Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy). In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.
Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time.
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy). In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.
Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time.
Presentation is about the "Origin of Life". Many theories being proposed to clearly explains how does Life actually came into existence on our planet Earth.
Unifying Themes in Life Science
These six general themes are levels of organization, the flow of energy, evolution, interacting systems, structure and function , ecology, and science and society.
Presentation is about the "Origin of Life". Many theories being proposed to clearly explains how does Life actually came into existence on our planet Earth.
Unifying Themes in Life Science
These six general themes are levels of organization, the flow of energy, evolution, interacting systems, structure and function , ecology, and science and society.
This presentation discusses aspects of the Element Water within the context of the Step Diagram.
Watch the presentation on YouTube.
The content of the seminar comes from the recently published book:
Gurdjieff's Hydrogens: Volume 1 The Ray of Creation.
The Presentation series is organized by The Austin Gurdjieff Society. (The group website is: https://austingurdjieff.org/)
One of the Group leaders is Robin Bloor, a pupil of Rina Hands who was, in turn, a pupil of Gurdjieff. He is the author of several books on The Work. For more information on his books click on the following link:
https://tofathomthegist.com/books/
[Seminar content includes: Minerals on the border of two worlds—waves, wind and rocks—soil—the water cycle—from silicon to carbon—plants and immobility—magnesium and iron, again—photosynthesis—invertebrates, exoskeletons—the transport of oxygen—border squares of the step diagram—Hydrogens]
Biodiversity, Microbial Biodiversity, Bacterial Biodiveristy, Archae Biodiversity, Protozoa Biodiversity, Fungal Biodiversity, Origin of Life, Origin of Life on Earth, Chemical Evolution, Physical Evolution, Biological Evolution
The age of the Earth is estimated from the amount of uranium isotope .pdfarihantsherwani
The age of the Earth is estimated from the amount of uranium isotope 238 remaining.
Radioisotopes like U^238 slowly decay over time turning into either another isotope or another
element when they release radiation. Estimates are that only half of the U^238 that was
originally present in the Earth still exists. Since the half life (time it takes a radioisotope to lose
1/2 its material) is 4 5 times 10^9 that puts the age of the Earth at 4 5 billion years U^238 decays
into Th^234, which decays into Pa^234, which decays into U^234. The earliest fossil evidence
of bacteria is 3 5 billion years old. Vascular plants began to appear 400 million years ago.
Modern humans are estimated to have appeared about 200,000 years ago. At which of these
times would the most original U^238 remain? The time bacteria first became fossilized The
time vascular plants appeared The time modem humans appeared At which of these times
would the least original U^238 remain? The time bacteria first became fossilized The time
vascular plants appeared The time modem humans appeared Fossils found in rock suggest that:
Compare these time spans by changing the scale from YEARS to SECOND: let 1 year = 1 sec.
Thus, in this scale the average biology student is 20 seconds old. At this scale, how many days
ago did humans appear? 1.7 hours 1 day 1.7 days 2 days 2.7 days How many years ago did the
dinosaurs vanish? 2 years 2.1 years 2.2 days 2.3 days 2.4 days How many years ago did
flowering plants begin to dominate? 1.5 years 2 years 2.5 years 3 years 3.5 years How many
years ago did plants start to live on land? 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years How
many years ago did cells first fossilize? 91 years 111 years 121 years 131 years 141 years
Solution
a) Most U238 existed when the bacteria first bacame fossilised. The earliest fossil evidence of
bacteria is 3.5 billion years ago
b) Least U238 remains at time when first modern human appeared 200,000 years ago
2a) 180,000 years = 180,000 sec = 2.08 days or 2 days. Ans iv
b) 2.06 years
c)2.5 years
d) 12.6 years
e)111 years.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. What is Life?
1) Living things need to take energy
2) Living things get rid of waste
3) Living things grow and develop
4) Living things respond to their environment
5) Living things reproduce and pass their traits on to
their offspring
6) Over time, living things evolve (change slowly) in
response to their environment
How would you define it?
3. The Origin of Life on Earth
How did life on Earth begin?
At least two hypotheses:
1. The first set of hypotheses: life began in another
part of the universe, arrived on Earth by chance,
by example with the crash of a comet or meteor
2. The second, and most common hypothesis: life
began 3.5 billion years ago as the result of a
complex sequence of chemical reactions
4. The first life on earth
• Prokaryotic cell fossils date to almost
3.5 billion years ago
5. 2 types of Prokaryotic
• Bacteria
• Archaea
They are 2 different forms of life. Every type has
a different membran and a different structure.
Different life can appear everywhere?
7. Plants and animals
Bacteria and plants need Carbon dioxide and
animals need Oxygen to live.
Breathing of animals were only possibly since
the plants were producing enough Oxygen.
16. Chemistry is the same on all planets. In our Milky
Way there are 200 billion stars and 5% of them
have earth-like planets. - 10 billion earths
17. 1.)Our great topic was life in the universe. But what
is the definition of life?
2.)Firstly, what is life? How would you define it? 1.
1)Living things need to take energy
2) Living things get rid of waste
3) Living things grow and develop
4) Living things respond to their environment
5) Living things reproduce and pass their traits
on to their offspring
6) Over time, living things evolve (change
slowly) in response to their environment
3.)The origin of life: the first hypothesis is that a
meteor came and brought life. The second one is
that life began on earth 3.5 billion years ago.
18. 4.) The first life: prokaryotic cells fossils date to
almost 3.5 billion years.
5.) There are two types of prokaryotic. This are
bacteria and archaea. There are 2 different
forms of life. Every type has a different
membran and a different structure. So can life
appear everywhere?
6.)Charles Darwin detected the law of
evolution . There are prokaryotes and
eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are organisms whose
cells contain a nucleus and other organelles
enclosed within membranes.
19. 7.) But what about plants and animals? Bacteria and plants
need Carbon dioxide and animals need Oxygen to live.
Breathing of animals were only possibly since the plants
were producing enough Oxygen. In former times there was
more CO2 than oxygen.
8.) Multicellular organisms: Formerly, cells divided´, but
there was a problem and they connected, so there are more
cells in the same organism. (see foil 8)
9.) Great changes of life depend on natural disasters.
For example:
volcanoe eruptions…
10.)…Ice Ages…
11.) …and meteorite impacts.
20. 12.) Because of this natural disasters it is a
revolution, that the dinosaurs died out and now
there are human beings.
13.) Extreme life forms are: Black Smoker: they are
biolgically more poductive (see the first picture-
foil13)
The Mono Lake has a high salt concentration and
Arsen content. (GFAJ-1 bacteria) (see the picture
below-foil 14.) Life was found 800m under the
Antarctic. There exist bacteria and archaea (see
the picture on the top of foil 14). And in salt
domes, e.g. in Hallstatt near Salzburg, there are
Halo-bacteria (Halococcus dombrowskii-archaea
bacteria) (see picture 2, foil 14)
21. 15.) Spores (picture on the top of foil 15) can
survive 1-2 million years in hot deserts (foil 15,
picture 2)
16.) Chemistry is the same on all planets. In our
Milky Way there are 200 billion stars and 5% of
them have earth-like planets. - 10 billion earths
