The document summarizes the history and objectives of the UN peacekeeping mission in Haiti known as MINUSTAH. It began in 2004 to provide security and stability after a coup. However, MINUSTAH is seen by some as meddling in Haitian politics and failing to address the root causes of issues. While it achieved some stability, human rights violations by troops were reported. A major earthquake in 2010 exacerbated Haiti's problems. There are calls for MINUSTAH to withdraw and for its budget to be reallocated to development needs identified by Haitians.
A talk given as part of a course in Securitisation of Development at the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague. You are welcome to use this, share it and I hope you find it a useful summary. Since this is part of a larger course, it needs to be supplemented by readings, not all of which are included in the links given.
A talk given as part of a course in Securitisation of Development at the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague. You are welcome to use this, share it and I hope you find it a useful summary. Since this is part of a larger course, it needs to be supplemented by readings, not all of which are included in the links given.
FMO has adopted the definition of ‘forced migration’ promoted by the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM) which describes it as ‘a general term that refers to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people (those displaced by conflicts) as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects.’ FMO views forced migration as a complex, wide-ranging and pervasive set of phenomena. The study of forced migration is multidisciplinary, international, and multisectoral, incorporating academic, practitioner, agency and local perspectives. FMO focuses on three separate, although sometimes simultaneous and inter-related, types of forced migration. These three types are categorized according to their causal factors: conflict, development policies and projects, and disasters.
Aiding american security a case study in the haitian earthquake responseCristinaGarcaAyala
This paper argues that this mainstream narrative of American motivations and intentions in earthquake-ridden Haiti is an incomplete stance that overlooks the role of US national interests, namely that of security and strategic allyships.
An overview of the definition of refugees, similar terms and international legal regime concerning refugee laws, with special focus on the problem under Indian perspective.
Side by Side is a company dedicated to tourism in the area of Punta Cana in the Dominican Republic, we offer our clients Tours Catamaran, Mini Cooper, buggies, snorckeling in the underwater museum (a new activity in the area that aims to preserve and recover coral reef) with guided visits to an ecological reserve within the resort Punta Cana Resort & Club.
FMO has adopted the definition of ‘forced migration’ promoted by the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM) which describes it as ‘a general term that refers to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people (those displaced by conflicts) as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects.’ FMO views forced migration as a complex, wide-ranging and pervasive set of phenomena. The study of forced migration is multidisciplinary, international, and multisectoral, incorporating academic, practitioner, agency and local perspectives. FMO focuses on three separate, although sometimes simultaneous and inter-related, types of forced migration. These three types are categorized according to their causal factors: conflict, development policies and projects, and disasters.
Aiding american security a case study in the haitian earthquake responseCristinaGarcaAyala
This paper argues that this mainstream narrative of American motivations and intentions in earthquake-ridden Haiti is an incomplete stance that overlooks the role of US national interests, namely that of security and strategic allyships.
An overview of the definition of refugees, similar terms and international legal regime concerning refugee laws, with special focus on the problem under Indian perspective.
Side by Side is a company dedicated to tourism in the area of Punta Cana in the Dominican Republic, we offer our clients Tours Catamaran, Mini Cooper, buggies, snorckeling in the underwater museum (a new activity in the area that aims to preserve and recover coral reef) with guided visits to an ecological reserve within the resort Punta Cana Resort & Club.
OAS DECLARATION ON THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN HAITI Stanleylucas
The Permanent Council of the Organization of American States (OAS) on January 14, 2015 received, in a special meeting, the Foreign Minister of Haiti, Duly Brutus, who delivered a report on the political situation in his country. During the meeting, the Council approved a Declaration in which the OAS expresses its support “for the constitutional Haitian authorities and all stakeholders in their commitment to hold free, fair, and inclusive elections as soon as possible in accordance with the constitutional provisions for the renewal of the democratic institutions.”
A report about earthquakes. Inside this powerpoint are: the meaning of earthquakes, types of plate movement, and how does an earthquake occur. Have Fun!
Département d'Etat: Rapport sur la Situation des Droits Humains en République...Stanleylucas
Ce rapport de 35 pages du Département d'Etat présente la situation des droits humains en république Dominicaine en 2016. Les violations des droits des Dominicains d'origines Haïtiennes et des Haïtiens sont présentes dans ce rapport.
Report of the independent expert on the situation of human rights in Haiti, G...Stanleylucas
Gustavo Gallón, independent expert on the situation of human rights in Haiti, appointed in June 2013 by the Human Rights Council, proposes shock treatment for certain key aspects of the human rights situation in the country, which he considers to be very complex but not insurmountable. The independent expert carried out a mission to Haiti in September 2013, to Port-au-Prince and Jacmel.
Conclusions and recommendations
(h) A reparation commission for cholera victims should also be established to enable damages to be recorded, corresponding benefits or compensation to be paid, the persons responsible to be identified, the epidemic to be stopped and other measures to be implemented;
Testimony of Daniel Erikson Assessing U.S. Policy Toward Haiti Dec, 10, 2019Stanleylucas
This testimony today will focus on two areas: (1) a review of the current situation in Haiti; and (2) what a forward-leaning and constructive response by the United States and the broader international community should look like in 2020.
51 FLORIDA GROUPS/LEADERS ASK HILLARY CLINTON MEETING & VIEWS ON URGENT HAITI...Stanleylucas
We respectfully ask you to promptly inform of us of your views on the following concerns, which are of great importance to the Haitian-American community: Temporary Protected Status , Haitian Family Reunification Program, Cholera, Redesignate Haiti for Temporary Protected Status, Elections, Denationalization of Dominicans of Haitian Descent, Revert to the Pre-September 22 Parole and Non-Detention Policy, Black Lives Matter
56 JMAJ, January February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1Internati.docxevonnehoggarth79783
56 JMAJ, January / February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1
International Medical Community
*1 Assistant professor, Department of African American Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA ([email protected]).
*2 College of Professional Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
Health Development Experiences in Haiti:
What can be learned from the past to
find a way forward?
JMAJ 54(1): 56–67, 2011
Richard G. WAMAI,*1 Colleen LARKIN*2
Abstract
Haiti’s history is marred by neo colonialism, structural violence, dictatorial politics, and severe natural disasters.
These social political and geo-ecological factors have played a strong role in shaping the country’s past and
current experiences in health and development. This paper overviews Haiti’s recent developments in health in
light of the country’s tragic and complex history and comments on the health impact of the 2010 earthquake. In
light of this information we draw some general conclusions and recommendations for going forward.
Key words Haiti, Development, Healthcare system, Earthquake, Politics
Introductory Background
Located in the Caribbean on the western third of
the island of Hispaniola which it shares with the
country of the Dominican Republic, Haiti has a
population of about 9 million (2009).1 Haiti is the
poorest country in the Western hemisphere and
suffers from extensive deforestation with only
3% of the country forested.2 When environ-
mental disasters occur, they have the ability to
affect large segments of the population as it is
estimated that the agricultural sector and infor-
mal sectors make up 96% of the working class.2
Between August and September of 2008 Haiti
was hit by four hurricanes, which heavily impacted
infrastructure, health and general economic pro-
duction.3 Before the hurricanes the projected
gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate for
2008 was 3.7% but this was scaled down to 1.3%
due to the effects of the hurricanes as well as high
food and oil prices.3 On January 12, 2010, the
country was devastated by the most powerful
earthquake in 200 years with a magnitude of 7.3.4
The devastation of the capital city Port au prince
has been incomprehensible.
According to the government of Haiti an esti-
mated 220,000 lost their lives and 300,000 were
injured.5 The economic damage and loses caused
by the quake are estimated to be about US$8
billion, equivalent to more than 120% of the
country’s 2009 GDP.6 Based on a method of esti-
mating damages and loss due to natural hazards
(DALA) developed three decades ago by the
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), no other
country has experienced such a ratio of damage
to GDP.6,7
Following the earthquake about 1.5 million
people were subjected to living in tents, exposed
to the elements and without access to basic social
services.6 HIV and tuberculosis were already a
major problem in Haiti prior to the earthquake.2
Now with an intensely weakened health care sys-
te.
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
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Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Scope Of Macroeconomics introduction and basic theories
Haiti - MINUSTAH
1.
2. 2
Agenda
1. Background
2. UN Intervention - MINUSTAH
3. MINUSTAH - achievements
4. 2010 – the earthquake and beyond
5. Conclusion
3. 3
UN involvement in Haiti started in early 1990s, but since 2004 UN holds a
peacekeeping mission in the country, the MINUSTAH
Background
• UN involvement in Haiti started in 1990, to observe the preparation and holding of elections in that country (ONUVEH – UN
Observer Group for the Verification of Elections in Haiti)
• After a coup which overthrew the legitimate President, a joint UN – OAS mission was deployed in February 1993
• In September 1993, the Security Council set up the first UN peacekeeping operation in the country – UNMIH (UN Mission in Haiti)
• However, due to non-cooperation from Haitian military authorities, UNMIH could not be deployed at that time
• After July 2004, following a Security Council authorization, successive UN Missions, including UNMIH (which assumed its
functions in full in March 1995), followed, until 2000
• After some positive and negative achievements, however, the lack of stability in the country led to an armed conflict in February,
2004, which led the Security Council to authorize the MIF (Multinational Interim Force) to establish a stabilization force to support
continuation of a peaceful and constitutional political process and the maintenance of a secure and stable environment
• And, on April, 2004, the Security Council adopted Resolution 1542, establishing the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti
(MINUSTAH), which took over from the MIF on 1 June 2004
Source: UN.
1. Background
4. 4
MINUSTAH main objectives were to ensure a secure and stable environment,
assist the development and maintenance of public institutions
Main Objectives
MINUSTAH main objectives were to:
• Support the Transitional Government in ensuring a secure and stable environment
• Assist in monitoring, restructuring and reforming the Haitian National Police
• Help with comprehensive and sustainable disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes
• Assist with the restoration and maintenance of the rule of law, public safety and public order
• Protect UN personnel, facilities, installations and equipment and to protect civilians
• Support the constitutional and political processes
• Assist in organizing, monitoring and carrying out free and fair municipal, parliamentary and presidential elections
• Support the Transitional Government and the Haitian Human Rights Institutions in their efforts to promote and protect
human rights
• Monitor and report on the human rights situation in the country
The Mission included 6,700 military personnel, 1,622 police, 550 int’l civilians, 150 UN volunteers and about 1,000 local civilians
Source: UN.
1. Background
5. 5
In our evaluation of the Peacekeeping / Peacebuilding Mission in Haiti, we have
opted for the ICAF (Interagency Conflict Assessment Framework)
Source: http://ijdh.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/MINUSTAH-White-Paper1.pdf
1. Context:
• Contextual issues of conflict
2. Core Grievances and Sources of Social/Institutional Resilience:
• Core Grievance – Perception that needs for physical security, livelihood, interest of values are threatened by one or more
other groups and/or social institutions
• Sources of Social/Institutional Resilience – View that social institutions are in place and able to provide dispute resolution
and meet basic needs through nonviolent means
3. Drivers of Conflict and Mitigating Factors:
• Drivers of Conflict – based on grievances, key actors escalate and move conflict
• Mitigating Factors – dynamic situation resulting from key actors’ mobilization of social groups around Sources of Social/
Institutional resilience
4. Windows of Vulnerability and Windows of Opportunity:
• Windows of Vulnerability – events threaten to rapidly and fundamentally change balance of political or economic power
• Windows of Opportunity – moments when overarching identities become more important than sub-group indentities
ICAF Framework
2. UN Intervention – ICAF Framework
6. 6
• Permission for MINUSTAH presence was granted by an
unconstitutional, unelected government, after the
democratically-elected President, for the period
2001-2004, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, was ousted from
power in an internationally-backed coup
• The Bush Administration orchestrated the coup d’état
against Jean-Bertrand Aristide – a long-held aim;
• MINUSTAH was created at the behest of the US, and
is a highly partisan political force in a sovereign
country, and actively meddles in Haiti’s domestic affairs
• Haiti has not experienced any armed conflict, which
was the justification for the arrival of MINUSTAH in
Haiti
Perception that needs for physical security, livelihood, interest of values are
threatened by one or more other groups and/or social institutions
Source: http://ijdh.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/MINUSTAH-White-Paper1.pdf
• Their mission is to protect the Haitian people from the
predatory elements of gang warfare and political
insecurity in Haitian society
• Edmond Mulet, former head of MINUSTAH – “just fall
apart” if MINUSTAH were to leave, and identifying Haiti
as “a society, community, a nation that has committed
collective suicide”
• Armed gangs that supported former President Aristide
were systematically destabilizing interim government and
preventing international community from helping Haitian
people
CommentsCore Grievances
2. UN Intervention – Core Grievances
7. 7
View that social institutions are in place and able to provide dispute resolution
and meet basic needs through nonviolent means
Sources of Social / Institutional Resilience
• Haiti did see a peaceful transition in 2006, so there are institutions set up that prevent it from being a completely failed state
• Protests around that time were nonviolent as well
• Other countries, such as the US Virgin Islands, and even Brazil, present a much higher rate of murders per 100,000 than Haiti
Country Population (2010) Murders (2010) Rate per 100,000
US Virgin Islands
Jamaica
Trinidad & Tobago
Brazil
Haiti
110,000
2,600,000
1,300,000
189,953,000
9,600,000
66
1,428
472
50,113 (2008)
795
60.0
54.9
36.3
26.4
8.2
2. UN Intervention – Sources of Social / Institutional Resilience
Source: MINUSTAH: Keeping the peace,or conspiring against it? HealthRoots Student Organization, Harvard School of Public Health, October 2011
8. 8
2. UN Intervention – Drivers of Conflict and Mitigating Factors
The main drivers of conflict and mitigating forces within the Haitian UN Mission
were the lack of communication and local knowledge
• Inability to communicate prevents ability to execute mission
• MINUSTAH peacekeepers and soldiers do not speak
creole (native language) and are not typically accompanied
by translators – lacks accessibility and prevents
organization from getting local knowledge
• Can hurt the image of MINUSTAH: Haitians view them
antagonistically, and objet to having MINUSTAH presence
there
• Dynamic situation resulting from key actors’ mobilization of
social groups around sources of social / institutional
resilience
Drivers of Conflict Mitigating Factors
Source: http://www.thenation.com/article/163632/10-reasons-why-un-occupation-haiti-must-end
9. 9
Events threaten to rapidly and fundamentally change balance of political or
economic power
Windows of Vulnerability and Windows of Opportunity
• Widespread and rampant crime: a study by The Lancet, a medical journal, found that there were 8,000 deaths in the greater Port-
au-Prince area, with many of the perpetrators being criminals – some were Haitian National Police and others were UN soldiers
• On July 6, 2005, MINUSTAH troops fired 22,000 rounds of ammunition into the Port-au-Prince slum of Cité Soleil in just seven
hours, leading a Doctors Without Borders medic to report that “we treated twenty-seven people for gunshot wounds”. Of them,
around twenty were women under the age of 18
• MINUSTAH mandate allows for judicial immunity from Haitian law
for its soldiers. Since its inception, hundreds of soldiers implicated
in crimes have escaped prosecution because of this clause
• MINUSTAH acts against Haitian interests in order to meet the
geopolitical or economic needs of foreign nations or those seeking
to ingratiate themselves to those nations
Source: http://www.thenation.com/article/163632/10-reasons-why-un-occupation-haiti-must-end and
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2806%2969211-8/abstract
2. UN Intervention – Windows of Vulnerability / Opportunity
10. 10
The slight results the MINUSTAH Mission were presenting by 2010 do not
compensate for the problems it’s generating concomitantly
Main Failures of the MINUSTAH Mission in Haiti
• By 2010, the country appeared to be on track to advance toward a more promising future – violence had largely been removed
from politics and public security has mostly been restored; the media was operating freely and the economy was growing
• However, less than a year after the first soldiers landed, independent humanitarian organizations documented cases of robbery,
murder, assault, rape, and sexual exploitation of minors
• Since then, myriad violations of the Human Rights of Haitians have been continuously documented
• Evidence grew that MINUSTAH ignored extrajudicial, paramilitary killings of civilian groups mobilizing to protect their
communities; worse, it sometimes acted as the
guerillas’ personal security force
• In 2007, over 100 Sri Lankan troops were
repatriated due to allegations of sexual
misconduct and abuse, involving underage girls
– the UN investigative arm found that “in
exchange for sex, the children received small
amounts of money, food, and sometimes mobile
phones.” There is no evidence Sri Lankan
troops were ever prosecuted
3. MINUSTAH - Achievements
Source: MINUSTAH: Keeping the peace,or conspiring against it? HealthRoots Student Organization, Harvard School of Public Health, October 2011
11. 11
4. 2010 – Earthquake and Beyond
While MINUSTAH was still leading the peace mission in Haiti, a terrible downturn
occurred, which changed considerably (or not) the outcomes
• UN endorsed Secretary-General’s recommendation to
increase the overall force level of MINUSTAH
• In 2010, contrary to its mandate to assist in free and fair
elections, MINUSTAH played a role in an illegitimate
presidential election, with the exclusion of numerous
political parties - including one of Haiti’s largest - and a
large part of the population
• In September 2011, a video was released alleging
sexual assault of an 18-year old Haitian man by
Uruguayan troops in Port-Salut; also in 2011, there
were allegations that Uruguayan soldiers impregnated
local women in Port-Salut, including a 17-year old girl
• Troops from Nepal were responsible for introducing
cholera into Haiti in late 2010, by contaminating rivers
with improperly treated human waste, killing more that
6,200 and infecting more that 440,000 Haitians in just
ten months; after protests following UN’s denials,
several protesters were shot dead by UN troops
Beyond the EarthquakeHaiti Earthquake – January 12, 2010
A Magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake hit Haiti early in 2010, 16`
miles away from Port-au-Prince:
• Approx. 220k people had
died, another 300k had
been injured and 1.5MM
people were made homeless,
including 102 UN personnel
Source: xxx
12. 12
5. Conclusion
MINUSTAH Mission in Haiti has presented some positive outcomes, but the
mission was not yet completed when a terrible earthquake hit the country
Conclusion
• Slight results were presented by MINUSTAH since the beginning of its operation, back in 2004;
• However, Human Rights violations and transgressions have been continuously reported, positioning MINUSTAH as a threat to
Haitian stability and security instead of a safeguard:
• MINUSTAH prioritizes security and military issues, contributing little to social and
economic development. Since the earthquake, these problems have worsened
• MINUSTAH fails to effectively monitor internally displaced people (IDP) camps,
often only patrolling outside them; the forces do not speak the language
• MINUSTAH fails to engage with community leaders dedicated to IDPs,
gender-based violence, or protection against forced eviction
• Hundreds of cases of sexual assault, rape, and gender-based violence were
reported before and after the earthquake
• MINUSTAH has been destabilizing Haiti; its failure has presented adverse effects,
and has brought Haitians together in nonviolent yet persistent solidarity against it
Source: xxx
Uruguayan Peacekeepers receive medals
(August 2011)
13. 13
• After years of failures, inaction, repression, and human rights violations, it is time that MINUSTAH respect the Haitian people’s
wishes, and withdraw from Haiti; arguments of greater instability cannot justify the current abuse and violence against Haitians
• If the UN and its members want to support Haiti, it’s USD 1 billion/year budget should be put toward sanitation, shelter, health,
infrastructure, and education
• “It is essential for international actors to understand the specific context in each country, and develop a shared view of the
strategic response required.” Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations, OECD, 2007
5. Conclusion
MINUSTAH should leave Haiti, and direct its budget towards what Haitians really
need – which, certainly, is not troops, who actually make things worst!
Conclusion