This document provides a brief history of U.S. immigration laws and policies from 1790 to present day. It discusses the establishment of immigration quotas and restrictions over time. It also outlines current legal immigration pathways including family-based, employment-based, and humanitarian categories. Additionally, it presents arguments for and against granting permanent residency status to illegal immigrants currently living in the U.S. While some argue it would benefit the economy and integration, most argue it would encourage more illegal immigration and strain social services. There is no clear consensus on the issue.
07/25/18 Utica International Embassy's PUBLIC/WORLDWIDE PRESS RELEASEVogelDenise
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
PRESS RELEASES as this will be PUBLISHED for purposes of NOTIFYING the Public/World on the United States’ DESPOT’s CONSPIRACIES that have been LAUNCHED to COVER-UP Kidnappings and KILLINGS/MURDERS of the Utica International Embassy’s Officials/Citizens/Supporters!
07/23/18 VIDEO OF UTICA, Mississippi Ku Klux Klan UNLAWFUL Traffic Stop of Interim Prime Minister Vogel Denise Newsome: https://youtu.be/t_4MBao64ww
The Syrian refugee situation, has become one of the biggest humanitarian crisis’ in the last decade. An estimated 9 million Syrians have fled their homes since the outbreak of civil war in March 2011. We see it on tv. We read about it in the news…but do we understand who and what a refugee is?
Legal framework for the protection of refugees in IndiaFazal Abdali
The refugees in India are protected by the international human rights instruments, the constitution of India as well as the cases decided by the Apex Courts. The refugees are protected by the principle of non-refoulement even though India being non-signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention.
The presentation was made by the Bulgarian studnets from SU Ekzarh Antim I, Kazanlak, Bulgaria for Erasmus + project "Inclusive Schools for an Inclusive Society" 2017/2019 and etwinning project Building Europe of the Future
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Those who violate the terms of legal entry. It is now clear that the “Non-immigrant Visa Overstayer”, “Border Crossing Card.. Immigration Reform is a political attempt to change a country's immigration laws. The Trump administration has had one goal clear from the beginning: .... 1. 1. 1986 ... Hence the returns or benefits that accrue to illegal immigrants would fall. Presumably the number of undocumented migrants would fall along with .... 27. 4. 2011 ... Tighter border enforcement deters illegal migration of prospective workers, but decreases return migration. In the second chapter I estimate the .... This phenomenon is not new and thousands of illegal immigrants have come into US through either the Mexico border, the Pacific Ocean, or through many other ways .... An Illegal Alien. Tamara Larkin Street Youth Services / San Francicso Community College Sponsoring Station: KQED, San Francisco.. 4. 2. 2023 ... Illegal immigration refers to undocumented migration of people into a county in violation of the according immigration laws of that country.. For americans with the alien. 8 immigrants have you from this product. Online illegal immigration research titles that the complexity of. View essay. Immigrants .... Illegal immigration is near record lows, with migrant apprehensions along the Southwest border at levels last seen in the 1970s. Temporary work-based visas .... State and municipal immigration regulations are problematic for documented and undocumented immigrants and U.S. citizens, and raise preemption challenges ...
07/25/18 Utica International Embassy's PUBLIC/WORLDWIDE PRESS RELEASEVogelDenise
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
PRESS RELEASES as this will be PUBLISHED for purposes of NOTIFYING the Public/World on the United States’ DESPOT’s CONSPIRACIES that have been LAUNCHED to COVER-UP Kidnappings and KILLINGS/MURDERS of the Utica International Embassy’s Officials/Citizens/Supporters!
07/23/18 VIDEO OF UTICA, Mississippi Ku Klux Klan UNLAWFUL Traffic Stop of Interim Prime Minister Vogel Denise Newsome: https://youtu.be/t_4MBao64ww
The Syrian refugee situation, has become one of the biggest humanitarian crisis’ in the last decade. An estimated 9 million Syrians have fled their homes since the outbreak of civil war in March 2011. We see it on tv. We read about it in the news…but do we understand who and what a refugee is?
Legal framework for the protection of refugees in IndiaFazal Abdali
The refugees in India are protected by the international human rights instruments, the constitution of India as well as the cases decided by the Apex Courts. The refugees are protected by the principle of non-refoulement even though India being non-signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention.
The presentation was made by the Bulgarian studnets from SU Ekzarh Antim I, Kazanlak, Bulgaria for Erasmus + project "Inclusive Schools for an Inclusive Society" 2017/2019 and etwinning project Building Europe of the Future
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Those who violate the terms of legal entry. It is now clear that the “Non-immigrant Visa Overstayer”, “Border Crossing Card.. Immigration Reform is a political attempt to change a country's immigration laws. The Trump administration has had one goal clear from the beginning: .... 1. 1. 1986 ... Hence the returns or benefits that accrue to illegal immigrants would fall. Presumably the number of undocumented migrants would fall along with .... 27. 4. 2011 ... Tighter border enforcement deters illegal migration of prospective workers, but decreases return migration. In the second chapter I estimate the .... This phenomenon is not new and thousands of illegal immigrants have come into US through either the Mexico border, the Pacific Ocean, or through many other ways .... An Illegal Alien. Tamara Larkin Street Youth Services / San Francicso Community College Sponsoring Station: KQED, San Francisco.. 4. 2. 2023 ... Illegal immigration refers to undocumented migration of people into a county in violation of the according immigration laws of that country.. For americans with the alien. 8 immigrants have you from this product. Online illegal immigration research titles that the complexity of. View essay. Immigrants .... Illegal immigration is near record lows, with migrant apprehensions along the Southwest border at levels last seen in the 1970s. Temporary work-based visas .... State and municipal immigration regulations are problematic for documented and undocumented immigrants and U.S. citizens, and raise preemption challenges ...
Running head EMERGING ISSUES HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE1EMERGING.docxSUBHI7
Running head: EMERGING ISSUES: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1
EMERGING ISSUES: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 9
Emerging Issues: Historical Perspective
Peter Odhiambo
Introduction to Public Policy Analysis – PAD 510
Strayer University
October 24, 2016
Emerging issues: Historical Perspective
Introduction
Immigration policy has been an ongoing subject of congressional attention for many years and a topic of concern for majority of U.S. citizens.50,000 slaves smuggled in the United States became the first "Illegal Aliens" when foreign slave trade became illegal in 1808. Prior to this period, the authors of the US Constitution gave full protection to foreign slave trade, which at that time was a major source of immigration. They prohibited interference with the trade for twenty years, and either the domestic slave trade or slavery itself was interfered with, after the trade was made illegal by Congress, at President Jefferson's invitation, when that period expired. (Daniels, 2004). Today, the United States is experiencing an influx of illegal immigration than any period in its history. It is estimated that 850,000 new illegal immigrants arrive in the country each year, with Mexico leading the pack with 59% of the country's total (Center for Immigration Studies, 2015).
This paper discusses the historical perspective of the time when the illegal immigration policy was implemented, highlighting the problem and urgency of the policy and analyzing the social, economic and political environments for the time the policy was implemented. It further critiques the policy for its effectiveness over time, as well as identifying emerging issues for further policy development.
Discuss the historical perspective of the time when the policy was implemented
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) captured Amnesty and enforcement as the two major facets of this legislation. One of two stipulations was necessary for an alien to be granted amnesty by IRCA. The applicants must have resided in the United States continually since January 1982 or had completed 90 days of agricultural work between May 1985 and May 1986. (Center for Immigration Studies, 2015). Approximately 3 million people, comprising 94% of all applicants, gained legal status through this initiative. The illegal Immigrant Reform Act and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)was passed by the Congress in 1996. The act beefed up border controls by ensuring the engagement of more Border Patrol and Immigration and Naturalization Service Agents. A border fence was planned for San Diego and severe repercussions were increased for persons entering the country illegally. With hopes of easing worksite enforcement, an automated employment verification pilot program was created. IIRIRA also allowed state police officers to enforce immigration law using the 287(g) program. The increased enforcement by IIRIRA did not bear much f ...
1. Should Illegal AliensShould Illegal Aliens
Currently Living in theCurrently Living in the
United States beUnited States be
Granted PermanentGranted Permanent
Residency Status?Residency Status?
Benson, Berry, Cooney, StillwaterBenson, Berry, Cooney, Stillwater
2. A Brief History of U.S. ImmigrationA Brief History of U.S. Immigration
In 1790, an act was adopted establishing aIn 1790, an act was adopted establishing a
uniform requirement of 2 years of residencyuniform requirement of 2 years of residency
for naturalization to the U.S.for naturalization to the U.S.
In 1875, a direct federal regulation ofIn 1875, a direct federal regulation of
immigration was established by a law thatimmigration was established by a law that
prohibited the entry of prostitutes andprohibited the entry of prostitutes and
convicts.convicts.
In 1891,In 1891, the Bureau of Immigration wasthe Bureau of Immigration was
established under the Treasury Department toestablished under the Treasury Department to
federally administer all immigration laws.federally administer all immigration laws.
3. A Brief History of U.S. ImmigrationA Brief History of U.S. Immigration
The Immigration Act of 1924The Immigration Act of 1924 focused onfocused on
restricting immigration from Southern andrestricting immigration from Southern and
Eastern Europeans. (2% Rule)Eastern Europeans. (2% Rule)
The Nationals Origins Formula of 1929The Nationals Origins Formula of 1929 mademade
the quotas of the 1924 act permanent,the quotas of the 1924 act permanent,
excluding Asians.excluding Asians.
The Immigration and Naturalization Act ofThe Immigration and Naturalization Act of
1952 (McCarran-Walter Act)1952 (McCarran-Walter Act) combined thecombined the
multiple laws which governed immigrationmultiple laws which governed immigration
and naturalization at that time into oneand naturalization at that time into one
comprehensive statute with four parts.comprehensive statute with four parts.
4. A Brief History of U.S. ImmigrationA Brief History of U.S. Immigration
The Immigration Act of 1965 (Hart-Cellar Act)The Immigration Act of 1965 (Hart-Cellar Act)
changed the criteria for admitting immigrants fromchanged the criteria for admitting immigrants from
concentrating on their nationality to focusing on theirconcentrating on their nationality to focusing on their
skills and profession.skills and profession.
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
granted amnesty to illegal aliens who had been in thegranted amnesty to illegal aliens who had been in the
U.S. before 1982 and made it a crime to hire anU.S. before 1982 and made it a crime to hire an
illegal alien.illegal alien.
The Illegal Immigration Reform and ImmigrantThe Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant
Responsibility Act of 1996Responsibility Act of 1996 adopted stronger penaltiesadopted stronger penalties
against illegal immigration and streamlined theagainst illegal immigration and streamlined the
deportation process.deportation process.
5. Legal Immigration to the U.S.Legal Immigration to the U.S.
Family Immigration Program admits spouses, parents, andFamily Immigration Program admits spouses, parents, and
minor children of U.S. citizens without numerical limits andminor children of U.S. citizens without numerical limits and
limited categories adult sons and daughters of citizens,limited categories adult sons and daughters of citizens,
siblings of citizens, and the spouses and children of non-siblings of citizens, and the spouses and children of non-
citizens.citizens.
Employment based- collection of preferences ranging fromEmployment based- collection of preferences ranging from
“priority workers” to unskilled, and religious workers, and“priority workers” to unskilled, and religious workers, and
investors.investors.
Humanitarian- refugees, asylees, and those receivingHumanitarian- refugees, asylees, and those receiving
“cancellation of removal”“cancellation of removal”
Visa lottery for people from countries other than the primaryVisa lottery for people from countries other than the primary
sources of current immigration.sources of current immigration.
6. What Attracts Illegal ImmigrantsWhat Attracts Illegal Immigrants
to the U.S.?to the U.S.?
Many are attracted by jobs. The typicalMany are attracted by jobs. The typical
Mexican worker earns 1/10th of what hisMexican worker earns 1/10th of what his
American counterpart makes.American counterpart makes.
Communities of recently arrived legalCommunities of recently arrived legal
immigrants help create immigration networksimmigrants help create immigration networks
used by illegal aliens and serve as incubatorsused by illegal aliens and serve as incubators
for illegal immigration, providing jobs,for illegal immigration, providing jobs,
housing, and entrance to America for illegal-housing, and entrance to America for illegal-
alien relatives and fellow countrymen.alien relatives and fellow countrymen.
7. Permanent Residency Status = Green CardPermanent Residency Status = Green Card
Green Card recipients may travel freely to and fromGreen Card recipients may travel freely to and from
the U.S. and are considered permanent residents.the U.S. and are considered permanent residents.
They are legally entitled to work as well as health,They are legally entitled to work as well as health,
education, taxation, retirement, social security, andeducation, taxation, retirement, social security, and
other benefits and may also serve as sponsors forother benefits and may also serve as sponsors for
their relatives seeking immigration Visas (Greentheir relatives seeking immigration Visas (Green
Cards).Cards).
A Green Card holder may later apply for U.S.A Green Card holder may later apply for U.S.
Citizenship and still maintain citizenship in his/herCitizenship and still maintain citizenship in his/her
country of origin.country of origin.
Green Cards are valid for a lifetime.Green Cards are valid for a lifetime.
8. Current Immigration FiguresCurrent Immigration Figures
34.24 million immigrants (legal and illegal) are now living in34.24 million immigrants (legal and illegal) are now living in
the U.S. This is the highest number of immigrants everthe U.S. This is the highest number of immigrants ever
recorded in American history.recorded in American history.
There areThere are 10 million10 million illegal immigrants currently living in theillegal immigrants currently living in the
U.S.U.S.
In the past 4 years there has been a 4.3 million increase in theIn the past 4 years there has been a 4.3 million increase in the
number of immigrants in America, 2 million comes fromnumber of immigrants in America, 2 million comes from
illegal immigration.illegal immigration.
The U.S. admits between 700,000 to 900,000 legal immigrantsThe U.S. admits between 700,000 to 900,000 legal immigrants
each year.each year.
Each year there is an increase ofEach year there is an increase of 500,000500,000 illegal immigrants.illegal immigrants.
9. Pro Arguments: National SecurityPro Arguments: National Security
Granting current illegal immigrants permanentGranting current illegal immigrants permanent
residency status will not harm nationalresidency status will not harm national
security.security.
Terrorists already enter the U.S. illegally andTerrorists already enter the U.S. illegally and
they would not take this opportunity tothey would not take this opportunity to
become American citizens because of thebecome American citizens because of the
background checks and screening that wouldbackground checks and screening that would
be involved before being given permanentbe involved before being given permanent
residency status.residency status.
10. Pro Arguments: CriminalityPro Arguments: Criminality
Having the strength and determination toHaving the strength and determination to
create a better life for yourself and your familycreate a better life for yourself and your family
should not be considered a crime.should not be considered a crime.
Many illegal immigrants after coming toMany illegal immigrants after coming to
America become contributing members of ourAmerica become contributing members of our
society.society.
11. Pro Arguments: EconomyPro Arguments: Economy
Legalization equals taxation, granting illegal immigrantsLegalization equals taxation, granting illegal immigrants
amnesty will remove the fear of deportation and encourageamnesty will remove the fear of deportation and encourage
them to participate more fully in the economy.them to participate more fully in the economy.
Illegal immigration fills the gaps in the low end of the laborIllegal immigration fills the gaps in the low end of the labor
market occupying jobs not desired by American workers.market occupying jobs not desired by American workers.
Low-wages for immigrants may enable threatened AmericanLow-wages for immigrants may enable threatened American
businesses to survive competition from low-wage businessesbusinesses to survive competition from low-wage businesses
abroad.abroad.
Granting amnesty is more cost efficient than deportation.Granting amnesty is more cost efficient than deportation.
12. Pro Arguments: IntegrationPro Arguments: Integration
The government is responsible for allowingThe government is responsible for allowing
illegal immigrants here in the first place due toillegal immigrants here in the first place due to
their lack of funding and other oversights.their lack of funding and other oversights.
Illegal immigrants have become integrated intoIllegal immigrants have become integrated into
the community and should be grantedthe community and should be granted
permanent residency status.permanent residency status.
13. Con Arguments: National SecurityCon Arguments: National Security
Allowing amnesty to illegal immigrants onlyAllowing amnesty to illegal immigrants only
encourages more illegal immigration making itencourages more illegal immigration making it
easier for terrorists to enter the U.S.easier for terrorists to enter the U.S.
14. Con Arguments: CriminalityCon Arguments: Criminality
It is necessary to make distinctions betweenIt is necessary to make distinctions between
those who obey the law and those who violatethose who obey the law and those who violate
it.it.
Granting amnesty to illegal immigrants isGranting amnesty to illegal immigrants is
rewarding lawbreakers and undermines ourrewarding lawbreakers and undermines our
ability to regulate immigration. It alsoability to regulate immigration. It also
legitimizes illegal immigration bylegitimizes illegal immigration by
incorporating it into our immigration policy.incorporating it into our immigration policy.
15. Con Arguments: EconomyCon Arguments: Economy
It is a myth that immigration to the U.S. is largely connectedIt is a myth that immigration to the U.S. is largely connected
to the availability of employment.to the availability of employment.
Illegal immigrants deplete social services, education, andIllegal immigrants deplete social services, education, and
emergency medical care paid for by American citizens.emergency medical care paid for by American citizens.
Based on Census Bureau data, a study found that when allBased on Census Bureau data, a study found that when all
costs are considered, illegal households created a net fiscalcosts are considered, illegal households created a net fiscal
deficit at the federal level of more than 10 billion dollars indeficit at the federal level of more than 10 billion dollars in
2002. This study also estimated that if amnesty for illegal2002. This study also estimated that if amnesty for illegal
aliens was granted the net fiscal deficit would grow to 29aliens was granted the net fiscal deficit would grow to 29
billion dollars.billion dollars.
16.
17. ConsensusConsensus
We should not grant illegal immigrantsWe should not grant illegal immigrants
permanent residency status because:permanent residency status because:
it would only encourage more illegal immigrationit would only encourage more illegal immigration
the majority of illegal immigrants arethe majority of illegal immigrants are
uneducated/unskilled and if granted amnesty theyuneducated/unskilled and if granted amnesty they
would create a major drain on the economywould create a major drain on the economy
we should not break the promise made to thewe should not break the promise made to the
American people in 1986 that granting permanentAmerican people in 1986 that granting permanent
residency to illegal immigrants would only occurresidency to illegal immigrants would only occur
onceonce
18. SourcesSources
http://uscis.gov/graphics/ihttp://uscis.gov/graphics/i
ndex.htmndex.htm
http://www.cis.org/index.chttp://www.cis.org/index.c
gigi
http://www.us-green-card-http://www.us-green-card-
lottery.orglottery.org
http://uscis.gov/graphics/shttp://uscis.gov/graphics/s
hared/aboutus/statistics/2hared/aboutus/statistics/2
003Yearbook.pdf003Yearbook.pdf
http://www.whitehouse.gohttp://www.whitehouse.go
v/news/releases/2002/10/v/news/releases/2002/10/
print/20021016-18.htmlprint/20021016-18.html
http://www.immigrationlinhttp://www.immigrationlin
ks.com/news/newshints0ks.com/news/newshints0
8.htm8.htm
ImmigrationImmigration by Mary E.by Mary E.
WilliamsWilliams
The Immigration DebateThe Immigration Debate
Remaking AmericaRemaking America byby
John IsbisterJohn Isbister
19. AsylumAsylum
A form of protection that allows individuals who are in theA form of protection that allows individuals who are in the
U.S. to remain here, provided that they meet the definition of aU.S. to remain here, provided that they meet the definition of a
refugee and are not barred from either applying for or beingrefugee and are not barred from either applying for or being
granted asylum. Eventually asylees are able to adjust theirgranted asylum. Eventually asylees are able to adjust their
status to lawful permanent resident.status to lawful permanent resident.
A refugee is a person outside of his or her country ofA refugee is a person outside of his or her country of
nationality who is unable or unwilling to return because ofnationality who is unable or unwilling to return because of
persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on accountpersecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account
of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular socialof race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion.group, or political opinion.