Chapter 1 - Number 1
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This document discusses different types of electromagnetic radiation and their use in imaging. It introduces the electromagnetic spectrum, explaining that while humans can only see visible light, other types of radiation like X-rays and infrared can also be used for imaging. It then covers the relationships between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength, noting that all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed. Finally, it touches on pixels and resolution in digital images, how pixels are arranged in rows and columns, and how higher resolution allows for more detail to be seen.
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The document discusses the behavior of gases and how their volume and pressure change with temperature. It explains that Charles' Law states that for a fixed amount of gas, volume is proportional to temperature. The Pressure Law similarly states that for a fixed amount of gas, pressure is proportional to temperature. The document indicates that experiments will be conducted to observe how the volume and pressure of a gas change when temperature is increased and the results are recorded.
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Phasors can be used to explain the phenomena of refraction and diffraction gratings. When light travels through different media, the phasors travel at different speeds, which supports light changing direction during refraction. Diffraction gratings produce a pattern of constructive and destructive interference that can be modeled using phasors, where phasors that line up result in higher intensity and those that curl up result in lower intensity at the detector.
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3) The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into regions including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and others. Certain regions have high atmospheric transmittance and are considered atmospheric windows for remote sensing.
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Laser communication is well-suited for small spacecraft due to the small optics required. It uses modulation of a laser beam to transmit information, with technologies like laser diodes and sensitive detectors enabling communication over long distances using low power. Key components of a laser communication system include the laser source, modulation techniques, beam optics, photon sensors like CCDs or PMTs, and tracking systems to point the receiver at the transmitter.
Light
Light can be described as both a wave and a particle. As a wave, it travels at 300 million meters per second and is characterized by its wavelength and frequency. The different wavelengths of light make up the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays. As the frequency increases, so does the energy of the electromagnetic waves. Light also behaves as particles called photons, which are emitted or absorbed in specific wavelengths by electrons in atoms. This allows spectroscopy to be used to determine the composition of different objects by their emission or absorption spectra.
Dip 4 ece-1 & 2
Digital image processing involves manipulating digital images using a computer. It has two main applications: improving images for human interpretation and processing images for machine perception tasks. A digital image is composed of pixels arranged in a grid, each with an intensity value. Key steps in digital image processing include image acquisition through sensors, enhancement, restoration, compression and segmentation. The human visual system has adapted to a wide range of light intensities through mechanisms like brightness adaptation and color vision. Digital images are formed by sampling and quantizing a continuous image function.
F:\Electromagnetic Spectrum
Presentation on the elctromagnetic spectrum prepared at Wilson´s Hospital School. Suitable for senior Physics.
SPECTROSCOPY.pdf
Spectroscopy involves analyzing the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are used to study different types of molecular motion and structure. UV-visible spectroscopy analyzes electronic transitions that occur when molecules absorb ultraviolet or visible light. The wavelength and intensity of absorbed light provides information about functional groups and molecular structure. Key concepts in UV-visible spectroscopy include chromophores, which are functional groups that absorb light in characteristic regions, and Beer's law, which states that absorbance is proportional to concentration.
lecture_02_Image Formation _ System.pptx
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and can be sensed by the human eye. The human visual system forms images using light reflected off of objects. Digital cameras form images by focusing light through a lens onto an image sensor, which converts the light into electrical signals. Key aspects of image formation include brightness, contrast, adaptation, and the effects of surrounding areas on perception. Images can be formed from different types of electromagnetic radiation beyond the visible spectrum.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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