This document provides an overview of ethics and discusses why ethics are important, especially in business. It defines ethics as a set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior. Organizations are increasingly focused on ethics due to trends like globalization and heightened scrutiny. Fostering good ethics is important for an organization to gain community trust, operate consistently, encourage good practices, avoid legal issues, and prevent bad publicity. Methods for improving ethics include appointing an ethics officer, establishing ethical standards, and creating an organizational code of ethics.
History of computer ethics
What is computer ethics
Computer ethics topics
Computers in the Workplace
Computer Crime
Privacy and Anonymity
Intellectual Property
Professional Responsibility
Globalization
Evolution of computer ethics
Metaethics of computer ethics
History of computer ethics
What is computer ethics
Computer ethics topics
Computers in the Workplace
Computer Crime
Privacy and Anonymity
Intellectual Property
Professional Responsibility
Globalization
Evolution of computer ethics
Metaethics of computer ethics
Lecture presentation to identify sets of principles, standards, or rules that guide the moral action of an individual; illustrate morality and code of conduct; apply the ten commandments of computer ethics; determine some ethical issues in computing; analyze the relevant laws in computing; criticize and argue legal issues of Data Privacy, Cybercrime and Intellectual Property.
Overview of ethics and information technologySJBennett228
This module provide an overview of Ethical Theories and how these are used when making decisions. There is an Information Technology focus in the slides.
The world is adopting the new technology the need of ethics arises to sustain the proper growth and to minimize the risk of wrong uses. As technology is growing good if it is in proper hands but goes totally wrong in wrong hands.
Lecture presentation to identify sets of principles, standards, or rules that guide the moral action of an individual; illustrate morality and code of conduct; apply the ten commandments of computer ethics; determine some ethical issues in computing; analyze the relevant laws in computing; criticize and argue legal issues of Data Privacy, Cybercrime and Intellectual Property.
Overview of ethics and information technologySJBennett228
This module provide an overview of Ethical Theories and how these are used when making decisions. There is an Information Technology focus in the slides.
The world is adopting the new technology the need of ethics arises to sustain the proper growth and to minimize the risk of wrong uses. As technology is growing good if it is in proper hands but goes totally wrong in wrong hands.
Chp 03 ethics and ethical analysis (shared) - YUSRA FERNANDO
What is Ethics
Moral code
Set of rules
Establishes boundaries of generally accepted behavior
Different rules often have contradictions
Morality
Social conventions about right and wrong
Widely shared
Form basis for an established consensus
الخطوة الأخيرة عند تحضير عرض جماعي
كتابة محضر الاجتماع مع نقاط العمل.
تحديد الموعد النهائي لإنجاز المهمات.
تقسيم المسئولية بالتساوي.
توزيع محضر الاجتماع على الأفراد.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
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2. Objectives
• As you read this chapter, consider the following
questions:
– What is ethics, and why is it important to act
according to a code of ethics?
– Why is business ethics becoming increasingly
important?
– What are organizations doing to improve their
business ethics?
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 2
3. Objectives (cont’d.)
– Why are organizations interested in fostering good
business ethics?
– What approach can you take to ensure ethical
decision making?
– What trends have increased the risk of using
information technology in an unethical manner?
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 3
4. What is Ethics?
• Moral code
– Set of rules
– Establishes boundaries of generally accepted
behavior
– Different rules often have contradictions
• Morality
– Social conventions about right and wrong
– Widely shared
– Form basis for an established consensus
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 4
5. What is Ethics? (cont’d.)
• Morality may vary by:
– Age
– Cultural group
– Ethnic background
– Religion
– Life experiences
– Education
– Gender
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 5
6. Definition of Ethics
• Ethics
– Set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior
• Virtues
– Habits that incline people to do what is acceptable
• Vices
– Habits of unacceptable behavior
• Virtues and vices define a personal value system
– Scheme of moral values
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 6
7. The Importance of Integrity
• Integrity is a cornerstone of ethical behavior
• People with integrity:
– Act in accordance with a personal code of principles
– Extend to all the same respect and consideration
– Apply the same moral standards in all situations
• Lack of integrity emerges if you apply moral
standards differently according to situation or people
involved
• Many ethical dilemmas are not as simple as right
versus wrong
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 7
8. The Difference Between Morals,
Ethics, and Laws
• Morals: one’s personal beliefs about right and wrong
• Ethics: standards or codes of behavior expected of
an individual by a group
• Law: system of rules that tells us what we can and
cannot do
– Laws are enforced by a set of institutions
– Legal acts conform to the law
– Moral acts conform to what an individual believes is
the right belief of right and wrong
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 8
9. Ethics in the Business World
• Both the likelihood and the negative impact of
inappropriate behavior have increased
• Several trends have increased the likelihood of
unethical behavior:
– Globalization creating complex work environments
– Organizations challenged to maintain profits / revenue
– Heightened vigilance by:
• Employees
• Shareholders
• Regulatory agencies
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 9
10. Ethics in the Business World (cont’d.)
• Recent scandals in IT companies
– Satyam Computer Services (India)
– Hewlett Packard
– Computer Associates International
– IBM
• Not just executives, but even lower-level employees,
can find themselves in the middle of an ethical
dilemma
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 10
11. Why Fostering Good Business Ethics
Is Important
• To gain the good will of the community
• To create an organization that operates consistently
• To foster good business practices
• To protect organization/employees from legal action
• To avoid unfavorable publicity
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 11
12. Gaining the Good Will
of the Community
• Organizations have fundamental responsibilities to
society
– Declared in formal statement of company’s principles
or beliefs
– Include:
• Making contributions to charitable organizations and
nonprofit institutions
• Providing benefits for employees in excess of legal
requirements
• Choosing economic opportunities that might be more
socially desirable than profitable
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 12
13. Gaining the Good Will of the
Community (cont’d.)
• Socially responsible activities create good will
• Good will makes it easier for corporations to conduct
business
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 13
14. Creating an Organization That
Operates Consistently
• Consistency ensures that employees:
– Know what is expected of them
– Can employ the organization’s values to help them in
decision making
• Consistency also means that shareholders,
customers, suppliers, and community know what
they can expect of the organization
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 14
15. Creating an Organization That
Operates Consistently (cont’d.)
• Many companies share the following values:
– Operate with honesty and integrity, staying true to
organizational principles
– Operate according to standards of ethical conduct, in
words and action
– Treat colleagues, customers, and consumers with
respect
– Strive to be the best at what matters to the company
– Value diversity
– Make decisions based on facts and principles
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 15
16. Fostering Good Business Practices
• Good ethics means good business/improved profits
• Companies that:
– Produce safe and effective products
• Avoid costly recalls and lawsuits
– Provide excellent service that retains customers
– Develop and maintain strong employee relations
• Suffer lower turnover rates
• Enjoy better employee morale
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 16
17. Fostering Good Business Practices
(cont’d.)
• Suppliers/business partners place priority on
working with companies that operate in a fair and
ethical manner
• Bad ethics means bad business/waning profits
– Bad ethics can lead to bad business results
– Bad ethics can have a negative impact on employees
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 17
18. Protecting the Organization and Its
Employees from Legal Actions
• U.S. Supreme Court established that an employer
can be held responsible for the acts of its employees
• This principle is called respondeat superior
• Coalition of several legal organizations argues
establishment of ethics and compliance programs
should reduce criminal liability of organization
• Others argue company officers should not be given
light sentences if their ethics programs are
ineffective
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 18
19. Avoiding Unfavorable Publicity
• Public reputation of company strongly influences:
– Value of its stock
– How consumers regard products and services
– Degree of oversight received from government
– Amount of support and cooperation received
• Organizations are motivated to build strong ethics
programs to avoid negative publicity
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 19
20. Improving Corporate Ethics
• Characteristics of a successful ethics program
– Employees willing to seek advice about ethical issues
– Employees feel prepared to handle situations that
could lead to misconduct
– Employees are rewarded for ethical behavior
– Employees are not rewarded for success obtained
through questionable means
– Employees feel positive about their company
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 20
21. Appointing a Corporate Ethics Officer
• Corporate ethics officer
– Provides vision and leadership in business conduct
– Should be well-respected, senior-level manager who
reports directly to the CEO
– Ensures ethical procedures are put in place
– Creates and maintains ethics culture
– Is responsible for key knowledge/contact person for
ethical issues
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 21
22. Ethical Standards Set by Board of
Directors
• Board oversees the organization’s business
activities and management
• Board members of company are expected to:
– Conduct themselves according to the highest
standards of personal and professional integrity
– Set standard for company-wide ethical conduct
– Ensure compliance with laws and regulations
– Create environment in which employees can seek
advice about business conduct, raise issues, and
report misconduct
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 22
23. Establishing a Corporate Code of
Ethics
• Code of ethics
– Highlights an organization’s key ethical issues
– Identifies overarching values and important principles
– Focuses employees on areas of ethical risk
– Offers guidance for employees to recognize and deal
with ethical issues
– Provides mechanisms to report unethical conduct
– Help employees abide by the law, follow necessary
regulations, and behave in an ethical manner
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 23
24. Establishing a Corporate
Code of Ethics (cont’d.)
• Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
– Enacted in response to public outrage over several
major accounting scandals
– Section 404 requires that the CEO and CFO sign any
SEC filing to attest to its accuracy
– Section 406 requires public companies to disclose
whether or not they have a code of ethics and if any
waivers to that code have been granted
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 24
25. Establishing a Corporate
Code of Ethics (cont’d.)
– Cannot gain company-wide acceptance unless it is:
• Developed with employee participation
• Fully endorsed by organization’s leadership
– Must continually be applied to company’s decision
making and emphasized as part of its culture
– Breaches in the code of ethics must be identified and
dealt with appropriately
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 25
26. Establishing a Corporate
Code of Ethics (cont’d.)
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 26
27. Conducting Social Audits
• Social audit
– Reviews how well organization is meeting ethical and
social responsibility goals
– Communicates new goals for upcoming year
– Shared broadly with employees, shareholders,
investors, market analysts, customers, suppliers,
government agencies, and local communities
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 27
28. Requiring Employees to
Take Ethics Training
• Personal convictions improved through education
• Comprehensive ethics education program
encourages employees to act responsibly and
ethically
– Often presented in small workshop formats
– Employees apply code of ethics to hypothetical but
realistic case studies
– Demonstration of recent company decisions based on
principles from the code of ethics
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 28
29. Requiring Employees to
Take Ethics Training (cont’d.)
• Critical that training increase the percentage of
employees who report incidents of misconduct
• Employees must:
– Learn effective ways of reporting incidents
– Be reassured their feedback will be acted on without
retaliation
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 29
30. Including Ethical Criteria in
Employee Appraisals
• Only 43% of companies include ethical conduct in
employee’s performance appraisal
• Ethical criteria include:
– Treating others fairly and with respect
– Operating effectively in a multicultural environment
– Accepting personal accountability
– Continually developing themselves and others
– Operating openly and honestly with all
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 30
31. Creating an Ethical Work Environment
• Good employees may make bad ethical choices
• May be encouraged to do “whatever it takes” to get
the job done
• Employees need a knowledgeable resource to
discuss perceived unethical practices
– A manager
– Legal or Internal Audit Department
– Business Unit’s legal counsel
– Anonymously through internal Web site
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 31
32. Creating an Ethical Work Environment
(cont’d.)
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 32
33. Including Ethical Considerations in
Decision Making
• Steps in a decision-making process
– Develop problem statement
– Identify alternatives
– Evaluate and choose alternative
– Implement decision
– Evaluate results
– Success
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 33
34. Develop a Problem Statement
• Clear, concise description of the issue
• Answers these questions:
– What causes people to think there is a problem?
– Who is directly affected by the problem?
– Is there anyone else affected?
– How often does it occur?
– What is the impact of the problem?
– How serious is the problem?
• Most critical step in decision-making process
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 34
35. Develop a Problem Statement (cont’d.)
• Example of a good problem statement:
– “Our product supply organization is continually
running out of stock of finished products, creating an
out-of-stock situation on over 15 percent of our
customer orders, resulting in over $300,000 in lost
sales per month.”
• Examples of poor problem statements:
– “We need to implement a new inventory control
system.” (possible solution, not a problem statement)
– “We have a problem with finished product inventory.”
(not specific enough)
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 35
36. Identify, Evaluate, and Choose an
Alternative
• Enlist help to brainstorm alternative solutions
• Evaluate by weighing laws, guidelines, and
principles
• Consider likely consequences of each alternative
• Alternative selected must:
– Be ethically and legally defensible
– Be consistent with policies and code of ethics
– Take into account impact on others
– Provide a good solution to problem
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 36
37. Common Approaches to Ethical
Decision Making
Table 1-5 Four common approaches to ethical decision making
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 37
38. Virtue Ethics Approach
• Virtue ethics approach
– Focuses on concern with daily life in a community
– People guided by virtues to reach “right” decision
– More effective than following set of principles/rules
• Problems
– Does not provide guide for action
– Virtue cannot be worked out objectively; depends on
circumstances
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 38
39. Utilitarian Approach
• Utilitarian approach
– Chooses action that has best overall consequences
– Finds the greatest good by balancing all interests
– Fits concept of value in economics and the use of
cost-benefit analysis
• Problems
– Measuring and comparing values is often difficult
– Predicting resulting benefits and harm is difficult
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 39
40. Fairness Approach
• Fairness approach
– Focuses on fair distribution of benefits/burdens
– Guiding principle is to treat all people the same
• Problems
– Decisions can be influenced by personal bias
– Others may consider the decision unfair
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 40
41. Common Good Approach
• Common good approach
– Work together for common set of values and goals
– Implement systems that benefit all people
• Problems
– Consensus is difficult
– Some required to bear greater costs than others
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 41
42. Implement the Decision and
Evaluate the Results
• Implement the decision
– Efficient, effective, timely implementation
– Communication is key for people to accept change
– Transition plan made easy and pain-free
• Evaluate the results
– Monitor results for desired effect
– Observe impact on organization and stakeholders
– Return to “Develop problem statement” step if further
refinements may be needed
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 42
43. Ethics in Information Technology
• Public concern about the ethical use of information
technology includes:
– E-mail and Internet access monitoring
– Downloading in violation of copyright laws
– Unsolicited e-mail (spam)
– Hackers and identify theft
– Students and plagiarism
– Cookies and spyware
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 43
44. Ethics in Information Technology
(cont’d.)
• The general public does not understand the critical
importance of ethics as applied to IT
• Important decisions are often left to technical
experts
• General business managers must assume greater
responsibility for these decisions by:
– Making decisions based on technical savvy, business
know-how, and a sense of ethics
– Creating an environment where ethical dilemmas can
be discussed openly, objectively, and constructively
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 44
45. Ethics in Information Technology
(cont’d.)
• Goals of this text
– To educate people about the tremendous impact of
ethical issues in the successful and secure use of
information technology
– To motivate people to recognize these issues when
making business decisions
– To provide tools, approaches, and useful insights for
making ethical decisions
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 45
46. Summary
• Ethics is important because the risks associated
with inappropriate behavior have increased
• Organizations have at least five good reasons for
encouraging employees to act ethically
– To gain the good will of the community
– To create an organization that operates consistently
– To foster good business practices
– To protect the organization and its employees against
legal action
– To avoid unfavorable publicity
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 46
47. Summary (cont’d.)
• Organizations require successful ethics programs
• The corporate ethics officer ensures that ethical
procedures are installed and followed
• Managers’ behaviors and expectations can strongly
influence employees’ ethical behavior
• Most of us have developed a simple decision-
making model that includes five steps
• Ethical considerations must be incorporated into
decision making
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 47
48. Summary (cont’d.)
• Four common approaches to ethical decision
making
– Virtue ethics approach
– Utilitarian approach
– Fairness approach
– Common good approach
Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 48