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This paper proposes a method for developing artificial creatures in a 3D virtual environment using an artificial development process analogous to biological development. The development is driven by a genome that contains genes which express regulatory and structural gene products that trigger cell actions like division, joint creation, and neural network development. Cells represent the basic building blocks and contain sensors, neurons, and joints. The creatures are simulated using an physics engine, and future work involves fabricating real robotic creatures based on the virtual developed creatures.
Ethical issues involved in hybrid bionic systemsKarlos Svoboda
1. The document summarizes a workshop on robo-ethics that discussed two case studies: the CYBERHAND project developing a prosthetic hand connected to the nervous system, and the NEUROBOTICS project investigating hybrid bionic systems.
2. The CYBERHAND project aims to develop a prosthetic hand that provides natural sensory feedback through stimulation of afferent nerves and is controlled naturally by processing efferent neural signals.
3. The CYBERHAND system includes a biomechatronic hand, biomimetic sensors, regeneration electrodes for connecting to nerves, an implantable system for neural stimulation and recording, and an external unit for decoding intentions and controlling the prosthesis.
This document discusses the nervous system and senses. It begins by covering neurons, how they communicate via action potentials and chemical synapses, and examples of neurotransmitters. It then describes the central and peripheral nervous systems, including structures like the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The senses are also outlined, including sensory receptors for sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and balance. In summary, the document provides an overview of the nervous system, neuronal communication, and the different human senses.
Blindness is a serious condition that is feared by many. Researchers are working on developing artificial vision technologies to help restore sight for the blind. One such technology is a bionic eye, which uses a camera and implant to stimulate the retina and optic nerve to generate images in the brain. The retina plays a key role in vision, containing rods, cones and ganglion cells that transmit light signals to the brain. Retinal diseases can lead to blindness by damaging these cells. Researchers are working to bypass damaged areas and provide artificial stimulation to restore some level of sight.
BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACE SYSTEM FOR PERSON WITH QUADRIPLEGIA DISEASEEditor IJCATR
Brain Machine Interface (BMI) system is very
helpful technique for the disabled and handicapped
person to express their emotion and feeling to someone
else with the help of EEG Signals coming out of our
brain. As we know that, the human brain is made up of
billions of interconnected neurons about the size of a
pinhead. As neurons interact with each other, patterns
manifest as singular thoughts such as a math calculation.
As a by-product, every interaction between neurons
creates a miniscule electrical discharge, measurable by
EEG (electroencephalogram) machines. This system
enables people with severe motor disabilities to send
command to electronic devices by help of their brain
waves. These signals can be used to control any
electronic devices like mouse cursor of the computer, a
wheel chair, a robotic arm etc. The research in this area of
BCI system (or BMI) uses the sequence of 256 channel
EEG data for the analysis of the EEG signals coming out
of our brain by using tradition gel based multi sensor
system, which is very bulky and not convenient to use in
real time application. So this particular work proposes a
convenient system to analyze the EEG signals, which
uses few dry sensors as compared to the tradition gel
based multi sensor system with wireless transmission
technique for capturing the brain wave patterns and
utilizing them for their application. The goal of this
research is to improve quality of life for those with severe
disabilities.
The document discusses various methods used to study the human brain including postmortem studies, animal studies, and imaging techniques. Postmortem studies examine the brain after death to identify abnormalities associated with certain behaviors or conditions. Animal studies involve inserting microelectrodes into animal brains to monitor single neuron activity or selectively lesioning areas to observe functional deficits. Imaging techniques discussed include EEG, PET, fMRI and MRI which produce images of brain activity and anatomy. The document also outlines the main structures of the brain including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, midbrain, hindbrain and lobes.
Psychology in Action 11th Edition Huffman Test Bankkamorel
1. The document contains multiple choice questions about the nervous system and neuroscience. It covers topics like the basic structure and function of neurons, neurotransmitters, and how electrical and chemical signals are transmitted in the nervous system.
2. Specific questions define key terms like the soma, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and neurotransmitters. Other questions test understanding of how conditions like multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease relate to changes in the nervous system.
3. The questions assess knowledge of the signaling processes involved in neuron communication both within and between cells, including the roles of electrical and chemical signaling. Overall, the document examines foundational concepts in neuroscience and the nervous system.
S. Sherrill - General Psychology - Chapter 3 power pointsjbrabham
The document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as uninterpreted messages from the senses and perception as an individual's unique interpretation based on experiences. It then provides details on the anatomy and physiology of vision, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve and photoreceptors. It also discusses types of color blindness and theories of color vision. Additional senses of smell, taste, touch, balance and depth perception are explained.
This paper proposes a method for developing artificial creatures in a 3D virtual environment using an artificial development process analogous to biological development. The development is driven by a genome that contains genes which express regulatory and structural gene products that trigger cell actions like division, joint creation, and neural network development. Cells represent the basic building blocks and contain sensors, neurons, and joints. The creatures are simulated using an physics engine, and future work involves fabricating real robotic creatures based on the virtual developed creatures.
Ethical issues involved in hybrid bionic systemsKarlos Svoboda
1. The document summarizes a workshop on robo-ethics that discussed two case studies: the CYBERHAND project developing a prosthetic hand connected to the nervous system, and the NEUROBOTICS project investigating hybrid bionic systems.
2. The CYBERHAND project aims to develop a prosthetic hand that provides natural sensory feedback through stimulation of afferent nerves and is controlled naturally by processing efferent neural signals.
3. The CYBERHAND system includes a biomechatronic hand, biomimetic sensors, regeneration electrodes for connecting to nerves, an implantable system for neural stimulation and recording, and an external unit for decoding intentions and controlling the prosthesis.
This document discusses the nervous system and senses. It begins by covering neurons, how they communicate via action potentials and chemical synapses, and examples of neurotransmitters. It then describes the central and peripheral nervous systems, including structures like the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The senses are also outlined, including sensory receptors for sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and balance. In summary, the document provides an overview of the nervous system, neuronal communication, and the different human senses.
Blindness is a serious condition that is feared by many. Researchers are working on developing artificial vision technologies to help restore sight for the blind. One such technology is a bionic eye, which uses a camera and implant to stimulate the retina and optic nerve to generate images in the brain. The retina plays a key role in vision, containing rods, cones and ganglion cells that transmit light signals to the brain. Retinal diseases can lead to blindness by damaging these cells. Researchers are working to bypass damaged areas and provide artificial stimulation to restore some level of sight.
BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACE SYSTEM FOR PERSON WITH QUADRIPLEGIA DISEASEEditor IJCATR
Brain Machine Interface (BMI) system is very
helpful technique for the disabled and handicapped
person to express their emotion and feeling to someone
else with the help of EEG Signals coming out of our
brain. As we know that, the human brain is made up of
billions of interconnected neurons about the size of a
pinhead. As neurons interact with each other, patterns
manifest as singular thoughts such as a math calculation.
As a by-product, every interaction between neurons
creates a miniscule electrical discharge, measurable by
EEG (electroencephalogram) machines. This system
enables people with severe motor disabilities to send
command to electronic devices by help of their brain
waves. These signals can be used to control any
electronic devices like mouse cursor of the computer, a
wheel chair, a robotic arm etc. The research in this area of
BCI system (or BMI) uses the sequence of 256 channel
EEG data for the analysis of the EEG signals coming out
of our brain by using tradition gel based multi sensor
system, which is very bulky and not convenient to use in
real time application. So this particular work proposes a
convenient system to analyze the EEG signals, which
uses few dry sensors as compared to the tradition gel
based multi sensor system with wireless transmission
technique for capturing the brain wave patterns and
utilizing them for their application. The goal of this
research is to improve quality of life for those with severe
disabilities.
The document discusses various methods used to study the human brain including postmortem studies, animal studies, and imaging techniques. Postmortem studies examine the brain after death to identify abnormalities associated with certain behaviors or conditions. Animal studies involve inserting microelectrodes into animal brains to monitor single neuron activity or selectively lesioning areas to observe functional deficits. Imaging techniques discussed include EEG, PET, fMRI and MRI which produce images of brain activity and anatomy. The document also outlines the main structures of the brain including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, midbrain, hindbrain and lobes.
Psychology in Action 11th Edition Huffman Test Bankkamorel
1. The document contains multiple choice questions about the nervous system and neuroscience. It covers topics like the basic structure and function of neurons, neurotransmitters, and how electrical and chemical signals are transmitted in the nervous system.
2. Specific questions define key terms like the soma, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and neurotransmitters. Other questions test understanding of how conditions like multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease relate to changes in the nervous system.
3. The questions assess knowledge of the signaling processes involved in neuron communication both within and between cells, including the roles of electrical and chemical signaling. Overall, the document examines foundational concepts in neuroscience and the nervous system.
S. Sherrill - General Psychology - Chapter 3 power pointsjbrabham
The document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as uninterpreted messages from the senses and perception as an individual's unique interpretation based on experiences. It then provides details on the anatomy and physiology of vision, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve and photoreceptors. It also discusses types of color blindness and theories of color vision. Additional senses of smell, taste, touch, balance and depth perception are explained.
This chapter discusses the methods used to study the human brain, including postmortem studies, animal studies, electrical recordings, and various imaging techniques like PET, MRI, and fMRI. It describes the basic anatomy of the brain including structures like the neurons, limbic system, midbrain, hindbrain, and lobes of the cerebral cortex. It also discusses principles of brain organization like localization of function and hemispheric specialization, providing evidence from studies of brain injury and split brain patients.
Brain computer interface is a technique used to capture the emotions and thoughts of a brain activity using Electroencephalogram(EEG). So it is useful to communicate with humans.In this paper, it deals with a Neuro sky mind wave to detect the signals for physically challenged people. If the brain activity of a signal and already attained signals are matched it displayed on the PC then it converted into an audible signal.
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the human brain. It discusses that the brain weighs around 2.5 pounds and is composed of neurons and glial cells. Neurons communicate with each other using neurotransmitters like glutamate, dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine to control functions from heart rate to thoughts. The brain has a grey matter outer layer where thinking occurs and a white matter inner layer that transports information. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system uses nerves to receive sensory information and control movement. The brain performs key functions like thinking, emotion, perception, physical control, and behavior using different areas like the frontal lobes.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a non-invasive method for estimating consciousness level using EEG signals. The method uses two electrodes to collect bio-potential signals from the brain, which are then amplified, filtered, and analyzed using fast Fourier transform (FFT) to extract the beta wave frequency range associated with different consciousness levels. Results from drug and alcohol experiments on subjects showed that their brain wave frequencies shifted towards the alpha range when intoxicated, indicating a loss of consciousness. The frequency analysis provides a way to continuously monitor consciousness level.
Medical and pharmaceutical applications of mobile EEG (brain scanning)andfaulkner
Uses of inexpensive, personal, commercially-available, and portable EEG devices for medical research. Testing of new drugs, patient-specific drug selection, monitoring of patient progress, augmentation of treatments (via neurofeedback), prediction of 'attacks' in mental illnesses (e.g. panic disorder), and better diagnoses of neurological disorders.
This document discusses long-term potentiation and the Missing Feeling technique. It begins by describing how long-term potentiation involves changes in brain regions like the amygdala and on a cellular level when memories are strengthened. It then explains the Missing Feeling technique, which aims to identify and strengthen implicit and explicit memory systems related to emotional expression and feeling feelings that have been blocked. Participants are instructed to practice expressions of the missing feeling daily for 5 days with a buddy to rewire circuits and strengthen counter-memories.
This document discusses different views on what constitutes value and the good life. It outlines intrinsic and instrumental values, and different theories around the value of pleasure, including hedonism, sensualism, and satisfactionism. It also discusses objectivist and subjectivist views of values, and how value theory relates to morality. Views from Aristotle, John Rawls, and a moderate objectivism perspective are presented on what constitutes the good life, noting ingredients like action, freedom, character, and relationships.
The document discusses different theories of egoism and altruism. It outlines psychological egoism, which holds that people always act in their own self-interest, and ethical egoism, which argues people should always act in their own interest. It also discusses arguments for and against ethical egoism, as well as theories about how altruism could evolve and be in one's long-term self-interest.
The document proposes a model of business ethics consisting of three main components - expectations, perceptions, and evaluations - that are interconnected by five sub-components. The model aims to explain how society interacts with the concept of business ethics. It also aims to address the lack of an overarching model in the existing business ethics literature and stimulate debate. The model depicts business ethics as a continuous and iterative process with no clear end, with the components and sub-components constructing the dynamic nature of the process.
This chapter discusses ethical relativism and its two main forms: subjective and conventional relativism. Subjective relativism holds that morality depends on the individual, while conventional relativism asserts that moral principles are valid only due to their cultural acceptance. Critics argue that conventional relativism undermines important values, leads to subjectivism, and exaggerates moral diversity. The chapter also examines the diversity thesis, dependency thesis, and criticisms of conventional relativism.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ethics. It discusses what ethics is, different views of morality, and relationships between morality, religion, law, and etiquette. It also examines domains of ethical assessment such as actions, consequences, character, and motives. Different ethical theories are outlined, including deontological theories that emphasize duties and teleological theories that focus on consequences.
This document provides an overview of ethical models and applied ethics. It discusses several key points:
1) Applied ethics focuses on the practical application of moral issues to clarify, organize, and refine moral ideas in order to enrich moral experience and guide judgment.
2) There are two main theoretical categories of ethics: consequential (e.g. utilitarianism) and non-consequential (e.g. Kant's categorical imperative).
3) All ethical models have limitations and weaknesses, and determining what is ethical in reality utilizes aspects of multiple models rather than just one alone.
This chapter introduces the concepts of ethics and morality. It discusses what ethics is, the nature of morality, and why morality is needed. It explores different ethical theories regarding the basis of morality and how morality relates to concepts like religion, law, and social etiquette. Key aspects of morality discussed include moral principles, how actions, consequences, character, and motives are evaluated, and the purposes and goals of having a system of morality.
Social Contract Theory in a Global Marketing Contextemilyrich3
This document provides an overview of social contract theory and its application to business ethics in a global context. It discusses various philosophers' takes on the social contract, including Hobbes, Rousseau, Kant, Rawls, and others. It also examines challenges of establishing norms and ethical standards for global businesses given differing cultural and legal environments. Finally, it proposes that businesses can strike ethical codes by finding mutually agreeable arrangements using principles from multiple social contract theorists.
This document discusses social contract theory and why morality is justified according to philosophers like Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes believed that without common moral rules and laws, humanity would exist in a chaotic state of nature where life would be "solitary, poor, brutish and short." Rational self-interested individuals would therefore agree to social contracts establishing morality as a form of social control. Game theory models also show how morality and cooperation can be in individuals' long-term self-interest by resolving conflicts and allowing societies to function in an orderly way. However, there is a paradox between morality and self-interest, as moral acts are not always the most immediately advantageous choice.
This document outlines and compares several major ethical theories: relativism, which holds that moral principles depend on context rather than being absolute; divine command theory, which states that an action is morally right if God commands it; ethical egoism, which argues people should act in their own self-interest; utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based on their consequences and ability to produce happiness; and social contract theory, which views moral obligations as dependent on implicit agreements within a society. For each theory, the document presents key aspects of the view and potential arguments both for and against it.
Ethical theories document discusses deontological and teleological approaches to ethics. Deontological is non-consequentialist and focuses on principles and morality of actions. Teleological is consequentialist and judges actions based on their outcomes and consequences. It also discusses Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development and different positions on social responsibility like pristine capitalist, expedient, social ecologist, and deep ecologist. Finally, it covers variables determining cultural context of ethics and corporate versus personal ethical stances.
The document outlines several major ethical theories: consequentialist theories like utilitarianism which focus on producing the greatest good for the greatest number; deontological/duty-based theories like Kantianism which emphasize adherence to moral rules and duties; social contract theories which view morality as arising from implicit agreements between individuals; and virtue ethics which focuses on developing good moral character. Each theory is discussed in terms of its core principles, examples of how it applies to moral dilemmas, and potential strengths and weaknesses.
The document discusses the meaning and importance of ethics, especially business ethics. It defines ethics as the science of character and principles that determine right and wrong conduct. Business ethics comprises the moral principles that guide behavior in business. The document outlines different views on the relationship between business and ethics, discusses common unethical acts and why misconduct often goes unreported, and provides suggestions for encouraging ethical conduct like training, whistleblowing policies, and codes of ethics.
Ethics involves moral standards that govern behavior and determine what is good versus bad. Ethical behavior follows principles of moral reasoning and can vary across cultures. Upholding ethics in business requires balancing universal moral standards with local cultural norms. Many factors influence individual and organizational ethics, including moral development, values, leadership, and structural influences within a company.
This document provides an overview of the structures and processes involved in genetic transmission and the evolution of the human brain. It discusses genes, chromosomes, DNA, proteins, dominant and recessive genes, and the evolution of the human brain. It also summarizes neurons, their structure and function, communication between neurons, and reflex responses. The central and peripheral nervous systems and their subdivisions are outlined. Technologies for studying the living brain like MRI, fMRI, PET scans, EEG, stem cells research, and brain stimulation are described. The major parts and lobes of the brain are identified along with the limbic system and lateralization of brain functions. The key elements of the endocrine system are located and how hormones regulate behavior is discussed.
This chapter discusses how biology influences psychology. It covers the nervous system, including neurons and how they communicate. The brain is divided into regions that control basic and complex functions. The somatic nervous system detects sensory input and responds, while the autonomic nervous system regulates internal organs. Hormones from the endocrine system also influence behavior. Genes and environment both shape mental activity and behavior in an interactive way, as the brain exhibits plasticity.
This chapter discusses the methods used to study the human brain, including postmortem studies, animal studies, electrical recordings, and various imaging techniques like PET, MRI, and fMRI. It describes the basic anatomy of the brain including structures like the neurons, limbic system, midbrain, hindbrain, and lobes of the cerebral cortex. It also discusses principles of brain organization like localization of function and hemispheric specialization, providing evidence from studies of brain injury and split brain patients.
Brain computer interface is a technique used to capture the emotions and thoughts of a brain activity using Electroencephalogram(EEG). So it is useful to communicate with humans.In this paper, it deals with a Neuro sky mind wave to detect the signals for physically challenged people. If the brain activity of a signal and already attained signals are matched it displayed on the PC then it converted into an audible signal.
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the human brain. It discusses that the brain weighs around 2.5 pounds and is composed of neurons and glial cells. Neurons communicate with each other using neurotransmitters like glutamate, dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine to control functions from heart rate to thoughts. The brain has a grey matter outer layer where thinking occurs and a white matter inner layer that transports information. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system uses nerves to receive sensory information and control movement. The brain performs key functions like thinking, emotion, perception, physical control, and behavior using different areas like the frontal lobes.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a non-invasive method for estimating consciousness level using EEG signals. The method uses two electrodes to collect bio-potential signals from the brain, which are then amplified, filtered, and analyzed using fast Fourier transform (FFT) to extract the beta wave frequency range associated with different consciousness levels. Results from drug and alcohol experiments on subjects showed that their brain wave frequencies shifted towards the alpha range when intoxicated, indicating a loss of consciousness. The frequency analysis provides a way to continuously monitor consciousness level.
Medical and pharmaceutical applications of mobile EEG (brain scanning)andfaulkner
Uses of inexpensive, personal, commercially-available, and portable EEG devices for medical research. Testing of new drugs, patient-specific drug selection, monitoring of patient progress, augmentation of treatments (via neurofeedback), prediction of 'attacks' in mental illnesses (e.g. panic disorder), and better diagnoses of neurological disorders.
This document discusses long-term potentiation and the Missing Feeling technique. It begins by describing how long-term potentiation involves changes in brain regions like the amygdala and on a cellular level when memories are strengthened. It then explains the Missing Feeling technique, which aims to identify and strengthen implicit and explicit memory systems related to emotional expression and feeling feelings that have been blocked. Participants are instructed to practice expressions of the missing feeling daily for 5 days with a buddy to rewire circuits and strengthen counter-memories.
This document discusses different views on what constitutes value and the good life. It outlines intrinsic and instrumental values, and different theories around the value of pleasure, including hedonism, sensualism, and satisfactionism. It also discusses objectivist and subjectivist views of values, and how value theory relates to morality. Views from Aristotle, John Rawls, and a moderate objectivism perspective are presented on what constitutes the good life, noting ingredients like action, freedom, character, and relationships.
The document discusses different theories of egoism and altruism. It outlines psychological egoism, which holds that people always act in their own self-interest, and ethical egoism, which argues people should always act in their own interest. It also discusses arguments for and against ethical egoism, as well as theories about how altruism could evolve and be in one's long-term self-interest.
The document proposes a model of business ethics consisting of three main components - expectations, perceptions, and evaluations - that are interconnected by five sub-components. The model aims to explain how society interacts with the concept of business ethics. It also aims to address the lack of an overarching model in the existing business ethics literature and stimulate debate. The model depicts business ethics as a continuous and iterative process with no clear end, with the components and sub-components constructing the dynamic nature of the process.
This chapter discusses ethical relativism and its two main forms: subjective and conventional relativism. Subjective relativism holds that morality depends on the individual, while conventional relativism asserts that moral principles are valid only due to their cultural acceptance. Critics argue that conventional relativism undermines important values, leads to subjectivism, and exaggerates moral diversity. The chapter also examines the diversity thesis, dependency thesis, and criticisms of conventional relativism.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ethics. It discusses what ethics is, different views of morality, and relationships between morality, religion, law, and etiquette. It also examines domains of ethical assessment such as actions, consequences, character, and motives. Different ethical theories are outlined, including deontological theories that emphasize duties and teleological theories that focus on consequences.
This document provides an overview of ethical models and applied ethics. It discusses several key points:
1) Applied ethics focuses on the practical application of moral issues to clarify, organize, and refine moral ideas in order to enrich moral experience and guide judgment.
2) There are two main theoretical categories of ethics: consequential (e.g. utilitarianism) and non-consequential (e.g. Kant's categorical imperative).
3) All ethical models have limitations and weaknesses, and determining what is ethical in reality utilizes aspects of multiple models rather than just one alone.
This chapter introduces the concepts of ethics and morality. It discusses what ethics is, the nature of morality, and why morality is needed. It explores different ethical theories regarding the basis of morality and how morality relates to concepts like religion, law, and social etiquette. Key aspects of morality discussed include moral principles, how actions, consequences, character, and motives are evaluated, and the purposes and goals of having a system of morality.
Social Contract Theory in a Global Marketing Contextemilyrich3
This document provides an overview of social contract theory and its application to business ethics in a global context. It discusses various philosophers' takes on the social contract, including Hobbes, Rousseau, Kant, Rawls, and others. It also examines challenges of establishing norms and ethical standards for global businesses given differing cultural and legal environments. Finally, it proposes that businesses can strike ethical codes by finding mutually agreeable arrangements using principles from multiple social contract theorists.
This document discusses social contract theory and why morality is justified according to philosophers like Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes believed that without common moral rules and laws, humanity would exist in a chaotic state of nature where life would be "solitary, poor, brutish and short." Rational self-interested individuals would therefore agree to social contracts establishing morality as a form of social control. Game theory models also show how morality and cooperation can be in individuals' long-term self-interest by resolving conflicts and allowing societies to function in an orderly way. However, there is a paradox between morality and self-interest, as moral acts are not always the most immediately advantageous choice.
This document outlines and compares several major ethical theories: relativism, which holds that moral principles depend on context rather than being absolute; divine command theory, which states that an action is morally right if God commands it; ethical egoism, which argues people should act in their own self-interest; utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based on their consequences and ability to produce happiness; and social contract theory, which views moral obligations as dependent on implicit agreements within a society. For each theory, the document presents key aspects of the view and potential arguments both for and against it.
Ethical theories document discusses deontological and teleological approaches to ethics. Deontological is non-consequentialist and focuses on principles and morality of actions. Teleological is consequentialist and judges actions based on their outcomes and consequences. It also discusses Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development and different positions on social responsibility like pristine capitalist, expedient, social ecologist, and deep ecologist. Finally, it covers variables determining cultural context of ethics and corporate versus personal ethical stances.
The document outlines several major ethical theories: consequentialist theories like utilitarianism which focus on producing the greatest good for the greatest number; deontological/duty-based theories like Kantianism which emphasize adherence to moral rules and duties; social contract theories which view morality as arising from implicit agreements between individuals; and virtue ethics which focuses on developing good moral character. Each theory is discussed in terms of its core principles, examples of how it applies to moral dilemmas, and potential strengths and weaknesses.
The document discusses the meaning and importance of ethics, especially business ethics. It defines ethics as the science of character and principles that determine right and wrong conduct. Business ethics comprises the moral principles that guide behavior in business. The document outlines different views on the relationship between business and ethics, discusses common unethical acts and why misconduct often goes unreported, and provides suggestions for encouraging ethical conduct like training, whistleblowing policies, and codes of ethics.
Ethics involves moral standards that govern behavior and determine what is good versus bad. Ethical behavior follows principles of moral reasoning and can vary across cultures. Upholding ethics in business requires balancing universal moral standards with local cultural norms. Many factors influence individual and organizational ethics, including moral development, values, leadership, and structural influences within a company.
This document provides an overview of the structures and processes involved in genetic transmission and the evolution of the human brain. It discusses genes, chromosomes, DNA, proteins, dominant and recessive genes, and the evolution of the human brain. It also summarizes neurons, their structure and function, communication between neurons, and reflex responses. The central and peripheral nervous systems and their subdivisions are outlined. Technologies for studying the living brain like MRI, fMRI, PET scans, EEG, stem cells research, and brain stimulation are described. The major parts and lobes of the brain are identified along with the limbic system and lateralization of brain functions. The key elements of the endocrine system are located and how hormones regulate behavior is discussed.
This chapter discusses how biology influences psychology. It covers the nervous system, including neurons and how they communicate. The brain is divided into regions that control basic and complex functions. The somatic nervous system detects sensory input and responds, while the autonomic nervous system regulates internal organs. Hormones from the endocrine system also influence behavior. Genes and environment both shape mental activity and behavior in an interactive way, as the brain exhibits plasticity.
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of neurons, glia, and muscles. It describes the different types of glia that support neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also outlines the different types of neurons and their functions. The document then discusses nerve impulses, membrane potentials, and how electrical signals are transmitted through neurons. It provides an overview of the organization of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Finally, it defines and compares voluntary and involuntary muscles, and includes data on response times.
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of neurons, glia, and muscles. It describes the different types of glia that support neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also outlines the different types of neurons and their functions. The document then discusses nerve impulses, membrane potentials, and how the nervous system is organized into the central and peripheral divisions. Finally, it examines the differences between voluntary and involuntary muscles.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system and its major components, including:
- The nervous system is made up of neurons that carry messages throughout the body. Neurons have dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.
- Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals. When stimulated, they release neurotransmitters that can excite or inhibit the next neuron.
- The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls functions like emotion, learning, memory, and movement. Different areas of the cortex control senses, movement, and higher thought.
- The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system interacts with surroundings, while the auton
The document provides an overview of the nervous system and brain structures. It discusses the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and how neurons communicate using neurotransmitters. It describes the central nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, including the somatic and autonomic divisions. It also outlines structures in the brain stem that control basic functions, as well as limbic system structures involved in emotion, learning, and memory. Imaging techniques used to study the living brain are also summarized.
1. The nervous system is the body's electrochemical communication circuitry and is made up of billions of interconnected neurons. It controls and coordinates the body's activities.
2. Brandi Binder had surgery at age 6 to remove the right side of her cerebral cortex to stop severe epileptic seizures. Despite this, she showed remarkable recovery through brain plasticity.
3. The human brain has evolved over millions of years to be highly complex and adaptive. It coordinates our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in ways that helped humans survive and reproduce more successfully.
1. The nervous system is the body's electrochemical communication circuitry and is made up of billions of interconnected neurons. It controls and coordinates the body's activities.
2. Brandi Binder had surgery at age 6 to remove the right side of her cerebral cortex to stop severe epileptic seizures. Despite this, she showed remarkable recovery through brain plasticity.
3. The human brain has evolved over millions of years to be highly complex and adaptive. It coordinates our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in ways that helped humans survive and reproduce more successfully.
This document provides an overview of the biological basis of behavior, including the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses neurons, neurotransmitters, and how they communicate between each other. It describes the divisions and parts of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and limbic system. Tools for studying the nervous system like EEG, MRI, and PET scans are also summarized. The relationship between genetics, genes, and behavior is briefly covered. The endocrine and autonomic nervous systems are defined and compared.
The document discusses the different types of cells found in the nervous system. It explains that neurons are specialized cells that differ from other cells by having dendrites and axons that allow them to communicate electrochemically. There are three main categories of neurons - sensory neurons that receive information, motor neurons that activate muscles/glands, and interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons. The basic parts of neurons are the cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and the axon that transmits signals. The document also describes glial cells and how neurons communicate at synapses using action potentials.
There are three main categories of neurons: sensory neurons, which conduct impulses to the spinal cord; interneurons, which interconnect sensory and motor neurons; and motor neurons, which conduct impulses from the spinal cord to effectors like muscles. Neurons are similar to other cells but have specialized extensions called dendrites and axons that allow them to communicate electrochemically. The three main parts of a neuron are the cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and a single axon that transmits signals. Glial cells support neurons and include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, Schwann cells, and microglia. An action potential is the electrochemical signal transmitted along the axon.
Neurons are specialized cells that communicate with one another via electrochemical signals to transfer information throughout the nervous system. While neurons share some similarities with other cells like a cell membrane and nucleus, they differ in that they have extensions called dendrites and axons that allow them to receive and transmit signals. There are three main categories of neurons - sensory neurons that detect stimuli, interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons, and motor neurons that activate muscles or glands. Each neuron contains a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and a long axon that transmits signals to other neurons via synapses.
The document discusses the different types of cells found in the nervous system. It explains that neurons are specialized cells that differ from other cells by having dendrites and axons that allow them to communicate electrochemically. There are three main categories of neurons - sensory neurons that receive information, motor neurons that activate muscles/glands, and interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons. The basic parts of neurons are the cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and a single axon that transmits signals. The document also describes glial cells and how neurons communicate at synapses using action potentials.
This document provides an overview of the biological bases of behavior, including the structure and function of the nervous system and endocrine system. It describes how the nervous system is composed of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. It also outlines the basic parts and functions of neurons, neurotransmitters, and the pathway of a neural impulse. Additionally, it summarizes the major structures of the brain and their functions, and identifies the key endocrine glands and hormones.
Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system and specialized to transmit information throughout the body chemically and electrically. They have a cell body that receives signals from dendrites and transmits signals down the axon via an axon hillock. At the end of the axon are terminal buttons that release neurotransmitters across synapses to communicate with other neurons. There are three main types of neurons - sensory, motor, and interneurons.
This document discusses the biological bases of mental life and behavior. It covers neurons, neurotransmitters, the nervous system, cerebral lateralization, and behavioral genetics. Neurons transmit information via dendrites, cell bodies, and axons. There are three types of neurons. Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles and released at synapses to transmit signals between neurons. The nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. Cerebral lateralization refers to specialization of function in the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Behavioral genetics examines the influence of genes on psychological traits using twin studies.
The document summarizes key organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells. It describes the nucleus, which contains DNA, and the nucleolus. Ribosomes are found in all cells and are involved in protein synthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum functions in transporting materials within the cell, and comes in two forms: rough and smooth. The Golgi apparatus packages and transports cell products. Lysosomes break down waste. Mitochondria generate energy. Unique to plant cells are vacuoles for water storage, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a cell wall providing structure and protection.
The document summarizes key organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells. It describes the nucleus, which contains DNA, and the nucleolus. Ribosomes are found in all cells and are involved in protein synthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum functions in transporting materials within the cell, and comes in two forms: rough and smooth. The Golgi apparatus packages and transports cell products. Lysosomes break down waste. Mitochondria generate energy. Unique to plant cells are vacuoles for water storage, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a cell wall providing structure and protection.
Neuronatin is a gene discovered in 1994 that is selectively expressed in growing fetal neurons but not adult neurons. It was identified through finding novel mRNA fragments expressed in fetal but not adult rat brain. The full-length human neuronatin gene was subsequently cloned and mapped to chromosome 20q11.2-12. The neuronatin protein is predicted to have structural homology to ion channel proteins and preliminary studies suggest it may promote neuronal growth. Ongoing research continues to explore neuronatin's role in processes like brain development, diabetes, and cancer.
Neuronatin is a gene discovered in 1994 that is selectively expressed in growing fetal neurons but not adult neurons. It was identified through finding novel mRNA fragments expressed in fetal but not adult rat brain. The full-length human neuronatin gene was cloned and found to be located on chromosome 20q11.2-12. The neuronatin protein is predicted to have structural homology to ion channel proteins and preliminary studies found it may promote neuronal growth. Ongoing research has linked neuronatin to processes like diabetes, cancer, hindbrain segmentation and being a paternally imprinted gene.
The document discusses the fact-value problem in ethics. It covers perspectives from philosophers such as Hume, Moore, Ayer, and Hare. The fact-value problem concerns whether moral values can be derived from factual statements or if there is an inherent difference between facts and values. The document also discusses metaethics and attempts to address the fact-value problem through non-cognitivist theories like emotivism and prescriptivism, as well as potential naturalist perspectives.
The document discusses the relationship between religion and morality. It examines the divine command theory, which claims morality originates with God, versus the independence thesis that morality does not depend on religion. The document also considers arguments that religion enhances morality by providing justification for moral truths, as well as counterarguments that religion has been used to justify immoral acts and threatens autonomy. In the end, the document concludes morality has independent validity whether God exists or not, but religion may still enhance morality by providing motivating reasons to be moral.
The document discusses virtue theory and compares it to action-based ethics. Virtue theory focuses on having good moral character and acting from virtue rather than duty. It argues virtues and moral character are just as or more important than following rules of right action. The document also presents a pluralistic view that both virtues and rules are necessary and complementary parts of morality.
The document discusses research on morality in animals and how it relates to human morality. It describes experiments that show animals displaying behaviors related to cooperation, fairness, and empathy. However, it notes we must be careful not to anthropomorphize animal behavior as truly moral. The document also discusses theories of how human morality may have evolved through natural selection as a way to promote cooperative social behaviors among early humans. There is an ongoing debate around whether morality is solely a product of evolution and social instincts or involves additional non-scientific philosophical factors.
The document discusses different perspectives on gender and ethics throughout history. Aristotle viewed women as naturally subservient, while Rousseau saw women as objects of sexual desire for men. Wollstonecraft argued for a gender-neutral morality. More recently, Gilligan proposed an "ethics of care" perspective focused on relationships, in contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective. There are debates around whether gender differences are innate or socially constructed. The document concludes that both male and female approaches to ethics are needed, balancing care for others with moral rules against unjust conduct.
This chapter discusses Kant and deontological moral theories. It provides an overview of Kant's moral philosophy and the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative states that moral rules and duties must be universal and exceptionless. However, critics argue that this absolutism is problematic. The chapter then discusses Ross's theory of prima facie duties as a potential solution that allows for exceptions when duties conflict. In conclusion, it notes attempts to reconcile deontological and utilitarian approaches to ethics.
Utilitarianism is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. It holds that an action is right if it maximizes happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people. The document discusses the classic formulations of utilitarianism by philosophers like Bentham, Mill, and others. It also analyzes two versions - act and rule utilitarianism. While utilitarianism provides a systematic approach, it is subject to criticisms around the difficulty of measuring consequences and its apparent justification of normally impermissible means to achieve good ends.
The document discusses ethical egoism and arguments for and against it. It examines two types of egoism - psychological egoism, which claims we always act in self-interest, and ethical egoism, which claims one ought to always act in self-interest. It outlines arguments that have been made in favor of ethical egoism, such as from self-satisfaction, self-deception, Hobbes, Smith, and Rand. However, it also discusses several arguments that have been made against ethical egoism, such as the inconsistent outcomes argument, publicity argument, paradox of ethical egoism, counterintuitive consequences argument, and problem of future generations. In conclusion, it states that ethical egoism embraces self-ex
The document summarizes key points from Chapter Five of the book "Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong". It discusses social contract theory and why individuals are motivated to be moral. Specifically, it covers how Thomas Hobbes believed people act in self-interest, which leads to conflict without rules, and that rational individuals accept rules and morality via a social contract to achieve order. It also examines why society needs moral rules to function and why individuals should be moral, even if sometimes disadvantaged, for long-term self-interest and advantage.
The document discusses different views on values and the good life. It outlines eight categories of basic values including material, economic, moral and aesthetic values. It also discusses whether values are intrinsic or instrumental and whether they are objective or subjective. The document explores different theories of happiness, including hedonism and Aristotle's view that true happiness comes from living a virtuous life. It analyzes the happiness machine thought experiment and concludes some key ingredients for a happy life are action, freedom, character and relationships.
The document discusses moral objectivism and different versions of this view. It examines Thomas Aquinas' view of natural law theory, which holds that objective moral principles can be discovered through human reason and nature. Aquinas was a moral absolutist who developed the doctrine of double effect. The document also discusses moderate objectivism and the idea of a universal core morality based on principles necessary for human flourishing. While moral principles may be objective, morality is also situational in how principles are applied.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter Two of the book "Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong" including ethical relativism, subjectivism, conventionalism, and criticisms of relativist positions. It discusses the diversity thesis that moral rules differ between societies and the dependency thesis that morality depends on cultural acceptance. While relativism acknowledges cultural diversity, it is criticized for undermining important values and for failing to allow for moral criticism and reform.
The document is an excerpt from an ethics textbook that discusses the murder of Kitty Genovese and introduces some key concepts in ethics. It defines ethics as the study of morality and moral philosophy. It discusses descriptive morality, moral philosophy, applied ethics and the differences between morality, religion, law and etiquette. The document also outlines some traits of moral principles like prescriptivity, universalizability, overridingness, publicity and practicability. It concludes by noting the practical benefits of studying ethics.
This document provides an overview of marketing and advertising strategies. It discusses identifying target markets and consumer preferences through marketing research approaches like surveys, observation, and experimentation. After research, businesses develop strategic plans and use models like SWOT analysis to identify their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The document also covers evaluating advertising claims and the influence of advertising on consumer behavior.
This chapter aims to help students learn to identify and evaluate the foundations of the American legal and political system. It discusses social contract theory and how it influenced the development of the US political system. In particular, it examines how social contract theory holds that people accept a government's authority in exchange for protection of their natural rights like freedom of speech. The chapter also outlines the three branches of government established by the US Constitution: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and their various powers and functions.
This chapter aims to help the reader learn to identify and evaluate scientific methods and assumptions. It discusses what science is, including that it uses empirical evidence and testing of explanations. It outlines key assumptions of science like empiricism, objectivity, and predictability. It also discusses limitations of science and examines scientific paradigms and how new theories can replace existing ones. The overall goal is to help readers think critically about science.
The document discusses mass media and provides tips for evaluating information from different media sources critically. It notes that Americans spend around 9 hours per day consuming mass media and are more influenced by media messages than they realize. As a result, it is important to learn how to think critically about what we see, hear and read from various media. The document outlines questions we should ask to thoughtfully evaluate news reports, scientific findings reported in media, social media posts, and other media messages. Developing media literacy skills like experience, interpretation and analysis can help us discern bias, reasoning, effects and other perspectives.
This chapter discusses ethics and moral decision making. It aims to help readers identify and employ ethical approaches to morality and reasoning. The chapter examines different moral theories including utilitarianism which evaluates actions based on their consequences, deontology which focuses on duties and rules, natural rights ethics which considers individual rights, and virtue ethics which emphasizes good character. It also explores moral sentiments, stages of moral development, and debates around cultural relativism versus universal ethics.
This document discusses deductive arguments and provides examples. It begins by stating the aim is to help recognize, analyze, and evaluate deductive arguments. It then provides definitions and examples of deductive arguments including syllogisms. The document examines different types of deductive arguments such as hypothetical and categorical syllogisms using diagrams and examples. It concludes by stating knowledge of deductive arguments is essential to function effectively and evaluate arguments critically.
This document provides an overview of inductive arguments. It discusses the three main types of inductive arguments: generalizations, analogies, and causal arguments. It explains that inductive arguments claim their conclusions probably follow from the premises rather than being absolutely true or false. It also provides guidance on evaluating each type of inductive argument.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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Chapter 02
1.
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3. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genes and Evolution
L02 Describe the structures and processes involved in genetic transmission
L03 Articulate the forces believed to be responsible for the evolution of the human
brain and describe the relevance of the theory of evolution in how psychologists
conduct research today
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function,
and Communication
2.4 Nervous System
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
2.7 Endocrine System
5. Chromosomes
Each cell of the human
body contains 46
chromosomes arranged
in 23 pairs.
2.2 Genes and Evolution
6. DNA
Each rung of the DNA ladder is
made up of four chemicals. The
order in which the four different
chemicals combine to form
rungs creates a microscopic
chemical alphabet.
2.2 Genes and Evolution
7. Genes and Proteins
and Polymorphic Genes
On each chromosome are
specific segments that
contain particular instructions.
In the chromosome on the
left, each segment represents
the location of a gene.
2.2 Genes and Evolution
8. Dominant and Recessive Genes
Child
Father D D Mother
D
Sperm r Egg Brown eyes
Zygote D r
D r
Brown eyes
Zygote
Sperm
Sperm Egg Brown eyes
Egg
Zygote Brown eyes
Zygote
r r
Sperm Egg Blue eyes
Zygote
2.2 Genes and Evolution
10. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genes and Evolution
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function,
and Communication
L04 Identify the main functions of glial cells
L05 Identify the various parts of the neuron and explain how a neuron functions
2.4 Nervous System
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
2.7 Endocrine System
11. Structure of the Brain
Front
Left Right
Back
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
12. Glial Cells
Dendrites
Cell body
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
13. Neurons
Signals travel away from
the cell body, down the axon.
Axon Myelin sheath
Glial cell End bulbs
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
15. Reflex Responses
Efferent, or 1. Sensors
motor, neuron
3. Interneuron makes Afferent, or
connections between sensory, neuron
neurons, which carry
message to the brain.
2. Afferent, or sensory, neuron 4. Efferent, or motor, neuron
carries neural messages carries neural messages
from hand to spinal cord. from spinal cord to hand.
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
16. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genes and Evolution
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function,
and Communication
2.4 Nervous System
L09 Differentiate between the nerves and neurons
L10 Classify the major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
L11 Differentiate the functions of the major divisions and subdivisions
of the nervous system
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
2.7 Endocrine System
17. Central Nervous System
The spinal cord is made up of
neurons and bundles of axons
and dendrites that carry
information back and forth
between the brain and the body.
2.4 Nervous System
18. Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves carry information from
the senses, skin, muscles,
and the body’s organs to and
from the spinal cord.
2.4 Nervous System
19. Subdivisions of the PNS
Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Division Division
2.4 Nervous System
20. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genes and Evolution
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function,
and Communication
2.4 Nervous System
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
L12 Describe the different technologies used to investigate the brain
L13 Describe experimental procedures to treat the brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
2.7 Endocrine System
22. fMRI: Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
fMRI scans can map activities
of neurons that are involved in
various cognitive functions.
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
23. PET Scan: Positron
Emission Tomography
The red and yellow colors
indicate strong activity
and the blues and greens
indicate minimum activity.
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
28. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genes and Evolution
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function,
and Communication
2.4 Nervous System
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
L14 Identify and locate the major parts of the brain, and state their functions
L15 Identify and locate the four lobes in the cerebral cortex, and state their
key functions
L16 Identify and locate key structures in the limbic system, and state their functions
L17 Identify sex differences in the brain
L18 Describe the lateralization of brain functions
2.7 Endocrine System
29. Major Parts of the Brain:
The Forebrain and Midbrain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
30. Major Parts of the Brain:
The Hindbrain
Click on play button
to launch video in
QuickTime player.
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
31. The Cortex
Click on play button
to launch video in
QuickTime player.
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
32. Four Lobes
Frontal Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
33. Motor Cortex
e
e
n
K
p
i
H
Tr
k
n
u
Sue
Eo
hldr
lbw
o
Ankle
W rs
it
Toes
Han
Litt
le
d
Mid Rin
d g
Ind le
Thu ex
Bro m
w Ne b
Eye c
lid a k
Fac nd e
e yeb
Lips all
Jaw ue ing
g w
Ton wallo
S
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
34. Somatosensory Cortex
p
i
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g
e
L
Tr
Nk a
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k
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Soldr
hue
H
e
Foot
A o
rm w
Eb
l
Toes
Ws
Hnd ittle
ri t
a
Frer
oam
als
Genit
L
Mid Rin
d g
Ind le
Thu ex
Eye mb
Nos
e
Fac
Upper e
lip
Lips
Lower lip
Teeth, gums, and jaw
Tongue
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
35. Broca’s and Wernicke’s Aphasia
Frontal
lobe
Broca’sFrontal Lobe (speaking)
area Temporal Lobe (understanding)
Wernicke’s
area
Broca’s Area Wernicke’s Area
Temporal speech
Produces Understands sentences
I am working as a nurse
lobe What are you doing in this hospital?
at this hospital.
“I have been working as a
nurse in this hospital.”
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
39. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genes and Evolution
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function,
and Communication
2.4 Nervous System
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
2.7 Endocrine System
L19 Locate and describe the key elements of the endocrine system
L20 Discuss some ways that hormones regulate behavior
40. The Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
Thyroid
Heart
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
Editor's Notes
This Chapter introduces us to the biological bases of behavior. It covers: Genes and Evolution The structure and function of neurons in the brain and how they communicate The Nervous System The Structure of the Brain and its functions And the Endocrine System
The next few slides will be a basic review of the process of conception and the process involved in transmitting genes to the next generation. First is the FERTILIZATION process: The male sperm contains 23 chromosomes and the female egg contains an equal number of 23. When the sperm penetrates the egg at conception the fertilized egg is called a zygote. It contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs that contain the basic blueprint for creating a human being.
A chromosome is a short, rod-like structure that contains the chemical DNA on tightly coiled structures.
These DNA coils are arranged in a long strand that looks like a twisted ladder with rungs.
A gene is a segment on the DNA strand that contains the instructions for making proteins that are the chemical building blocks that make build all the parts of a brain and body. Most genes have only one version, but about 1% of them are what we call “Polymorphic Genes” meaning they can carry more than one set of instructions - which helps to explain some of the variations we see in people.
A DOMINANT GENE is a polymorphic gene that determines the trait even if paired with a Recessive gene. A RECESSIVE GENE is one that will manifest a trait only if both parents have the gene. When it comes to eye color the dominant gene is for Brown Eyes. BTW…just a little side fact. Blue eyes are actually a genetic mutation of a portion of the gene that controls Melanin – it controls coloration in skin, hair, eyes etc. Only 10,000 years ago everyone had brown eyes… and then there was an anomaly that altered a small part of that gene, resulting in a fading of the iris turning it blue.
The Theory of Evolution was based on the revolutionary ideas and research of Charles Darwin in the mid 1800’s. It proposes that we as humans arose as a different species from a common ancestor millions of years ago. According to evolution theory we are the descendant s of a creature that split off from apes. We now have evidence that Darwin was not privileged to at that time…DNA testing actually shows that we are very closely related to Chimpanzees and share 98% of the same DNA. There are two forces at play in this process. 1-genetic mutations – which are accidental error in the genetic instructions (just like the mutation of the gene for eye color we just talked about). And the other is Natural Selection – which means that those organisms that are successful will continue to pass on their genes and insure the success of that species.
This is a view of the human brain from the top. It looks sort of like a walnut, with two clear halves, and it is scrunched and wrinkled in appearance. The two halves are connected by nerve fibers called the corpus collosum. It weighs about 3 lbs. and is a pinkish white color with the consistency of Jello. It is fueled by sugar (glucose) and has about one TRILLION cells that come in two forms: Glial cells and Neurons. We’ll look at those two groups individually…
The Glial cells are the most numerous – about 900 billion of the trillion cells are Glials (or astrocytes – meaning star shaped). Their main job is to support growing neurons, help insulate the neurons from electrical interference, and release chemicals needed by the neurons to grow and function. And we have recently discovered that some of them may even transmit electrical signals of their own, a function previously thought to be only carried out by Neurons.
Neurons account for the remaining 100 thousand or so brain cells. They are smaller in number put play a huge role in making your brain function. They transmit electrical signals at speeds up to 200 MPH – ZOOM! One of the main differences between Glial cells and Neurons is the fact for the most part (there may be a few exceptions) Neurons are not able to reproduce the way Glial cells do. The Neurons you are born with will pretty much have to keep you going for your life. So guard them carefully – your ability to learn and remember new things depends of having ample Neurons in good working order. The research (although highly controversial) being done with Stem Cells that can facilitate the growth of new Neuron cells holds promise for repairing damage from strokes or accidents or diseases such as Alzheimers’ and Parkinsons. This animation defines the parts and the functions of a Neuron and the process called an Action Potential explaining how they “fire”.
A REFLEX is an unlearned, involuntary reaction some stimulus. It is “pre-wired” by genetic instructions, but although the reaction is spontaneous and immediate without having to give conscious thought to it, there is still a sequence of neural connections that take place as you can see in this graphic. First comes the sensor…in this case a hot light bulb on the skin. Next the afferent neurons carry the “pain” information to the spinal cord, then it goes to a second neuron called the Interneuron that serves as a sort of relay station before sending it on to the Efferent Neuron, or motor neurons that take the information from the spinal cord to the other parts of the body and causes a response to the pain stimulus…resulting in the reflexive reaction of pulling away. Reflexes have evolved over millions of years to protect our bodies from harm and injury, and they also help regulate heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.
The Brain and Spinal Cord are the Central Nervous System – or CNS. If the spinal cord is severed it cannot be repaired and paralysis is experienced from the point of injury down. A person with lower limb paralysis is known as a paraplegic and if the upper limbs are affected it is called quadriplegia.
The Peripheral Nervous System, or the PNS is made up of all the nerves that come out of the spinal cord. If an injury is experienced in the PNS – unlike the one in the spinal cord, it may be able to be reversed. If a severed limb is reattached in time the nerves may regrown and sensation and use of the limb can be restored.
The PNS has two subdivisions: the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. The Somatic system controls voluntary movements. The Autonomic System has two more subdivisions: The Sympathetic Division is activated by the presence of danger and the “fight or flight” response kicks in, and the Parasympathetic Division restores the body to a calm state once the threat has passed.
Modern technology has enabled researchers to view the functions of the brain in ways never before possible. MRI or Magnetic Resonance Imaging passes non-harmful radio waves through the brain, and a computer measures the signals which are transformed into detailed images showing the structure of the brain.
A newer version of the MRI is called an fMRI – the f stands for functional. It can measure the activity of specific neurons that are in use during a specific cognitive task.
A PET scan, or Positron Emission Tomography is used by injecting a radioactive solution into the blood stream and then measuring the amount that is absorbed by the brain. It shows activity by different colors, the red and yellow colors indicate strong activity and the blues and greens indicate minimum activity.
An EEG or electroencephalograph involves attaching electrodes to the scalp to provide information about brain-wave activity.stands for functional. It can measure the activity of specific neurons that are in use during a specific cognitive task.
Stem cells are cells found in an embryo at a very early stage of development. At this stage differentiation (dedication to a particular organ) has not yet occurred, and these cells if transplanted have the capacity to become any one of the 220 types of cells in the human body. The possibilities for treating diseases and injuries is extremely promising with this technique, but it is a very controversial and highly politicized topic and funding for research is very limited.
It is possible to transplant stem cells into a precise location in the brain by using a Sterotaxic Procedure. The patients head is placed in a holder to keep it stable and a small hole is drilled into to the skull so a long needle can be inserted and the stem cells injected from a syringe.
Deep Brain Stimulation - DBS – is a surgical procedure where electrodes are implanted into specific areas of the brain, the electrodes are attached to an electrical stimulator that the patient can operate with a remote control. It can be effective in alleviating symptoms in some neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s.
This graphic shows a side view of one hemisphere. The forebrain is the largest part of the brain. It is the executive of the brain in charge of many higher cognitive functions and is especially responsible for judgment and decision-making. The Midbrain houses the reward or pleasure centers. It also contains the reticular formation that arouses the forebrain to process sensory information.
The Hindbrain has three structures: the pons, medulla and cerebellum. The video gives us a closer look at their functions.
The Cortex as mentioned earlier is very wrinkled into convolutions that enable a large surface area to fit into a small container like the human skull. The video gives us a better view.
The Cortex is divided into four separate parts called LOBES. The FRONTAL lobe is involved with personality, some emotions and motor movement. If it is damaged it can result in drastic personality changes. The PARIETAL lobe is involved with sensory experiences and perceptions. The OCCIPITAL lobe is involved in processing visual information. And the TEMPORAL lobe is involved with hearing and speaking. Keep in mind that each hemisphere has these four lobes for a total of eight lobes.
The Motor Cortex is a narrow strip located in the frontal lobe. It initiates voluntary movements. The larger the body part, the larger area is assigned to it, and each body part has its own specific location.
The somatosensory Cortex is located in the Parietal lobe. It processes sensory information about touch, location of limbs, pain, and body temperature and regulates the sensitivity of all your body parts. This is why your lips are more sensitive than your elbows.
Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area are located in the Temporal lobes that you recall are responsible for hearing and speech and also for understanding verbal and written material. If there is damage to Wernecke’s area, called Aphasia it becomes difficult to understand spoken or written words and to speak in meaningful sentences. Broca’s aphasia results in the inability to speak fluently but they can still understand written and spoken words. This animation shows the differences in the two types of Aphasia.
The Visual Association Area is located in the Occipital lobe and transforms basic visual sensations into meaningful visual objects. If problems occur in the process it can result in someone not being able to recognize an object as a whole and in the case of Visual Agnosia, the person cannot recognize some object, person, or color, but can still see and even describe the pieces or parts of an object.
The Limbic system is often referred to as our primitive or reptilian brain because similar structures are seen the brains of animals that are evolutionarily very old, such as alligators. This video will outline and give us a closer view of the Limbic systems’ parts and functions.
The two hemispheres of the brain are joined together by fibers that allow both sides to communicate with each other. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and vice versa. Sometimes in cases of extreme Epilepsy the only way to control the violent seizures is to severe the corpus collosum but it leaves each hemisphere to operate on its own which can result in communication problems.
The endocrine system is another system the body has for sending signals to help the body operate. It is made up of numerous glands that secrete chemicals called hormones. They have a very strong influence on the body. The Hypothalamus in the brain is the control central for the activity of the glands. The pituitary gland is located just below the hypothalamus and controls the growth rate of an individual as well as activating the other glands. The Thyroid, located in the neck regulates the body’s metabolism. The Adrenal glands regulate sugar and salt balance, and are also involved in development of secondary sexual characteristic. The Gonads produce hormones that regulate the sexual development and growth of the primary sex organs. In males the testes produce testosterone, and in females the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.