This document discusses power gain in microwave engineering and antennas. It introduces four definitions of power gain: available gain, delivered gain, maximum gain, and transducer gain. Available gain is defined as the ratio of power available at the load to power available at the source accounting for input impedance mismatch. Delivered gain is defined as the ratio of power delivered to the load to power delivered to the input accounting for output impedance mismatch. Maximum gain assumes optimal power transfer with no impedance mismatch. Transducer gain accounts for mismatch at both the input and output. An example calculation is shown to illustrate the differences between these power gain definitions using the scattering parameters of an RF amplifier.
Concept (Block diagram), properties, positive and negative feedback, loop gain, open loop gain, feedback factors; topologies of feedback amplifier; effect of feedback on gain, output impedance, input impedance, sensitivities (qualitative), bandwidth stability; effect of positive feedback: instability and oscillation, condition of oscillation, Barkhausen criteria. Introduction to integrated circuits, operational amplified and its terminal properties; Application of operational amplifier; inverting and non-inverting mode of operation, Adders, Subtractors, Constant-gain multiplier, Voltage follower, Comparator, Integrator, Differentiator
- Basic overview of transmission line analysis
-How transmission line analysis differs from basic circuit analysis
- How distributed circuit element differs from Lumped elements
-Links to be referred for Smith Chart
Text booK : Op-amp and Linear Integrated Circuits by Ramakant A Gayakwad.
Suitable for Dr.AIT Syllabus 2019-20. Slides are only for reference. Refer Text book for complete knowledge
Concept (Block diagram), properties, positive and negative feedback, loop gain, open loop gain, feedback factors; topologies of feedback amplifier; effect of feedback on gain, output impedance, input impedance, sensitivities (qualitative), bandwidth stability; effect of positive feedback: instability and oscillation, condition of oscillation, Barkhausen criteria. Introduction to integrated circuits, operational amplified and its terminal properties; Application of operational amplifier; inverting and non-inverting mode of operation, Adders, Subtractors, Constant-gain multiplier, Voltage follower, Comparator, Integrator, Differentiator
- Basic overview of transmission line analysis
-How transmission line analysis differs from basic circuit analysis
- How distributed circuit element differs from Lumped elements
-Links to be referred for Smith Chart
Text booK : Op-amp and Linear Integrated Circuits by Ramakant A Gayakwad.
Suitable for Dr.AIT Syllabus 2019-20. Slides are only for reference. Refer Text book for complete knowledge
This presentation contains the basics of feedback, types of feedback connection & properties of the negative feedback amplifier. Numericals based on the properties are solved & given for practice.
Abstract: A communications system consisting of switching centers and their interconnecting media. (188). Part of
a communication system organized to temporarily associate functional units, transmission channels or
telecommunication circuits for the purpose of providing a desired telecommunication facility.
Note: Examples of NATO-owned switching system are IVSN and TARE. Switching centers receives the control
signals messages or conversation and forward to the required destination, after necessary modification (link
amplification) if necessary. A switching system is a collection of switching elements arranged and controlled in
such a way as to sleep a communication path between any two distant points. Technically, the design for telephone
switching center or equipment requirements in a telecommunication system are determined of the traffic intensity
is defined as the product of the celling rate and the average holding time. This paper reveals about the information
about the switching system and the research about that. Advantages and disadvantages of the switching system
which we are using. A telephone network is composed of a variety of all processing equipment, interstate switching
links and inters office trunks because of the random nature of the call request, the design of equipment switching
links and trunks are quite different . Thus, the traffic ana Switching is an engineering approach on computer networking. Telecommunication networks carry information signals
among entities which are geographically far apart. The entities are involved in the process of information transfer which
may be in the form of a telephone conversation (telephony) or a file transfer between two computers or message between
two terminals etc. Today it is almost turism to state that telecommunication system are the symbol of our informative
age. With the rapidly growing traffic and untargeted growth of cyberspace, telecommunication becomes a fabric of our
life. The future challenges are enormous as we anticipate rapid growth items of new services and no. of users. What
comes with the challenges is a genuine need for more advance methodology supporting analysis and design of
telecommunication architectures.
Switching systems are about how do we move traffic from one part of the network to another and to connect end system
to switches to each other and data arriving to an input port of a switch have to be moved to one or more of output ports.
The communication switching system enables the universal connectivity. The universal connectivity is realized when any
entity is one part of the world can communicate with any other entity is another part of the world. The telecommunication
links and switching were mainly designed for voice communication. With the appropriate attachments and equipments
they can be used to transmit data. Samue
WEEK 1Β· Op-Amp Introduction1. Read Chapters 1-2 in the text Op Amp.docxcelenarouzie
Β
WEEK 1Β· Op-Amp Introduction
1. Read Chapters 1-2 in the text Op Amps for Everyone Fourth Edition
2. For the configuration below:
3.
3. With Vin = 4Vrms, f = 1kHz answer the following for each case:
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RF constant and increasing or decreasing RG
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RG constant and increasing or decreasing RF
3. Β For the configuration below
Β·
. With Vin = 5Vrms, f = 1kHz answer the following for each case:
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RF constant and increasing or decreasing RG
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RG constant and increasing or decreasing RF
1. What does the negative sign in the voltage gain formula indicate?Β
4. Β For the configuration below:
Β·
. With V1 = 5Vrms, V2 = 4Vrms, VN = 2Vrms, R1 = 1kohm, R2 = 2kohm, RN = 3kohm, RF = 5kohm answer the following:
1. Calculate Vout
5. Β For the configuration below:
Β·
. With V1 = 5Vrms, V2 = 4Vrms, R1 = 1kohm, R2 = 2kohm, R3 = 3kohm, R4 = 5kohm answer the following:
1. Calculate Vout
6. Β Include all calculations in a Word document with the title: βHW1_StudentIDβ, with your student id substituted in the file name.Β Show all work for full credit.
7. Β Upload file βHW1_StudentIDβ
Grading Criteria Assignments
Maximum Points
Meets or exceeds established assignment criteria
40
Demonstrates an understanding of lesson concepts
20
Clearly presents well-reasoned ideas and concepts
30
Uses proper mechanics, punctuation, sentence structure, and spelling
10
Total
100
Copyright Grantham University 2013. All Rights Reserved
Β·
W1 Lab "Op-Amp Introduction"
Analog Integrated Circuits & LabOp-Amp Introduction
The purpose of this lab is to gain familiarity with using Multisim to construct and simulate the noninverting op amp, inverting op amp, adder, and differential amplifier circuits presented in the module. The effect of external biasing resistors will be demonstrated and calculations of output voltage performed in the homework will be confirmed. This lab will set the stage for the concept of confirming calculations with simulation software for the remainder of the course.
Β· Watch videoΒ Week 1 β Op-Amp Introduction.
Β· Design the Op-Amp configurations from the W1 Assignment βOp-Amp Introductionβ in Multisim.
Β· For Non-Inverting Op-Amp:
. Analyze the non-inverting Op-Amp circuit to calculate the voltage gain Vout/Vin.
. Design a non-inverting Op-Amp with 5% resistor tolerances for RF and RG in Multisim.
. Run the simulation to measure the voltage gain V.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This presentation contains the basics of feedback, types of feedback connection & properties of the negative feedback amplifier. Numericals based on the properties are solved & given for practice.
Abstract: A communications system consisting of switching centers and their interconnecting media. (188). Part of
a communication system organized to temporarily associate functional units, transmission channels or
telecommunication circuits for the purpose of providing a desired telecommunication facility.
Note: Examples of NATO-owned switching system are IVSN and TARE. Switching centers receives the control
signals messages or conversation and forward to the required destination, after necessary modification (link
amplification) if necessary. A switching system is a collection of switching elements arranged and controlled in
such a way as to sleep a communication path between any two distant points. Technically, the design for telephone
switching center or equipment requirements in a telecommunication system are determined of the traffic intensity
is defined as the product of the celling rate and the average holding time. This paper reveals about the information
about the switching system and the research about that. Advantages and disadvantages of the switching system
which we are using. A telephone network is composed of a variety of all processing equipment, interstate switching
links and inters office trunks because of the random nature of the call request, the design of equipment switching
links and trunks are quite different . Thus, the traffic ana Switching is an engineering approach on computer networking. Telecommunication networks carry information signals
among entities which are geographically far apart. The entities are involved in the process of information transfer which
may be in the form of a telephone conversation (telephony) or a file transfer between two computers or message between
two terminals etc. Today it is almost turism to state that telecommunication system are the symbol of our informative
age. With the rapidly growing traffic and untargeted growth of cyberspace, telecommunication becomes a fabric of our
life. The future challenges are enormous as we anticipate rapid growth items of new services and no. of users. What
comes with the challenges is a genuine need for more advance methodology supporting analysis and design of
telecommunication architectures.
Switching systems are about how do we move traffic from one part of the network to another and to connect end system
to switches to each other and data arriving to an input port of a switch have to be moved to one or more of output ports.
The communication switching system enables the universal connectivity. The universal connectivity is realized when any
entity is one part of the world can communicate with any other entity is another part of the world. The telecommunication
links and switching were mainly designed for voice communication. With the appropriate attachments and equipments
they can be used to transmit data. Samue
WEEK 1Β· Op-Amp Introduction1. Read Chapters 1-2 in the text Op Amp.docxcelenarouzie
Β
WEEK 1Β· Op-Amp Introduction
1. Read Chapters 1-2 in the text Op Amps for Everyone Fourth Edition
2. For the configuration below:
3.
3. With Vin = 4Vrms, f = 1kHz answer the following for each case:
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RF constant and increasing or decreasing RG
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RG constant and increasing or decreasing RF
3. Β For the configuration below
Β·
. With Vin = 5Vrms, f = 1kHz answer the following for each case:
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 1kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 1kohm
1. Calculate voltage gain with RF = 5kohm, RG = 5kohm
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RF constant and increasing or decreasing RG
1. Describe the effect of on voltage gain of keeping RG constant and increasing or decreasing RF
1. What does the negative sign in the voltage gain formula indicate?Β
4. Β For the configuration below:
Β·
. With V1 = 5Vrms, V2 = 4Vrms, VN = 2Vrms, R1 = 1kohm, R2 = 2kohm, RN = 3kohm, RF = 5kohm answer the following:
1. Calculate Vout
5. Β For the configuration below:
Β·
. With V1 = 5Vrms, V2 = 4Vrms, R1 = 1kohm, R2 = 2kohm, R3 = 3kohm, R4 = 5kohm answer the following:
1. Calculate Vout
6. Β Include all calculations in a Word document with the title: βHW1_StudentIDβ, with your student id substituted in the file name.Β Show all work for full credit.
7. Β Upload file βHW1_StudentIDβ
Grading Criteria Assignments
Maximum Points
Meets or exceeds established assignment criteria
40
Demonstrates an understanding of lesson concepts
20
Clearly presents well-reasoned ideas and concepts
30
Uses proper mechanics, punctuation, sentence structure, and spelling
10
Total
100
Copyright Grantham University 2013. All Rights Reserved
Β·
W1 Lab "Op-Amp Introduction"
Analog Integrated Circuits & LabOp-Amp Introduction
The purpose of this lab is to gain familiarity with using Multisim to construct and simulate the noninverting op amp, inverting op amp, adder, and differential amplifier circuits presented in the module. The effect of external biasing resistors will be demonstrated and calculations of output voltage performed in the homework will be confirmed. This lab will set the stage for the concept of confirming calculations with simulation software for the remainder of the course.
Β· Watch videoΒ Week 1 β Op-Amp Introduction.
Β· Design the Op-Amp configurations from the W1 Assignment βOp-Amp Introductionβ in Multisim.
Β· For Non-Inverting Op-Amp:
. Analyze the non-inverting Op-Amp circuit to calculate the voltage gain Vout/Vin.
. Design a non-inverting Op-Amp with 5% resistor tolerances for RF and RG in Multisim.
. Run the simulation to measure the voltage gain V.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
1. Microwave Engineering
and Antennas
Power Gain β Part II
Domine Leenaerts, Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Center for Wireless Technologies Eindhoven
Note: In these slide we have used the peak power in the
definition of Pav,s and related power definitions.
In the book and quizzes we will use the time-average
(rms) value with an additional factor Β½.
2. Power Gain β Part II
Objective of this lecture
β’ Introduce the 4 definitions of power gain
β’ Provide an example to show the differences
3. Four definitions of Power Gain
β’ Available (power) Gain πΊπΊππππ =
ππππππ,ππ
ππππππ,π π
mismatch conditions at input
β’ Delivered (power) Gain πΊπΊππππππ =
ππππππππ,ππ
ππππππππ,ππ
mismatch conditions at output
β’ Maximum (power) Gain πΊπΊππππππ =
ππππππ,ππ
ππππππππ,ππ
optimal power transfer
β’ Transducer (power) Gain πΊπΊππ =
ππππππππ,ππ
ππππππ,π π
mismatch at input and output
Z
V
Z
Z
V
Z
o
s
o
s
i l
V
l
V
i
system S
source load
input impedance
output impedance
4. Available and Delivered (Power) Gain
Z
V
Z
Z
V
Z
o
s
o
s
i l
V
l
V
i
system S
source load
input impedance
output impedance
πΊπΊππππ =
ππππππ,ππ
ππππππ,π π
=
π π ππ
π π ππ + π π π π
2
π΄π΄π£π£
2
π π π π
π π ππ
πΊπΊππππππ =
ππππππππ,ππ
ππππππππ,ππ
= π΄π΄π£π£
2 π π πππ π ππ
π π ππ + π π ππ
2
π΄π΄π£π£ =
ππ
ππ
ππππ
=
ππππ
ππ
π π
Zo=0 β¦; Zi = β β¦:
5. Maximum and Transducer (Power) Gain
Z
V
Z
Z
V
Z
o
s
o
s
i l
V
l
V
i
system S
source load
input impedance
output impedance
π΄π΄π£π£ =
ππ
ππ
ππππ
=
ππππ
ππ
π π
πΊπΊππππππ =
ππππππ,ππ
ππππππππ,ππ
= π΄π΄π£π£
2 π π ππ
4π π ππ
πΊπΊππ =
ππππππππ,ππ
ππππππ,π π
=
π π ππ
π π ππ + π π π π
2
π΄π΄π£π£
2 4π π πππ π π π
π π ππ + π π ππ
2
πΊπΊππ
π π ππ=π π ππ
πΊπΊππππ
πΊπΊππ
π π ππ=π π π π
πΊπΊππππππ
πΊπΊππ
π π ππ=π π ππ, π π π π =π π ππ
πΊπΊππππππ
13. Summary
β’ 4 definitions of power gain, depending on the impedance matching
conditions.
β’ Matching networks at between source and input (Ms) and output and
load (ML) influences the power transfer from source to load
β’ Transducer (power) gain is equal to or smaller than the available
(power) gain or delivered (power) gain