Ch.1.how do plants grow (part 2)
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The passage discusses several key aspects of how plants grow through photosynthesis. It explains that photosynthesis is the process where plants use light to form starch, with chlorophyll and chloroplasts playing important roles. Biomass refers to the total mass of living things, and measuring changes in biomass can help monitor environmental changes. Plants take in water and dissolved mineral salts through their roots, and transport them throughout the plant using xylem tubes. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis, with features like stomata, veins, and different cell layers that help them absorb light and carbon dioxide efficiently.
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Ch.3.cells (part 1)
1) In 1665, Robert Hooke observed "little boxes" in a thin slice of cork under a microscope, which he described as cells.
2) In 1839, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden established the cell theory - that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
3) Cells have different shapes and features adapted to their functions - for example, red blood cells are biconcave discs packed with hemoglobin to carry oxygen, nerve cells have long extensions to connect with other cells, and root hair cells have long thin extensions with a large surface area to absorb water from soil.
Ch.3.cells (part 2)
The document discusses the organization of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems in living things. It explains that cells grouped together form tissues, tissues grouped together form organs, and organs grouped together form organ systems to comprise an entire organism. The passage then focuses on plant organisms, noting that the tissues in a leaf - including the upper and lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, and spongy mesophyll - work together to form the leaf organ.
Ch.1.the characteristics of living things (biology)
This document discusses the characteristics of living things. It outlines the seven life processes that differentiate living things from non-living things: feeding, respiration, movement, growth, excretion, reproduction, and irritability. It provides examples of how different organisms such as crabs, lobsters, axolotls, plants, ticks, and grass snakes exhibit these life processes in different ways suited to their needs.
16chapter 3 cells
1. Robert Hooke observed plant cells under a microscope in 1665 and described them as "little boxes", introducing the concept of the cell.
2. In 1839, Schwann and Schleiden stated that all living things are made of cells, establishing the cell theory.
3. The cell is the smallest unit of structure and function in living organisms, and all cells arise from preexisting cells.
Char of lv things & necess of life
Living things have six key characteristics: cells, response to stimuli, reproduction, DNA, metabolism, and growth/development. The necessities of life are water, air, food, and shelter. Cells contain proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP, and nucleic acids which provide structure and carry out life functions.
Cell organelles
The document summarizes the main organelles found within plant and animal cells. It describes the cell membrane as the outer boundary that protects the cell and controls what enters and leaves. It notes that plant cells also contain a cell wall for added protection and support. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic information in the form of DNA and controls most cell activities. The cytoplasm and organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, and in plant cells chloroplasts carry out specialized functions to keep the cell functioning.
36 respiratory system
The respiratory system allows oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit through three main components:
1. The air passages and tubes (nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) transport air throughout the respiratory tract.
2. The diaphragm and rib muscles act as the pump to inhale and exhale air. During inhalation, they contract to expand the chest cavity and decrease pressure, allowing air flow into the lungs. During exhalation, they relax to decrease the chest cavity volume and increase pressure, pushing air out.
3. The lungs and alveoli constitute the respiratory surface where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs between the air and blood through thin membranes.
12 seven characteristics of living organism.
Living things have seven distinguishing life processes: nutrition, respiration, movement, growth, excretion, reproduction, and irritability. Animals and plants exhibit these processes in different ways. Animals must obtain food from other living things, while plants can make their own food through photosynthesis. Muscles enable animal movement and respiration releases energy from food in both animals and plants. Waste products are excreted to remove toxins from the body.
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1) In 1665, Robert Hooke observed "little boxes" in a thin slice of cork under a microscope, which he described as cells.
2) In 1839, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden established the cell theory - that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
3) Cells have different shapes and features adapted to their functions - for example, red blood cells are biconcave discs packed with hemoglobin to carry oxygen, nerve cells have long extensions to connect with other cells, and root hair cells have long thin extensions with a large surface area to absorb water from soil.
Ch.3.cells (part 2)
The document discusses the organization of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems in living things. It explains that cells grouped together form tissues, tissues grouped together form organs, and organs grouped together form organ systems to comprise an entire organism. The passage then focuses on plant organisms, noting that the tissues in a leaf - including the upper and lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, and spongy mesophyll - work together to form the leaf organ.
Ch.1.the characteristics of living things (biology)
This document discusses the characteristics of living things. It outlines the seven life processes that differentiate living things from non-living things: feeding, respiration, movement, growth, excretion, reproduction, and irritability. It provides examples of how different organisms such as crabs, lobsters, axolotls, plants, ticks, and grass snakes exhibit these life processes in different ways suited to their needs.
16chapter 3 cells
1. Robert Hooke observed plant cells under a microscope in 1665 and described them as "little boxes", introducing the concept of the cell.
2. In 1839, Schwann and Schleiden stated that all living things are made of cells, establishing the cell theory.
3. The cell is the smallest unit of structure and function in living organisms, and all cells arise from preexisting cells.
Char of lv things & necess of life
Living things have six key characteristics: cells, response to stimuli, reproduction, DNA, metabolism, and growth/development. The necessities of life are water, air, food, and shelter. Cells contain proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP, and nucleic acids which provide structure and carry out life functions.
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The document summarizes the main organelles found within plant and animal cells. It describes the cell membrane as the outer boundary that protects the cell and controls what enters and leaves. It notes that plant cells also contain a cell wall for added protection and support. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic information in the form of DNA and controls most cell activities. The cytoplasm and organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, and in plant cells chloroplasts carry out specialized functions to keep the cell functioning.
36 respiratory system
The respiratory system allows oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit through three main components:
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2. The diaphragm and rib muscles act as the pump to inhale and exhale air. During inhalation, they contract to expand the chest cavity and decrease pressure, allowing air flow into the lungs. During exhalation, they relax to decrease the chest cavity volume and increase pressure, pushing air out.
3. The lungs and alveoli constitute the respiratory surface where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs between the air and blood through thin membranes.
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Living things have seven distinguishing life processes: nutrition, respiration, movement, growth, excretion, reproduction, and irritability. Animals and plants exhibit these processes in different ways. Animals must obtain food from other living things, while plants can make their own food through photosynthesis. Muscles enable animal movement and respiration releases energy from food in both animals and plants. Waste products are excreted to remove toxins from the body.
Levels of organization
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Cells are the basic unit of life and were first discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke using a microscope. The cell theory states that cells are the basic unit of life, all organisms are made of cells, and cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells group together to form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together in organ systems to carry out essential functions in the body. A living thing made of one or more cells is called an organism.
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The document discusses the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. It explains that organisms are made of cells that work together and specialize. The structure of lungs, for example, allows them to function to carry oxygen. The digestive system relies on other systems and has tissues that allow it to break down food through specialized cells and organs like the stomach.
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All organisms are made of small microscopic units called cells.
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Cells are the basic unit of life and were first discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke using a microscope. The cell theory states that cells are the basic unit of life, all organisms are made of cells, and cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells group together to form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together in organ systems to carry out essential functions in the body. A living thing made of one or more cells is called an organism.
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Unit 3, Lesson 3.2 - Levels of Biological Organization
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Ch.5. the respiratory system
The respiratory system allows oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to be removed from cells. It consists of the air passages, lungs, and diaphragm. Air enters through the nose and travels through the trachea and bronchi into bronchioles and alveoli in the lungs. In the alveoli, oxygen passes into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide passes out, through the process of gas exchange. Breathing is driven by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and rib muscles.
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Ch.6.reproduction in humans
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Ch.12.finding the age of the earth
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Ch.14.forces and motion (week 1)
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Ch.9. elements and atoms
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Ch.15.energy
Energy exists in many forms including potential, kinetic, chemical, and electromagnetic. Potential energy is stored energy and includes gravitational potential energy from an object's position and strain energy stored through deformation. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and includes sound, electrical, internal, electromagnetic, and light energy. Energy can change forms and is never lost or destroyed, though some is always wasted as heat. Common sources of energy include both renewable resources like sunlight and non-renewable resources like fossil fuels.
Ch.14.forces and motion (week 2)
This document discusses three types of non-contact forces: magnetic forces, electrostatic forces, and gravitational forces. It provides details on magnetic forces and how opposite poles attract and similar poles repel. It also explains that gravitational forces act between any two masses in the universe, and the force is stronger between larger masses like the sun and earth. Finally, it defines the difference between mass and weight, where mass is the amount of matter and weight is the gravitational force acting on an object that can vary in different gravitational fields.
Ch.14.sound
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Ch.11.rocks and soil (part 1)
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Ratesofreaction
The document discusses factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions, including temperature, concentration, pressure, and surface area of reactants. It also discusses catalysts and how they lower the activation energy of reactions, increasing the rate. Specifically:
1) Increasing temperature, concentration, pressure, or surface area increases the frequency and energy of particle collisions, leading to more successful reactions and faster rates.
2) Catalysts increase reaction rates by lowering the minimum energy needed for particles to react, without being used up in the process.
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Ch.8.particle theory
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Ch.13.speed
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Ch.10.acids and alkalis (2nd week)
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in chloroplasts and involves the absorption of light by chlorophyll to energize electrons that drive a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds, such as glucose. These compounds can then be used to fuel plant growth and metabolism. Photosynthesis releases oxygen as a byproduct and is essential for producing the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration in animals and humans.
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The document discusses plant biology, including photosynthesis, plant organization and function, and ecology. It covers topics like photosynthesis and the light and Calvin cycles, plant tissues and organs like roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. It also discusses ecology concepts like ecosystems, the biosphere, and environmental concerns.
Chapter 7 Nutrition in Plants Lesson 1 - Structure of plants and leaves, Gase...
The document discusses photosynthesis and leaf structure and function. It provides:
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2) Photosynthesis is important as it produces food for animals and stores energy from the sun as fossil fuels, while maintaining atmospheric gas balance.
3) A leaf is made of cells and has specialized structures like the upper and lower epidermis, stomata, and mesophyll tissue that allow it to perform photosynthesis and gas exchange.
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This document provides information about nutrition in plants. It discusses the process of photosynthesis, including the light and dark reactions. The key components that enable photosynthesis are chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water and sunlight. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by factors like light intensity and temperature, with an optimum range being 25-30 degrees Celsius.
BiologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses ecosystems and sustainability. It defines key ecosystem concepts like producers, consumers, decomposers, trophic levels, food chains and food webs. It explains how energy and nutrients cycle through ecosystems and how human activities like using pesticides, fertilizers and different forestry practices can influence these cycles and food chains. Succession and factors affecting population sizes are also covered. The document advocates for sustainable forest management techniques like rotational coppicing to balance resource use and conservation of biodiversity.
Science b2-summary-notes
This document provides notes on AQA GCSE Biology for Unit 2. It covers several topics:
- Cells and cell structures, including the structures and functions of plant, animal, yeast and bacterial cells.
- Tissues, organs and organ systems, explaining how cells differentiate and organize into tissues, organs, and systems to carry out functions.
- Photosynthesis, outlining the process by which plants use light energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
- Organisms and their environment, discussing physical factors that affect organisms and methods to collect quantitative data on populations and distributions.
- Proteins, explaining their structures and functions, including as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components.
Photosynthesis (teach)
Plants use photosynthesis to produce their own food. The process requires carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Chlorophyll in the leaves captures light energy which is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, the plant's food. Oxygen is released as a byproduct. Plants take in carbon dioxide through stomata in their leaves and water and minerals through their roots.
PRIMARY EVENTS IN Photosynthesis
WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?, IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF LEAF ADVANTAGE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS,LEAVES AND LEAF STRUCTURE,CHLOROPHYLL, TYPES OF REACTIONS, LIGHT REACTION AND DARK REACTION, CYCLIC AND NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPORYLATION, MECAHANISM OF ATP SYNTHESIS, SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF LIGHT REACTION, CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM), C3 AND C4 PLANTS, FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, INTERNAL FACTORS AND EXTERNAL FACTORS,
Cycles & systems..introduction (Teach)
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This could be followed by the water cycle slide show:
http://www.slideshare.net/MMoiraWhitehouse/teach-water-cycle-copy
GCSE AQA BIOLOGY UNIT 2
Here are the key points about homeostasis:
- Homeostasis refers to maintaining stable internal conditions in the body despite external changes.
- Conditions like temperature, water level, blood sugar, pH, and carbon dioxide levels are maintained within narrow ranges.
- Hormones help regulate these conditions and bring them back to normal levels when needed. Hormones are released from glands and travel through the bloodstream to target organs.
- For example, insulin and glucagon work together to maintain normal blood sugar levels. When blood sugar is too high, the pancreas releases insulin to lower it. When blood sugar is too low, the pancreas releases glucagon to raise it.
- The body also maintains a
Module 4, ecosystem life energy
This document summarizes key concepts about ecosystems and photosynthesis. It discusses how organisms depend on each other in an ecosystem, with plants playing a key role as producers. It then focuses on how plants produce food through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis requires chlorophyll, light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reaction in the thylakoid membrane that converts light to chemical energy, and the light-independent Calvin cycle that fixes carbon dioxide into sugars. Stomata on plant leaves allow for gas exchange of carbon dioxide intake and oxygen release to power photosynthesis, while also enabling water loss through transpiration.
Plant structure function and transport
The document summarizes plant structure and functions. It describes that the root system anchors the plant, absorbs water and minerals from the soil, and stores food. The shoot system produces sugars through photosynthesis, carries out reproduction, and transports water and nutrients. The shoot and root systems are interdependent, with the root system absorbing water and minerals from the soil and the shoot system producing sugars and transporting them throughout the plant.
AQA Biology B2, Unit 2, full Detailed Revision Notes
The document provides information about plant and animal cells, including their structures and functions. It discusses the key differences between plant and animal cells, such as plant cells having cell walls and chloroplasts. Photosynthesis is explained, including the reactants, products, and importance for plants. Limiting factors, products, and uses of photosynthesis are outlined. Nutrient cycling and decomposition by microorganisms are described to explain how nutrients are recycled in ecosystems.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis involves two main stages - the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, chlorophyll uses light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy carriers (ATP and NADPH). In the Calvin cycle, the energy carriers are used to convert the energy from the light reactions into glucose through a series of reduction reactions.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis involves two main stages - the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, chlorophyll uses light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy carriers (ATP and NADPH). In the Calvin cycle, the energy carriers are used to convert the energy from the light reactions into glucose through a series of reduction reactions.
Chapter 6 life processes 1 (introduction, nutrition and digestion)
1. The document discusses photosynthesis and cellular respiration, the two key processes by which living organisms produce and use energy.
2. Photosynthesis occurs in plants and uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and chlorophyll to produce glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP.
3. Both processes involve multi-step reactions. Photosynthesis has light-dependent and light-independent reactions, while cellular respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Answers for lab discussions!
The document discusses different types of sugars and their ability to act as reducing agents. It states that monosaccharides are reducing sugars because of their simple structure. The disaccharides maltose and lactose can also act as reducing agents because they have open chemical structures that allow them to be broken down. However, sucrose and polysaccharides are non-reducing sugars. Sucrose has a closed structure that bonds its rings together, while polysaccharides like starches have multiple bonded rings. Both of these structures prevent them from being easily broken down.
How Is Energy Transferred
Energy is transferred through ecosystems via food chains and food webs. Green plants, or producers, trap energy from the sun through photosynthesis and serve as the base of the food chain. Herbivores obtain energy by eating plants, and carnivores obtain energy by eating herbivores or other carnivores. Decomposers, like bacteria and fungi, break down dead organisms and waste and release nutrients back into the soil. Energy and matter are transferred and pass between trophic levels as organisms consume other organisms in an ecosystem.
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- 1. How do plants grow Chapter 1 (Biology) PART 2
- 2. The process in plants of using light and forming starch is called: PHOTOSYNTHESIS Energy transfer in photosynthesis Draw the energy transfer diagram for photosynthesis in your copybook using the following words: 1) Chemical energy 2) Light energy 3) Chlorophyll
- 3. Chlorophyll Chemical energyLight energy Energytransfer diagram forphotosynthesis
- 4. In which organelle is chlorophyll found? In the chloroplasts. In which cell is the above organelle found? Palisade cells
- 5. The amount of matter or mass in a living thing. - Biomass can be found out by weighing living things - The mass of a living thing when it is alive is called wet biomass. - The accurate measurement is dry biomass (living thing is killed and dried out and weighed) Biomass
- 6. - Biomass can be used to monitor environmental changes. - HOW?? - The biomass of an animal or plant species can be found by weighing some individuals and estimating the number in the habitat. - This can be done from time to time (any change in biomass indicates environmental changes)
- 7. - Biomass is also used as a source of renewable energy. (Plants are grown to be used as fuel)
- 8. Minerals - When van Helmont performed the willow tree experiment he found out that the mass of the soil decreased by 60 g (did not check why). - Later on scientists studied the soil and discovered that it contains salts (ex. Potassium phosphate and calcium nitrate) needed for plants to grow (MINERAL SALTS) - These salts are water soluble and are taken by the plant through the roots.
- 9. The transport of waterthrough a plant
- 10. - Most plant roots have projections called root hairs. - The tips of the root hairs grow out into the spaces between the soil particles (increase surface area for water absorption).
- 11. - The water in the soil is drawn into the plant to replace the water lost through evaporation (Transpiration) from the leaves. - The plant does not have to use energy to take water in. - But, the plant needs to use energy to take in the dissolved mineral salts. - This energy is provided by the root cells when they use oxygen in respiration. - The roots get oxygen needed for the respiration process from the air spaces between the soil particles.
- 12. Tubes for transporting water - There are cells in the plant which form tubes to transport water. - The cells form columns in the plant and when they die the walls between them break down to form tubes. - Each tube is called xylem.
- 13. Adaption Purpose Large surface area To absorb more light Thin Short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells Chlorophyll Absorbs sunlight to transfer energy into chemicals Network of veins To support the leaf and transport water and carbohydrates Stomata Allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf Features of leaves
- 15. Adaption Purpose Epidermis is thin and transparent To allow more light to reach the palisade cells Thin cuticle made of wax To protect the leaf without blocking out light Palisade cell layer at top of leaf To absorb more light Spongy layer Air spaces allow carbon dioxide to diffuse through the leaf, and increase the surface area Palisade cells contain many chloroplasts To absorb all the available light Structure of leaves