The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals and the evolution of computers through different generations. It discusses how computers can perform high-speed calculations and process data. The key characteristics of computers are described such as their automatic, speedy, accurate, and versatile nature. The evolution of early mechanical calculators and computers is summarized, followed by the defining features of the five generations of computers including the technologies and applications that emerged with each generation from the 1940s to the present.
Introducation to computer [www.studysharebd.com]Rafiq Azad
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from the first generation to the present fifth generation. It describes key characteristics of each generation including the hardware technologies used such as vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits. The document also outlines important software developments like assembly languages, high-level programming languages, timesharing operating systems, and networking.
Vskills certified computer fundamentals ms office professional sample materialVskills
COMPUTER APPRECIATION
Introduction - What is Computer?
Characteristics of computer
Generation of computers
Classification of Computers
Applications of Computer
Commonly Used Computer Terms
Basic Operations of a Computer – Input, Process and Output
Units of a computer system
Representation of information
Input Devices
Output Devices
Storage Devices
Types of Software
Disk Organization
Operating System
Get complete details on the given Link:
http://www.vskills.in/certification/information-technology/Certified-computer-fundamentals-ms-office-professional-vs-1021
Unit 1 one part introduction to computersNeha Kurale
This document provides an introduction to computers, including:
- The definition and features of computers such as speed, accuracy, memory.
- An overview of computer generations from vacuum tubes to modern computers.
- The basic components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, storage, and input/output devices.
- A brief history of early computers and pioneers like Babbage and their contributions to the development of modern computers.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. The second generation used transistors, which made computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits in silicon chips, which further increased speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors, putting thousands of circuits on a single chip. The fifth generation, still in development, aims to develop artificial intelligence capabilities.
This document provides an overview of computer architecture. It discusses how computer architecture is the science of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to meet functional, performance and cost goals. The document then explains key concepts like instruction sets, components of computers like processors and memory, and design goals for architectures like performance, cost and reliability. It also covers the evolution of computer technologies over generations from mechanical to vacuum tube-based systems to today's integrated circuits.
Nothing epitomizes modern life better than the
computer. Computers are such an integral part of our everyday
life now most people take them and what they have added to life
totally for granted. Even more so the generation who have grown
from infancy within the global desktop and laptop revolution
since the 1980s. The history of computer development is often
referred to in reference to the different generations of computing
devices. A generation refers to the state of improvement in the
product development process. This term is also used in the
different advancements of new computer technology. As new
technology was emerging, it was being used in the making of
computer. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten
smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before
it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and com-
puter memory has proportionally increased. New discoveries are
constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and
play.
The document introduces computers by defining them as electronic devices that process data according to instructions. It discusses the history of computers from early mechanical calculators to modern electronic computers. It describes how computer hardware and sizes have evolved from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. The document outlines the major types of modern computers including supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers like PCs, tablets, and smartphones.
This document presents a summary of computer applications in business from 1990 to the present day. It discusses six generations of computers including the sixth generation which are intelligent computers based on artificial intelligence. It then summarizes several important sixth generation computers and their features: PowerBook introduced by Apple in 1991, Pentium Microprocessor released in 1993, Sun Ultra workstation introduced in 1996, iMac released by Apple in 1998, Apple iMac Pedestal Computer which used a flat screen mounted on a pedestal, and Power Mac G5 introduced in 2003 which was Apple's most powerful computer at the time and the first 64-bit desktop computer.
Introducation to computer [www.studysharebd.com]Rafiq Azad
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from the first generation to the present fifth generation. It describes key characteristics of each generation including the hardware technologies used such as vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits. The document also outlines important software developments like assembly languages, high-level programming languages, timesharing operating systems, and networking.
Vskills certified computer fundamentals ms office professional sample materialVskills
COMPUTER APPRECIATION
Introduction - What is Computer?
Characteristics of computer
Generation of computers
Classification of Computers
Applications of Computer
Commonly Used Computer Terms
Basic Operations of a Computer – Input, Process and Output
Units of a computer system
Representation of information
Input Devices
Output Devices
Storage Devices
Types of Software
Disk Organization
Operating System
Get complete details on the given Link:
http://www.vskills.in/certification/information-technology/Certified-computer-fundamentals-ms-office-professional-vs-1021
Unit 1 one part introduction to computersNeha Kurale
This document provides an introduction to computers, including:
- The definition and features of computers such as speed, accuracy, memory.
- An overview of computer generations from vacuum tubes to modern computers.
- The basic components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, storage, and input/output devices.
- A brief history of early computers and pioneers like Babbage and their contributions to the development of modern computers.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. The second generation used transistors, which made computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits in silicon chips, which further increased speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors, putting thousands of circuits on a single chip. The fifth generation, still in development, aims to develop artificial intelligence capabilities.
This document provides an overview of computer architecture. It discusses how computer architecture is the science of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to meet functional, performance and cost goals. The document then explains key concepts like instruction sets, components of computers like processors and memory, and design goals for architectures like performance, cost and reliability. It also covers the evolution of computer technologies over generations from mechanical to vacuum tube-based systems to today's integrated circuits.
Nothing epitomizes modern life better than the
computer. Computers are such an integral part of our everyday
life now most people take them and what they have added to life
totally for granted. Even more so the generation who have grown
from infancy within the global desktop and laptop revolution
since the 1980s. The history of computer development is often
referred to in reference to the different generations of computing
devices. A generation refers to the state of improvement in the
product development process. This term is also used in the
different advancements of new computer technology. As new
technology was emerging, it was being used in the making of
computer. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten
smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before
it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and com-
puter memory has proportionally increased. New discoveries are
constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and
play.
The document introduces computers by defining them as electronic devices that process data according to instructions. It discusses the history of computers from early mechanical calculators to modern electronic computers. It describes how computer hardware and sizes have evolved from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. The document outlines the major types of modern computers including supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers like PCs, tablets, and smartphones.
This document presents a summary of computer applications in business from 1990 to the present day. It discusses six generations of computers including the sixth generation which are intelligent computers based on artificial intelligence. It then summarizes several important sixth generation computers and their features: PowerBook introduced by Apple in 1991, Pentium Microprocessor released in 1993, Sun Ultra workstation introduced in 1996, iMac released by Apple in 1998, Apple iMac Pedestal Computer which used a flat screen mounted on a pedestal, and Power Mac G5 introduced in 2003 which was Apple's most powerful computer at the time and the first 64-bit desktop computer.
This document provides an introduction to information technology presented by Manshi Makati. It defines information technology and discusses what IT is. It explores the history and generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation capable of artificial intelligence. It also covers computer hardware including input, output, storage and processing units as well as software including programs, packages and applications. Overall, the document serves as a high-level overview of the key concepts in information technology.
The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization. It discusses how computers work at a component level, different types of computer systems and their structures and behaviors. It covers key concepts like instruction sets, memory access methods, and I/O mechanisms. The document also distinguishes between architecture, which defines attributes visible to programmers, and organization, which refers to how components are interconnected. It outlines reasons for studying computer architecture and what skills can be developed. Finally, it briefly traces the evolution of computers through different generations defined by underlying technologies.
The document provides an overview of computer basics, including: a brief history of computers from the 1940s to present; defining a computer system as consisting of hardware, software, data, information, and people; and classifying computers into special purpose and general purpose categories including desktops, mobiles, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It also discusses computer software, electronic communications, network systems, the internet, and examples of technology in everyday life.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the first generation that used vacuum tubes in 1942-1955 to the present fifth generation that uses artificial intelligence. It describes the defining technologies of each generation including vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and artificial intelligence. It also outlines some of the advantages and disadvantages of the computers from each generation in terms of size, speed, reliability, cost and other factors.
The document provides an overview of computers including:
1) A definition of a computer as a device that transforms data into meaningful information by accepting, storing, processing, and retrieving data.
2) An overview of the five generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation pursuing artificial intelligence.
3) Descriptions of important developments within each generation including the introduction of transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and graphical user interfaces.
The document discusses the five generations of computers. The first generation used vacuum tubes and the second used transistors. The third generation used integrated circuits and introduced concepts like cache memory. The fourth generation used VLSI chips and microprocessors. The fifth generation is still in development and will use ULSI chips for input in speech and images. Examples of each generation are provided.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the five generations of computers from 1946 to the present. First generation computers used vacuum tubes and were slow, large, and unreliable. Second generation computers replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making them smaller, faster, and more energy efficient. Third generation computers used integrated circuits instead of transistors, reducing size and cost further. Fourth generation computers utilized microprocessors and VLSI chips, becoming cheaper, faster, and suitable for personal use. Fifth generation computers are anticipated to utilize technologies like quantum computing and artificial intelligence.
This document is a module on computer hardware that discusses:
1) The evolution of computers through five generations from the 1940s to present, defined by the processor technology used from vacuum tubes to microchips.
2) The types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers, and workstations defined by their size, power, and intended use.
3) Five activities for students including explaining computer generations, matching processor types to generations, introducing computer types, labeling a diagram of types, and presenting information on types.
The document discusses the five generations of computers. The first generation used vacuum tubes and punched cards, the second used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, and the third used integrated circuits made from many transistors. The fourth generation used silicon chips which were reliable and cheap, and the fifth generation uses artificial intelligence and parallel processing with superconductors.
This document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, expensive machines. The second generation introduced transistors, making computers smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, further reducing size and power needs. The fourth generation used VLSI chips and marked the beginning of personal computers. The fifth generation continues advancing processor and memory technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing.
The five generations of computers presentationSwarnima Tiwari
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, took up entire rooms, and were expensive. The second generation introduced transistors, making computers smaller and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits and silicon chips, allowing for interaction through keyboards and monitors. The fourth generation began using microprocessors, leading to the development of personal computers and networks. Current and future computers are exploring artificial intelligence and quantum computing.
As early as the 17th century, mathematicians were working to build machines that could perform basic math functions like addition and multiplication. In 1804, Charles Babbage designed the difference engine, an early general purpose computer with a mechanical memory. Generations of computers are defined by their underlying technology: first used vacuum tubes (1940s), second used transistors (1950s), third used integrated circuits (1960s), fourth used microprocessors (1970s), and fifth aims to use artificial intelligence, with some applications like voice recognition in use today.
The document summarizes the four generations of computers from 1945 to present day. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large and unreliable. The second generation used transistors, which were smaller and more durable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers even smaller and cheaper. The fourth generation used VLSI technology, allowing millions of transistors to fit on a single chip and making computers widely affordable for homes and schools. Today's computers are classified as fourth generation and have tremendous processing power and data storage capacity.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the first to fifth generation. [1] The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large in size. [2] The second generation used transistors and were smaller with magnetic storage. [3] The third generation used integrated circuits and were smaller still with multiple users accessing remote terminals.
The document summarizes the history of computers from ancient counting machines to modern electronic computers. It describes the evolution from early counting devices like the abacus to modern programmable electronic computers using integrated circuits and microprocessors. Key developments included Charles Babbage's analytical engine, Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine, ENIAC as the first general-purpose electronic computer, the invention of the transistor and integrated circuit, and the introduction of the Altair computer, IBM PC, and Macintosh launching the personal computer revolution.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were enormous in size, and had low processing speeds. The second generation used transistors, were smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, which were faster and cheaper to produce. The fourth generation used microprocessors, allowing computers to become smaller and more personal. Current computers are considered fifth generation, pursuing artificial intelligence and new technologies like quantum computing.
computer_fundamentals by sinha & sinha.pdfSarthakGoel39
The document discusses the basic organization and operations of a computer system. It covers the five basic operations of inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. It describes the main components of a computer system including the input and output units, storage unit, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and central processing unit. It also provides an overview of computer generations and the evolution of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the modern fifth generation using microprocessors and integrated circuits.
As it is the age of Computer Technology. IT has made this world the global village. each and every preson should have basic knowledge related to computer. So, in these slides you will have all the basics related to IT, internet, websites etc. visit <a href="https://apksbrand.com/">APKsBRAND</a>
This document outlines the key concepts covered in Chapter 1 of the book "Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha". The chapter introduces computers, defining them as electronic devices that can perform high-speed calculations and process data by storing, manipulating and outputting information. It discusses the evolution of computers from early mechanical calculators to modern electronic digital computers through five generations of technology. Finally, it describes the characteristic features of computers like their automatic, fast, accurate and versatile nature for processing large amounts of stored data.
This document is a slide presentation on computer fundamentals that discusses the history and evolution of computers over several generations. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can perform calculations at high speeds and process data. The document outlines the key characteristics of computers such as speed, accuracy, and ability to store and recall information. It then discusses the origins of early mechanical calculating devices and how digital computers evolved from the 1940s onwards. The five generations of computers and their distinguishing hardware and software technologies are also summarized.
The document is the first chapter of a textbook on computer fundamentals. It introduces computers by defining them as electronic devices that can perform high-speed calculations and process data. It describes the characteristics of computers and how they have evolved over several generations from early mechanical calculators and vacuum tube-based machines to today's integrated circuit-based devices. The chapter also outlines the key hardware and software technologies of each generation of computers.
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from the 17th century to present day. It covers the development of early calculating machines, Charles Babbage's analytical engine which laid the foundations for modern computers, and the first general purpose electronic computers developed in the 1940s-1950s. The document then describes the five generations of computers, highlighting the key hardware technologies, software technologies, and representative computer systems for each generation from first to second generation machines.
This document provides an introduction to information technology presented by Manshi Makati. It defines information technology and discusses what IT is. It explores the history and generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation capable of artificial intelligence. It also covers computer hardware including input, output, storage and processing units as well as software including programs, packages and applications. Overall, the document serves as a high-level overview of the key concepts in information technology.
The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization. It discusses how computers work at a component level, different types of computer systems and their structures and behaviors. It covers key concepts like instruction sets, memory access methods, and I/O mechanisms. The document also distinguishes between architecture, which defines attributes visible to programmers, and organization, which refers to how components are interconnected. It outlines reasons for studying computer architecture and what skills can be developed. Finally, it briefly traces the evolution of computers through different generations defined by underlying technologies.
The document provides an overview of computer basics, including: a brief history of computers from the 1940s to present; defining a computer system as consisting of hardware, software, data, information, and people; and classifying computers into special purpose and general purpose categories including desktops, mobiles, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It also discusses computer software, electronic communications, network systems, the internet, and examples of technology in everyday life.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the first generation that used vacuum tubes in 1942-1955 to the present fifth generation that uses artificial intelligence. It describes the defining technologies of each generation including vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and artificial intelligence. It also outlines some of the advantages and disadvantages of the computers from each generation in terms of size, speed, reliability, cost and other factors.
The document provides an overview of computers including:
1) A definition of a computer as a device that transforms data into meaningful information by accepting, storing, processing, and retrieving data.
2) An overview of the five generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation pursuing artificial intelligence.
3) Descriptions of important developments within each generation including the introduction of transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and graphical user interfaces.
The document discusses the five generations of computers. The first generation used vacuum tubes and the second used transistors. The third generation used integrated circuits and introduced concepts like cache memory. The fourth generation used VLSI chips and microprocessors. The fifth generation is still in development and will use ULSI chips for input in speech and images. Examples of each generation are provided.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the five generations of computers from 1946 to the present. First generation computers used vacuum tubes and were slow, large, and unreliable. Second generation computers replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making them smaller, faster, and more energy efficient. Third generation computers used integrated circuits instead of transistors, reducing size and cost further. Fourth generation computers utilized microprocessors and VLSI chips, becoming cheaper, faster, and suitable for personal use. Fifth generation computers are anticipated to utilize technologies like quantum computing and artificial intelligence.
This document is a module on computer hardware that discusses:
1) The evolution of computers through five generations from the 1940s to present, defined by the processor technology used from vacuum tubes to microchips.
2) The types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers, and workstations defined by their size, power, and intended use.
3) Five activities for students including explaining computer generations, matching processor types to generations, introducing computer types, labeling a diagram of types, and presenting information on types.
The document discusses the five generations of computers. The first generation used vacuum tubes and punched cards, the second used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, and the third used integrated circuits made from many transistors. The fourth generation used silicon chips which were reliable and cheap, and the fifth generation uses artificial intelligence and parallel processing with superconductors.
This document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, expensive machines. The second generation introduced transistors, making computers smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, further reducing size and power needs. The fourth generation used VLSI chips and marked the beginning of personal computers. The fifth generation continues advancing processor and memory technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing.
The five generations of computers presentationSwarnima Tiwari
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, took up entire rooms, and were expensive. The second generation introduced transistors, making computers smaller and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits and silicon chips, allowing for interaction through keyboards and monitors. The fourth generation began using microprocessors, leading to the development of personal computers and networks. Current and future computers are exploring artificial intelligence and quantum computing.
As early as the 17th century, mathematicians were working to build machines that could perform basic math functions like addition and multiplication. In 1804, Charles Babbage designed the difference engine, an early general purpose computer with a mechanical memory. Generations of computers are defined by their underlying technology: first used vacuum tubes (1940s), second used transistors (1950s), third used integrated circuits (1960s), fourth used microprocessors (1970s), and fifth aims to use artificial intelligence, with some applications like voice recognition in use today.
The document summarizes the four generations of computers from 1945 to present day. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large and unreliable. The second generation used transistors, which were smaller and more durable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers even smaller and cheaper. The fourth generation used VLSI technology, allowing millions of transistors to fit on a single chip and making computers widely affordable for homes and schools. Today's computers are classified as fourth generation and have tremendous processing power and data storage capacity.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the first to fifth generation. [1] The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large in size. [2] The second generation used transistors and were smaller with magnetic storage. [3] The third generation used integrated circuits and were smaller still with multiple users accessing remote terminals.
The document summarizes the history of computers from ancient counting machines to modern electronic computers. It describes the evolution from early counting devices like the abacus to modern programmable electronic computers using integrated circuits and microprocessors. Key developments included Charles Babbage's analytical engine, Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine, ENIAC as the first general-purpose electronic computer, the invention of the transistor and integrated circuit, and the introduction of the Altair computer, IBM PC, and Macintosh launching the personal computer revolution.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were enormous in size, and had low processing speeds. The second generation used transistors, were smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, which were faster and cheaper to produce. The fourth generation used microprocessors, allowing computers to become smaller and more personal. Current computers are considered fifth generation, pursuing artificial intelligence and new technologies like quantum computing.
computer_fundamentals by sinha & sinha.pdfSarthakGoel39
The document discusses the basic organization and operations of a computer system. It covers the five basic operations of inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. It describes the main components of a computer system including the input and output units, storage unit, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and central processing unit. It also provides an overview of computer generations and the evolution of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the modern fifth generation using microprocessors and integrated circuits.
As it is the age of Computer Technology. IT has made this world the global village. each and every preson should have basic knowledge related to computer. So, in these slides you will have all the basics related to IT, internet, websites etc. visit <a href="https://apksbrand.com/">APKsBRAND</a>
This document outlines the key concepts covered in Chapter 1 of the book "Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha". The chapter introduces computers, defining them as electronic devices that can perform high-speed calculations and process data by storing, manipulating and outputting information. It discusses the evolution of computers from early mechanical calculators to modern electronic digital computers through five generations of technology. Finally, it describes the characteristic features of computers like their automatic, fast, accurate and versatile nature for processing large amounts of stored data.
This document is a slide presentation on computer fundamentals that discusses the history and evolution of computers over several generations. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can perform calculations at high speeds and process data. The document outlines the key characteristics of computers such as speed, accuracy, and ability to store and recall information. It then discusses the origins of early mechanical calculating devices and how digital computers evolved from the 1940s onwards. The five generations of computers and their distinguishing hardware and software technologies are also summarized.
The document is the first chapter of a textbook on computer fundamentals. It introduces computers by defining them as electronic devices that can perform high-speed calculations and process data. It describes the characteristics of computers and how they have evolved over several generations from early mechanical calculators and vacuum tube-based machines to today's integrated circuit-based devices. The chapter also outlines the key hardware and software technologies of each generation of computers.
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from the 17th century to present day. It covers the development of early calculating machines, Charles Babbage's analytical engine which laid the foundations for modern computers, and the first general purpose electronic computers developed in the 1940s-1950s. The document then describes the five generations of computers, highlighting the key hardware technologies, software technologies, and representative computer systems for each generation from first to second generation machines.
The document is the first chapter of a textbook on computer fundamentals. It introduces computers by defining them as electronic devices that can perform high-speed calculations and process data. It describes the characteristics of computers and how they have evolved over several generations from early mechanical calculators and vacuum tube-based machines to today's personal computers, servers and supercomputers. The chapter also outlines the key hardware and software technologies of each generation of computers.
fundamental of computer computer what about computer works in today worldRaviSharma65345
This document summarizes Chapter 1 of the book "Computer Fundamentals" by Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinha. It discusses the evolution of computers from early mechanical calculating devices to modern electronic digital computers over five generations. The key characteristics of each generation are described, along with some representative computer systems from each generation. The chapter also covers the basic components and operations of a computer system.
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers over multiple generations. It provides definitions of key terms like computer, data processing, and characteristics of computers such as automatic operation, speed, accuracy and more. Early computers mentioned include the Mark I Computer from 1937, the Atanasoff Berry Computer from 1939 and ENIAC from 1943. Generations of computers are defined with increasing capabilities from vacuum tubes in first generation to integrated circuits by the fourth generation providing faster and smaller devices.
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers over multiple generations. It provides definitions of key terms like computer, data processing, and characteristics of computers such as automatic operation, speed, accuracy and more. Early computers mentioned include the Mark I Computer from 1937, the Atanasoff Berry Computer from 1939, and the ENIAC from 1943. The five generations of computers are outlined with changing hardware technologies from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits.
The document provides information about different generations of computers. It discusses Babbage's Analytical Engine as an early predecessor to modern computers. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, expensive machines. The second generation used transistors, making computers smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers even smaller and faster. Later generations incorporated microprocessors, leading to the development of personal computers. The document also discusses some examples of specific early computers like the IAS and IBM 360.
The document discusses different types of computers based on their mode of use. It describes notebook computers, personal computers, workstations, mainframe systems, supercomputers, clients and servers, and handheld computers. For each type, it provides details on their typical uses, characteristics, operating systems, vendors, and how they differ from each other.
General features of computer – Evolution of computers; Computer Applications – Data Processing – Information Processing – Commercial – Office Automation – Industry and Engineering – Healthcare – Education – Disruptive technologies.
Ch 1 introduction and 2 computer software 1rjsuthar56
The document summarizes the evolution of computers over five generations from the 1950s to present:
- The first generation used punched cards for input and vacuum tubes for memory and storage. High-level programming languages were developed.
- The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, enabling faster and more reliable computers. Timesharing allowed multiple users to access mainframe computers remotely via terminals.
- The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits and microprocessors, allowing for smaller computers. Networks like ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, were established.
- The fourth generation featured microcomputers powered by microprocessors like the Intel 8080. The IBM PC launched in 1981, popularizing the use of microcomputers
This document discusses multimedia and multimedia computer systems. It defines multimedia as using more than one type of media (text, graphics, audio, video, etc.) to present information. A multimedia computer system is able to integrate different media types and requires components like large storage, memory, and I/O devices to handle multimedia files. Common media types are described along with their uses and associated hardware. Examples of multimedia applications and a media center computer are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of computers and their basic components. It defines a computer as an electronic device that takes in raw data as input, processes it according to programmed instructions, and provides the results as output. The key components of a computer system are its hardware, which are the physical parts that can be touched, its software which provides instructions, and the user who operates it. Examples of hardware include input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, and the central processing unit.
This document outlines a 3-month computer basics course syllabus for RACE Computer Institute. The syllabus covers the following topics over its pages:
- Fundamentals of computers including components, memory, types of computers, and history.
- Windows XP overview including basic terminology, desktop settings, control panel, and MS-DOS.
- Email and internet including email accounts, search engines, web surfing, and social networking.
- Viruses and antivirus utilities.
- Application software including Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and Excel.
- Additional topics like Windows 7, burning CDs/DVDs, hardware, networking, and installing Windows.
Information Technology for Managers - BasicsIsha Joshi
This document provides an introduction to computers including definitions of key terms like data, information, hardware, and software. It discusses the history and generations of computers from Charles Babbage to the modern era. It describes the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, types (microcomputer, mainframe, etc.), architecture, and functions of computers. The document concludes with multiple choice questions.
This document provides an overview of the MIS-104 Computing Fundamentals course at the University of Dhaka. It includes the course outline, books recommended, and introductions to key topics like the characteristics, uses and history of computers. It also summarizes the five generations of computers based on their hardware, programming languages, memory and other features. The generations progressed from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits to modern microprocessors. Classification of computers is also briefly outlined based on size, data processing capabilities, and other factors.
This document provides an overview of computer programming and the history of computers. It discusses:
1) The history of computers from the first to fifth generations, describing the components and technologies used in each generation.
2) A block diagram of a basic computer system including the input, output, central processing, and memory units.
3) The components that make up a computer system including the motherboard, processor, memory, storage drives, power supply, and peripherals.
4) An introduction to computer programming including definitions and the first programming languages.
RankBrain is an algorithm to understand the structure of sentence written by users especially when there is use of conjunction, preposition, and articles in a query.
This document discusses different types of computer software. It defines software and differentiates it from hardware. There are two main types of software: system software, which controls computer operations, and application software, which performs specific tasks. Software is developed through a process including analysis, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Other topics covered include the relationships between hardware, software and users, and ways of acquiring software such as buying pre-written programs or developing customized solutions.
This document discusses input and output devices in three parts. It begins by defining input/output devices and their role in facilitating communication between a computer system and the external world. It then describes various commonly used input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners, and touchscreens. Finally, it outlines different types of output devices that deliver processed data to users, including displays, printers and speakers.
The document discusses various input devices used in computer systems:
- Keyboards allow data entry by pressing keys and are the most common. Other input devices include mice, touchscreens, scanners, microphones for speech recognition, and cards for electronic readers.
- Output devices take processed data from memory and present it in human-readable form, like printers, displays and speakers.
- Together, input and output devices facilitate communication between computers and users.
The document discusses input and output devices used in computer systems. It describes how input devices such as keyboards, mice, and scanners are used to enter data into a computer, while output devices like monitors display processed data to users. The document provides examples of various input devices including keyboards, pointing devices, scanners, and biometric sensors. It also covers commonly used output devices and their functions.
This document discusses secondary storage devices and focuses on magnetic tape. It defines secondary storage and explains how it overcomes limitations of primary storage. Magnetic tape is described as a sequential-access storage device. Key concepts about magnetic tape are explained, including storage organization using frames, tracks and blocking of records. The document also covers magnetic tape storage capacity and data transfer rate. It describes how a tape drive reads and writes data to magnetic tape and is controlled by a tape controller.
The document discusses secondary storage devices and their advantages over primary storage. It covers different types of magnetic tape storage, including half-inch tape reels, half-inch tape cartridges, and quarter-inch streamer tape. The key details covered include tape organization, storage capacity, data transfer rates, tape drives, and tape controllers. Magnetic tape is described as a commonly used sequential-access storage device.
The document discusses secondary storage devices and their classification. It covers magnetic tape, including half-inch tape reels, half-inch tape cartridges, and quarter-inch streamer tape. Magnetic tape uses sequential access and stores data on magnetic tape through read/write heads. Data is organized into files, blocks, and records with markers separating structures on the tape. Magnetic tape capacity and transfer rates depend on recording density and tape speed.
The document discusses the processor and memory architecture of a computer system. It covers the internal structure of the processor including the central processing unit (CPU), control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, and instruction set. It also discusses main memory, different types of processors like RISC, CISC, EPIC and multi-core, and memory concepts like word length, organization, and types of fixed and variable word-length memory. The goal is to explain the key components and concepts related to how the processor and memory work together in a computer system.
The document discusses the internal structure and components of a computer's processor and memory. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) as having two main components - the control unit and arithmetic logic unit. The CPU contains registers for storing instructions and data temporarily during processing. Memory is classified as either volatile random access memory (RAM) or non-volatile read-only memory (ROM). Caches provide extremely fast temporary storage between the CPU and main memory to minimize processing speed differences. Different types of processors, memory technologies, and capacities are also outlined.
The document discusses the processor, memory, and their basic architecture in a computer system. It covers the internal structure of the processor including the central processing unit (CPU) and its two components - the control unit and arithmetic logic unit. It describes the main memory, different types of processors like RISC, CISC, EPIC and multi-core, and characteristics of the memory like volatile nature, random access, and organization. Types of registers and factors affecting processor speed are also summarized.
- The document discusses Boolean algebra and logic circuits. It covers Boolean algebra fundamentals such as binary operations, laws, theorems and their proofs.
- Boolean functions are represented using algebraic expressions or truth tables. Techniques to minimize Boolean functions by reducing literals and terms are explained.
- The basics of logic gates and how they are used to build combinational logic circuits are introduced.
The document discusses Boolean algebra and logic circuits. It covers the following topics:
- Boolean algebra was developed by George Boole for simplifying logic and was later used in circuit design.
- Boolean algebra uses binary digits 0 and 1 with operators like AND, OR and NOT.
- Logic circuits can be designed using Boolean functions which are represented by algebraic expressions or truth tables.
- Boolean functions can be minimized to reduce their complexity and the components needed in a circuit.
The document discusses Boolean algebra and logic circuits. It covers Boolean algebra, fundamental concepts like binary digits and logical operators. It discusses Boolean functions, their representation using algebraic expressions and truth tables. Methods to minimize Boolean functions by reducing literals and terms are also covered. Logic gates and how they are used to build combinational logic circuits are explained.
The document discusses binary arithmetic operations performed in computers. It explains that computers use the binary number system because electronic components can only represent two states, on or off. The key binary arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are then described through examples. Addition involves carrying digits, subtraction uses complementation, and multiplication uses shifting partial products. Division by zero is disallowed as it does not have meaning.
The document discusses computer arithmetic and binary numbers. It begins by explaining why computers use the binary number system instead of decimal. The key reasons are that electronic components can only represent two states, binary is simpler for circuit design, and arithmetic is possible with binary. The document then covers the basic arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in binary. It provides rules for each operation and examples to illustrate how to perform the calculations in binary. Finally, it discusses complementary subtraction and the additive method for multiplication and division.
This document discusses various computer codes used to represent data internally in computers. It describes binary coded decimal (BCD), extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC), and American standard code for information interchange (ASCII). BCD uses 6 bits to represent 64 characters, while EBCDIC and ASCII use 8 bits to represent 256 characters. EBCDIC and ASCII codes are presented with examples of encoding letters and numbers. Zoned and packed decimal formats are also discussed for encoding numeric values in EBCDIC. The document provides examples to demonstrate encoding words in BCD, EBCDIC and ASCII codes.
The document discusses computer codes and their representation of data in binary. It covers common computer codes like BCD, EBCDIC, and ASCII. BCD uses 6 bits to represent 64 characters. EBCDIC uses 8 bits for 256 characters. ASCII exists in 7-bit and 8-bit versions. Examples are provided to demonstrate how letters and numbers are represented in the binary codes.
This document discusses different number systems including positional and non-positional systems. It covers the decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems. The key topics covered include converting between these number systems using methods like determining place values or the division-remainder method. Examples are provided to demonstrate converting specific numbers between bases like binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal.
The document discusses different number systems including positional and non-positional systems. It covers the decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems. The key details are:
- Positional systems use digits that represent different values based on their position, while non-positional systems simply add symbol values.
- Decimal uses 10 symbols (0-9) as its base, with places value increasing from right to left by powers of 10.
- Binary uses two symbols (0-1) as its base, with place values increasing from right to left by powers of 2.
- Octal uses eight symbols (0-7) as its base, with place values by powers of 8.
- Hexadecimal
1. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 1/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
2. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 2/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn about:
§ Computer
§ Data processing
§ Characteristic features of computers
§ Computers’ evolution to their present form
§ Computer generations
§ Characteristic features of each computer generation
01
3. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 3/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
§ The word computer comes from the word “compute”,
which means, “to calculate”
§ Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can
perform arithmetic operations at high speed
§ A computer is also called a data processor because it can
store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired
ComputerComputer
01
4. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 4/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
Data ProcessingData Processing
The activity of processing data using a computer is called
data processing
Data
Capture Data
Manipulate Data
Output Results
Information
Data is raw material used as input and information is
processed data obtained as output of data processing
01
5. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 5/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
1) Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on it
automatically without human interventions
2) Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobs
very fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6),
nanoseconds (10-9), and picoseconds (10-12)
3) Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high
and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design.
Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or
unreliable programs are often referred to as Garbage-
In-Garbage-Out (GIGO)
(Continued on next slide)
Characteristics of ComputersCharacteristics of Computers
02
6. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 6/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
4) Diligence: Computer is free from monotony, tiredness,
and lack of concentration. It can continuously work for
hours without creating any error and without grumbling
5) Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almost
any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of
logical steps
6) Power of Remembering: Computer can store and
recall any amount of information because of its
secondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certain
information only when it is asked to do so
(Continued from previous slide..)
Characteristics of ComputersCharacteristics of Computers
(Continued on next slide)
02
7. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 7/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
7) No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmed
to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard
8) No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their
judgement is based on the instructions given to them in
the form of programs that are written by us (human
beings)
(Continued from previous slide..)
(Continued on next slide)
Characteristics of ComputersCharacteristics of Computers
03
8. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 8/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
Evolution of ComputersEvolution of Computers
§ Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding
machine in 1642
§ Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first
calculator for multiplication in 1671
§ Keyboard machines originated in the United States
around 1880
§ Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept
of punched cards that were extensively used as input
media until late 1970s
03
9. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 9/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
§ Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of
modern digital computers
§ He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822
§ He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in
1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions
§ His efforts established a number of principles that
are fundamental to the design of any digital
computer
(Continued from previous slide..)
(Continued on next slide)
Evolution of ComputersEvolution of Computers
03
10. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 10/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
Some Well Known Early ComputersSome Well Known Early Computers
§ The Mark I Computer (1937-44)
§ The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42)
§ The ENIAC (1943-46)
§ The EDVAC (1946-52)
§ The EDSAC (1947-49)
§ Manchester Mark I (1948)
§ The UNIVAC I (1951)
03
11. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 11/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
§ “Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. It
provides a framework for the growth of computer industry
§ Originally it was used to distinguish between various
hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to
include both hardware and software
§ Till today, there are five computer generations
Computer GenerationsComputer Generations
(Continued on next slide)
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12. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 12/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
§ Honeywell 400
§ IBM 7030
§ CDC 1604
§ UNIVAC LARC
§ Faster, smaller, more
reliable and easier to
program than previous
generation systems
§ Commercial production
was still difficult and
costly
§ Batch operating
system
§ High-level
programming
languages
§ Scientific and
commercial
applications
§ Transistors
§ Magnetic cores
memory
§ Magnetic tapes
§ Disks for secondary
storage
Second
(1955-1964)
§ ENIAC
§ EDVAC
§ EDSAC
§ UNIVAC I
§ IBM 701
§ Bulky in size
§ Highly unreliable
§ Limited commercial
use and costly
§ Difficult commercial
production
§ Difficult to use
§ Machine and
assembly
languages
§ Stored program
concept
§ Mostly scientific
applications
§ Vacuum tubes
§ Electromagnetic
relay memory
§ Punched cards
secondary storage
First
(1942-1955)
Some
representative
systems
Key
characteristics
Key software
technologies
Key hardware
technologies
Generation
(Period)
(Continued from previous slide..)
(Continued on next slide)
Computer GenerationsComputer Generations
13
13. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 13/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
§ IBM 360/370
§ PDP-8
§ PDP-11
§ CDC 6600
§ Faster, smaller, more
reliable, easier and
cheaper to produce
§ Commercially, easier
to use, and easier to
upgrade than
previous generation
systems
§ Scientific, commercial
and interactive on-
line applications
§ Timesharing
operating
system
§ Standardization
of high-level
programming
languages
§ Unbundling of
software from
hardware
§ ICs with SSI and
MSI technologies
§ Larger magnetic
cores memory
§ Larger capacity
disks and
magnetic tapes
secondary
storage
§ Minicomputers;
upward
compatible family
of computers
Third
(1964-1975)
Some rep.
systems
Key
characteristics
Key software
technologies
Key hardware
technologies
Generation
(Period)
(Continued from previous slide..)
(Continued on next slide)
Computer GenerationsComputer Generations
13
14. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 14/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
§ IBM PC and
its clones
§ Apple II
§ TRS-80
§ VAX 9000
§ CRAY-1
§ CRAY-2
§ CRAY-X/MP
§ Small, affordable,
reliable, and easy
to use PCs
§ More powerful
and reliable
mainframe
systems and
supercomputers
§ Totally general
purpose machines
§ Easier to produce
commercially
§ Easier to upgrade
§ Rapid software
development
possible
§ Operating systems for
PCs with GUI and
multiple windows on a
single terminal screen
§ Multiprocessing OS
with concurrent
programming
languages
§ UNIX operating system
with C programming
language
§ Object-oriented design
and programming
§ PC, Network-based,
and supercomputing
applications
§ ICs with VLSI
technology
§ Microprocessors;
semiconductor memory
§ Larger capacity hard
disks as in-built
secondary storage
§ Magnetic tapes and
floppy disks as portable
storage media
§ Personal computers
§ Supercomputers based
on parallel vector
processing and
symmetric
multiprocessing
technologies
§ Spread of high-speed
computer networks
Fourth
(1975-1989)
Some rep.
systems
Key
characteristics
Key software
technologies
Key hardware
Technologies
Generation
(Period)
(Continued from previous slide..)
(Continued on next slide)
Computer GenerationsComputer Generations
13
15. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 15/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
§ IBM notebooks
§ Pentium PCs
§ SUN
Workstations
§ IBM SP/2
§ SGI Origin 2000
§ PARAM 10000
§ Portable computers
§ Powerful, cheaper,
reliable, and easier
to use desktop
machines
§ Powerful
supercomputers
§ High uptime due to
hot-pluggable
components
§ Totally general
purpose machines
§ Easier to produce
commercially,
easier to upgrade
§ Rapid software
development
possible
§ Micro-kernel based,
multithreading,
distributed OS
§ Parallel
programming
libraries like MPI &
PVM
§ JAVA
§ World Wide Web
§ Multimedia,
Internet
applications
§ More complex
supercomputing
applications
§ ICs with ULSI
technology
§ Larger capacity
main memory,
hard disks with
RAID support
§ Optical disks as
portable read-only
storage media
§ Notebooks,
powerful desktop
PCs and
workstations
§ Powerful servers,
supercomputers
§ Internet
§ Cluster computing
Fifth
(1989-
Present)
Some rep.
systems
Key
characteristics
Key software
technologies
Key hardware
technologies
Generation
(Period)
(Continued from previous slide..)
Computer GenerationsComputer Generations
13
16. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 16/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
(c) An IC Chip(b) A Transistor(a) A Vacuum Tube
Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different GenerationsElectronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations
07
17. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 17/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
Key Words/PhrasesKey Words/Phrases
§ Computer
§ Computer generations
§ Computer Supported Cooperative
Working (CSCW)
§ Data
§ Data processing
§ Data processor
§ First-generation computers
§ Fourth-generation computers
§ Garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO)
§ Graphical User Interface (GUI)
§ Groupware
§ Information
§ Integrated Circuit (IC)
§ Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
§ Medium Scale Integration (MSI)
§ Microprocessor
§ Personal Computer (PC)
§ Second-generation computers
§ Small Scale Integration (SSI)
§ Stored program concept
§ Third-generation computers
§ Transistor
§ Ultra Large Scale Integration
(ULSI)
§ Vacuum tubes
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