This document discusses how computers represent and process data. It explains that computers use binary numbering systems rather than decimal. Data is stored in bits and bytes, and text is converted to codes like ASCII. The CPU processes data through cycles and uses components like registers, memory, and caches. Processing speed depends on factors such as the CPU clock speed, number of registers, cache size, and bus width. Different types of ports and buses are used to extend the processor's capabilities.

1. Chapter 6A
Transforming Data Into
Information

2. Outline:
 How Computers Represent Data
How Computers Process Data
Components affecting Speed
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3. How Computers Represent Data
 Number systems
◦ A manner of counting
◦ Number systems have
 Decimal number(0,1,2,………9)
 Binary number(0.1)
 Decimal number system
◦ Used by humans to count
◦ Contains ten distinct digits
◦ Digits combine to make larger numbers
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4. How Computers Represent Data
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5. How Computers Represent Data
 Binary number system
◦ Used by computers to count
◦ Two distinct digits, 0 and 1
◦ 0 and 1 combine to make numbers
◦ Example:
◦ 0110 0001 = a
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6. How Computers Represent Data
 Bits and bytes
◦ Binary numbers are made of bits
◦ Bit represents a switch
◦ A byte is 8 bits
◦ Byte represents one character.
◦ A=1 Byte and so on…
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7. How Computers Represent Data
 Text codes
 Converts letters into binary.
 Standard codes necessary for data transfer
◦ ASCII
 American English symbols
◦ Extended ASCII
 Graphics and other symbols
◦ Unicode
• provide enough characters to cover all the world’s
languages.
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8. How Computers Represent Data
Examples from the
ASCII Text Code
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9. How Computers Represent Data
 Why is it important to have a standard
text code?
 This standard code system would enable any
programmer or program to use the same
combinations of numbers to represent the
same individual pieces of data.
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10. How Computers Process Data
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11. How Computers Process Data
1. The CPU
◦ Central Processing Unit
◦ Brain of the computer
◦ Two part:
4.Control unit
 Controls resources in computer
 Contains the list of all commands a CPU understands.
5.Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Arithmetic operations
t Logical operations
 Simple math operations
 Require Registers to store math operations
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12. How Computers Process Data
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13. How Computers Process Data
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14. How Computers Process Data
 Machine cycles
 The CPU follows a set of steps-called a machine
cycle to process data
2.Instruction cycle
 CPU gets the instruction
3.Execution cycle
 CPU performs the instruction
◦ Billions of cycles per second
◦ Pipelining processes more data
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15. How Computers Process Data
2. Memory
◦ Stores open programs and data
◦ Small chips on the motherboard
◦ More memory makes a computer faster
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16. How Computers Process Data
3. Nonvolatile memory
◦ Holds data when power is off
◦ Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Store the routines that enable a computer to boot
up
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17. How Computers Process Data
4. Flash memory
• Data is stored using physical
◦ Special form of nonvolatile memory
◦ Camera cards, USB
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18. How Computers Process Data
5. Volatile memory
◦ Requires power to hold data
◦ Random Access Memory (RAM)
◦ Data in RAM has an address
◦ CPU reads data using the address
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19. Components affecting Speed
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20. Affecting Processing Speed
1. Registers
◦ Number of bits processor can handle
◦ Larger indicates more powerful computer
◦ Increase by purchasing new CPU
2. Virtual RAM
◦ Computer is out of actual RAM
◦ File that emulates RAM
◦ Computer swaps data to virtual RAM
 Least recently used data is moved
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21. Affecting Processing Speed
1. The computer’s internal clock
◦ Every tick causes a cycle
◦ Speeds measured in Hertz (Hz)
2. The bus
◦ Electronic pathway between components
◦ System bus connects CPU and RAM
◦ Bus width is measured in bits
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22. Affecting Processing Speed
 External bus standards
1. Peripheral Control Interface(PCI)
2. Accelerated Graphics Port(AGP)
3. Universal Serial Bus(USB)
4. PC Card
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23. Affecting Processing Speed
 Peripheral control interface (PCI)
◦ Connects modems and sound cards
 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
◦ Connects video card to motherboard
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24. Affecting Processing Speed
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
◦ Connects external devices
◦ Hot swappable
◦ Cameras, printers, and scanners
 PC Card
◦ Used on laptops
◦ Hot swappable
◦ Devices are the size of a credit card
◦
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25. Affecting Processing Speed
1. Cache memory
◦ Very fast memory
◦ Holds common or recently used data
◦ Speeds up computer processing
◦ Most computers have several caches
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26. Chapter 6B
Modern CPUs

27. Outline:
 A Look Inside The Processor
 Microcomputer Processors
Comparing Processors
Extending The Processors Power
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28. A Look Inside The Processor
 Architecture
◦ Determines
 Location of CPU parts
 Bit size
 Number of registers
 Pipelines
◦ Main difference between CPUs
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29. Microcomputer Processors
1. Intel
◦ Leading manufacturer of processors
◦ Current processors
 Centrino
 Itanium
 Pentium IV
 Xeon
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30. Microcomputer Processors
1. Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
◦ Main competitor to Intel
◦ Current processors
 Sempron
 Athlon FX 64
 Athlon XP
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31. Microcomputer Processors
1. Freescale
◦ Currently focuses on the Linux market
2. IBM
◦ Historically manufactured mainframes

32. Comparing Processors
 Speed of processor
 Size of cache
 Number of registers
 Bit size
 Speed of Front side bus

33. Advanced Processor Topics
 Parallel Processing
◦ Multiple processors in a system

34. Extending The Processors Power
 Standard computer ports
◦ Keyboard and mouse ports
◦ USB ports
◦ Parallel
◦ Network
◦ Modem
◦ Audio
◦ Serial
◦ Video
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35. Standard computer ports
◦ Keyboard and mouse ports
◦ USB ports

36. Standard computer ports
◦ Parallel
◦ Serial

37. Standard computer ports
 Video
 Audio

38. Standard computer ports
◦ Network & Modem Port

39. Standard Computer Ports
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40. Extending The Processors Power
 Serial and parallel ports
◦ Connect to printers or modems
◦ Parallel ports move bits simultaneously
◦ Serial ports move one bit
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41. Serial Communications
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42. Parallel Communications
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43. Extending The Processors Power
 Specialized Expansion Ports:
 USB
◦ Universal Serial Bus
◦ Most popular external bus
◦ Supports up to 127 devices
◦ Hot swappable
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44. Extending the Processors Power
 FireWire
◦ Cameras and video equipment
◦ Hot swappable
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45. Extending the Processors Power
 Expansion slots and boards
◦ Slots allow the addition of new devices
◦ Computer must be off before inserting
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46. Extending the Processors Power
 PC Cards
◦ Expansion bus for laptops
◦ Hot swappable
◦ Small card size
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47. Extending the Processors Power
 Plug and play
◦ New hardware detected automatically
◦ Prompts to install drivers
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48. Chapter 6
End of Chapter