015
3
Department of
Homeland Security
• Five divisions created after 911:
– Border and Transportation Security
– Emergency Preparedness & Response
• Make sure were prepared and able to recover from
terrorism
– Science and Technology
– Information Analysis and Infrastructure
– Management
State, County and Municipal Law
Enforcement
• State Police
– 1st was Texas Ranger 1835
– Today only Hawaii without state police
• Highway Patrol
• County Police (Sheriff’s Department)
– Tax assessment & collection, court duty, run jails,
serve court orders, oversee public buildings, highways,
bridges and parks.
• City Police
– 24 hour service not the norm in small town
– New York City has over 72,000 officers operating at a
cost of about $2.5 trillion
Special Purpose Policing
and Private Police
• Special Purpose Police ...
11/16/2015
1
American Policing and Court
Systems
-Slides and data in this outline are from Siegel
(2015); Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007); and
modified by Manning (2007, & 2015).
The Criminal Justice System overview
• The Process of Justice
– From initial contact, through post-release
• Crime committed - investigation
• Police make arrest based on probable cause
• Booking (custody) fingerprinting and investigation
• Grand jury hands down its indictment
• Arraignment: formal charges & rights read to defendant
• Bail or detention
• Plea bargaining
• Trial process/adjudication
• Sentencing/disposition
• Appeals
• Correctional treatment
• Release
• Post release/aftercare. if early release on parole.
England’s Policing History
• 1829, Sir Robert Peels created the
Metropolitan Constabulary in London.
– So successful all counties were required to have
them by 1856.
– Police officers must have a perfect command of
temper.
– Critics said these agencies were created to control
the poor.
11/16/2015
2
American Policing History
• Colonial America
– Used system like England's
• America’s first uniformed police
– Boston in 1838 and New York in 1844
• Progressive Era – lead by T. Roosevelt
– 1895—tried to reform police by removing them from
politics.
• Today more than 20,000 separate agencies in US
– 708,022 sworn officers
Federal Law Enforcement
• First Federal police force 1790
– US Coast Guard.
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
– Investigate domestic terrorism, white collar crime,
organized crime, public corruption.
– Named FBI in 1935 under J. Edger Hoover
– Chief investigative branch of Depart of Justice.
• Captured Baby Face Nelson, Pretty Boy Floyd.
– Image tarnished
• 1960s wire tapping, opening mail
• 1993 handling of WACO TX Branch Davidians.
Federal Policing cont’d
• Drug Enforcement Administration DEA
• Immigration and Naturalization Service
– INS largest group of federal police.
– Now called ICE:
• US Immigration and Customs Enforcement
• United States Marshall Service
– Witness protection, federal court security
• Treasury Department: Secret Service
11/16/2015
3
Department of
Homeland Security
• Five divisions created after 911:
– Border and Transportation Security
– Emergency Preparedness & Response
• Make sure were prepared and able to recover from
terrorism
– Science and Technology
– Information Analysis and Infrastructure
– Management
State, County and Municipal Law
Enforcement
• State Police
– 1st was Texas Ranger 1835
– Today only Hawaii without state police
• Highway Patrol
• County Police (Sheriff’s Department)
– Tax assessment & collection, court duty, run jails,
serve court orders, oversee public buildings, highways,
bridges and parks.
• City Police
– 24 hour service not the norm in small town
– New York City has over 72,000 officers operating at a
cost of about $2.5 trillion
Special Purpose Policing
and Private Police
• Special Purpose Police ...
EXERCISING “PROTECTED” RIGHTS: TAKING ACTION AGAINST The KU KLUX KLAN’S LAWMAKERS and ATTORNEYS Who TRIED To MASK The “SCHOOL-TO-PRISON PIPELINE” - - In Lauderdale County, Mississippi - - NOW It Appears These RACISTS Are TARGETING
CLAIBORNE COUNTY, Mississippi!
The document is an introductory chapter from a criminology textbook. It discusses key concepts in criminology, including different perspectives on defining crime and the legalistic perspective used in the textbook. It also describes what criminologists study, including the causes of crime and criminal behavior, and their role in advancing knowledge about criminology through research. Criminology is defined as the interdisciplinary scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal behavior. Theoretical criminology focuses on developing and testing theories to explain criminal behavior.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
1850-1880 – Crime epidemic, immigration, Civil War (1861-65). Destruction, $ spent, displaced families, trained soldiers w/no jobs
1920-1933 – Organized crime grows, Prohibition
1960-1970 – Civil rights movement encouraged disrespect for authority, WWII baby boomers reach 20s, crime growth
1970s – Murder, rape & assault reports grow
1980s – Drug crimes grow
1992 – Rodney King beating
1990s – 1995 Ok City, 1999 Columbine. Get Tough on Crime era
2000s – Police more pro-active, global perspective
2001 – 9/11 Terrorist attacks
2002 – Sarbanes/Oxley Act stiffened financial crime penalties
2009 – Bernard Madoff brought white collar crime into focus
1960’s/1970’s: The focus of individual rights through the civil rights movement impacted the criminal justices system and how the system operates.
As we move throughout the semester, we will discuss various cases and find that many important decisions came during the civil rights movement.
1980s: With the increase in the sale and use of drug, we had the “War on Drugs” which many credit with changing the face of those who are arrested and increasing the corrections population.
1992: The benefit of the Rodney King case is that the policies and procedures of law enforcement were captured on video tape and put under an intense public microscope.
9/11: This also changed how we viewed “racial profiling” and “privacy”, and forced us to reexamine the issues of individual rights and public order: this ties directly into the Patriot Act.
2006 = Ken Lay and the Enron scandal is a great example to discuss.
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Lecture Notes:
Discuss Multiculturalism vs. Diversity terminology. Often discussed in terms of race, but broader than that.
Multiculturalism – Diverse groups within one society that maintain unique cultural identities as they participate in the society’s legal and political systems
Diversity – Variety. Diverse values, perspectives, behaviors of multicultural groups in society impact the justice system.
Challenges – immigration, distrust/fear of law; disagreement about right/wrong/justice
Opportunities – wide range of cultures from which to learn