The document discusses several challenges facing agriculture in 21st century India, including land and water shortages, soil degradation, and nutritional insecurity. It notes that India has only 2.4% of the world's land but must support over 16% of the global population. Key issues include degraded soils covering 85 million hectares, imbalanced fertilizer use reducing efficiency, and annual nutrient transport exceeding additions. Strategies proposed to improve sustainability include integrated nutrient management, soil conservation, water management, and increased use of renewable energy in agriculture.

1. Challenges in 21 st Century Agriculture in India (Environmental Aspect) Dr. R. C. Tiwari (Former Prof. & Head) Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi-221005 Presented by: Dr. R.C.Tiwari/ Mr. Ankit Kumar

2. Soil Air Water Animal Vegetation Social Economical Political Human Society World of Natural resources World of development Inherited Created Man is creature of two worlds. One which has been inherited and the other which the man has created. The world created by him has been exploiting the natural world.

4. Inter Generational Equity (Economic Justice/ Productivity – Long term profitability Benign Environment) AGRICULTURE TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL X Low production MODERN CHEMICAL MECHANICAL X Production more than potential INTEGRATION OF TECHNOLOGIES ECOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL MECHANICAL SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE To achieve SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION

6. POSITION OF INDIA IN WORLD AGRICULTURE IN 1999 China Second 5 44 Onion China, Russian Federation Third 23 294 Potatoes China Second 39 445 Fruits China Second 59 629 Vegetables China, USA Third 2.1 18.2 Cotton (lint in bales) First 2.1 3.3 Jute and allied fibers First 0.7 287 Tea Brazil Second 282 12.75 Sugarcane Canada, China Third 6 43 Rapeseed China Second 7 33 Groundnut First 16 59 Total pulses China Third 230 264 Total China. USA Second 131 596 Paddy China Second 71 584 Wheat Next to India’s rank India (Mt) World (Mt) Item

7. YIELD (t ha -1 ) OF PADDY AND WHEAT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF WORLD IN 2001 2.72 World 3.91 World 2.74 India 2.96 India 2.71 USA 4.26 Vietnam 2.80 Romania 4.25 Indonesia 2.82 Syria 5.57 Italy 2.82 Italy 6.36 China 3.83 China 6.66 Japan 6.36 Egypt 7.20 USA 6.63 France 7.84 Spain 7.08 UK 8.77 Egypt Wheat Country Paddy Country

8. + About 10 million tonnes from organic sources 300 million tonnes 2025 18.6 million tonnes 2003 50,000 tonnes 1950 NPK – CONSUMPTION (FERTILIZERS) 350 million tonnes 2050 300 million tonnes 2025 182 million tonnes 2003 50 million tonnes 1951 GRAIN PRODUCTION

9. Vitamins Minerals FOOD Carbohydrate Fiber, Fertilizer, Furniture, Fuel PIPELINE FOR FERINERY Soil Raw Material STORE HOUSE OF PLANT NUTRIENTS Ground Water Plant Growth Sunshine Climate Soil Seed Management O H N C K S P Ni Cu M O Ca Mn Zn C 1 Mg Fe B

10. BLANC PHYTO-NUTRIENTS UNDER NOURISHED CHILDREN The Hindu: Survey of Indian Agriculture 2004

11. Nutritional requirement and availability per head/ day 180 220 Fruits 4. 210 300 Vegetables 3. 8.5 14.8 Fat 2. 30 55 Protein 1. Available (gms) Amount requirement (gms) Nutrition Sl. No.

12. DIVERSIFIED FOOD PRODUCTION FOR NUTRITIONAL SECURITY The Hindu: Survey of Indian Agriculture 2004

13. Sources of Functional Food 1 Source: Google

14. 2 Sources of Functional Food Source: Google

16. SOIL GENESIS SOIL Biosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Atmosphere TIME

18. AIR MINERAL WATER SOLAR ENERGY SOIL Physical environment of soil. The “Soil life” and “Biological life” are open system. The external solar energy is converted in to chemical energy and allows the work to be done. ENVIRONMENT

20. ANNUAL PLANT NUTRIENTS TRANSPORT 18 mt/ year - Addition of Nutrients 25 mt/ year - Removal of Nutrients Present -------------- - -------------- 45 mt/ year - Removal of Nutrients Projected 2025

21. 4 5 6 B N P K A LOW MEDIUM HIGH B A Rice-Wheat cropping area of Indo-Gangatic plain under study. Soils showing plant nutrient indices. Area under study

22. x MAJOR SOURCES OF REDUCTION IN FERTILIZER EFFICIENCY POOR SEEDBED PREPARATION 10-20% INAPPROPRIATE CROP VARIETY 20-40% DELAY IN SOWING 20-30% IMPROPER SEEDING 5-25% INADEQUATE PLANT POPULATION 10-25% INADEQUATE IRRIGATION 10-20% WEED INFESTATION 15-50% INSECT DAMAGE 5-50% IMBALANCE FERTILIZER USE 20-50% IMPROPER FERTILIZER PLACEMENT 5-10% SOME ESTIMATES OF POSSIBLE REDUCTION IN FERTILIZER EFFICIENCY DUE TO CONTROLLABLE FACTORS. SOURCE :- SEKHON N P K S

24. INTEGRATED PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT CHEMICAL FERTILIZER Soil test, crop and variety, Crops sequence climate crop management etc. PLANT ANIMAL RESIDUES FYM, Compost, Vermicompost, Piggery & Poultry manure, Urban sludge, Organic industrial Wastes, meals, cakes etc. LEGUMES Green manure, grain legumes in rotation and inter-cropping BIOFERTILIZERS Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, PSB/M, BGA Azolla, VAM, (Vesicular Arbicular mycorhiza) S O I L COMPONENT OF IPNM

26. WATER RESOURCES ON EARTH

33. CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY IN AGRICULTURE 0.08 GJ/ t 0.55 GJ/ t Animate energy 26.3 % 9.2 % Electricity 10.42 % 5.39 % Petroleum products 9.2 % 1.4 % Commercial energy 1993 1970 SOURCE

37. Source: Google Jatropha

38. Jatropha - Production/ ha = 3-4 tonnes Oil (%) = 35.0 Maturity time = 4 years Yield per plant = 4-5 kg Byproduct Glycerin = 100 kg/ tonne oil Cakes = 3 kg/ kg oil The cost of glycerol and cakes meet the processing costs. Oil is treated with methanol + NaOH = to get biodiesel Biodiesel from Jatropha

40. WHEN YOU WANT POWER TAP THE SUN

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48. THANK YOU Slides Prepared by: Ankit Kumar, ChE, IT, BHU