Costa Rica has a collectivistic and highly feminist society with strong social welfare programs. It has transitioned to a service and tourism-based economy from agriculture and focuses on environmental sustainability and renewable energy. Exports have grown significantly since the 1960s through trade agreements and foreign investment in sectors like medical devices and agriculture. The population is well-educated and urbanized with strong social values around environmental protection, education, and gender equality.
Unemployment in Afghanistan is very high, estimated between 20-50% since 2001, leaving many young men without work. This has led to several negative consequences for Afghanistan's security and economy. First, joblessness has pushed thousands to migrate to neighboring countries, making Afghanistan's economy dependent on remittances. Second, unemployed men often join the Taliban or grow opium poppies, empowering insurgent groups through drug revenue. Third, the Taliban actively recruits unemployed men as suicide bombers or fighters, exacerbating violence. High unemployment thus poses a significant threat to Afghanistan's stability and development.
South Africa is known as the Rainbow Nation due to its diversity. It has 11 official languages and a population of around 55 million from different racial groups including Black Africans, Whites, Coloureds, and Asians. South Africa implemented apartheid from 1948 to 1991, which institutionalized racial segregation. Apartheid was dismantled in the 1990s and the country held its first democratic elections in 1994. While South Africa has a relatively strong economy, it faces challenges of high unemployment, inequality, and crime rates. Major cities like Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban are economic centers but the country also promotes development in other regions.
RAPID Assessment of the Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19Francois Stepman
15 April 2020. FANRPAN and the Graça Machel Trust (GMT) in conjunction with its African Women in Agribusiness Network, organised a Webinar o establish the effects of COVID-19 on food systems and agribusiness in the Eastern and Southern African (ESA) region.
International migration involves the movement of people across national borders. There are push factors that encourage emigration such as poor economic opportunities and living conditions in the source country, as well as pull factors like job availability and higher living standards in the receiving country. International migration benefits both receiving and source countries through economic impacts like remittances and brain gain/drain, but also causes social challenges including increased racial tensions and pressure on social services. Case studies on Turkish migration to Germany and Mexican migration to the U.S. illustrate these complex impacts of international movement at both individual and national levels.
Impact of globalization on rural development in indiaRAJKUMARPOREL
Globalization has both positive and negative impacts on rural development in India. Positively, it has led to commercialization of agriculture, increased standards of living, and greater access to technology and education for rural communities. However, it has also increased unemployment as rural labor has become unskilled. The negative effects disproportionately impact small farmers and artisans, who struggle to compete globally. While globalization has connected rural India, its benefits have been uneven, leaving many communities behind.
The Emerging “Quiet Revolution” in African Agrifood Systems: Challenges for Mozambique - David Tschirley, Michael Dolislager, Jason Snyder, Thomas Reardon
Presentation at MSU/IFPRI conference on “Agricultural Public Investments, Policies, and Markets for Mozambique’s Food Security and Economic Transformation”, Maputo, Mozambique, 20 November 2014
Unemployment in Afghanistan is very high, estimated between 20-50% since 2001, leaving many young men without work. This has led to several negative consequences for Afghanistan's security and economy. First, joblessness has pushed thousands to migrate to neighboring countries, making Afghanistan's economy dependent on remittances. Second, unemployed men often join the Taliban or grow opium poppies, empowering insurgent groups through drug revenue. Third, the Taliban actively recruits unemployed men as suicide bombers or fighters, exacerbating violence. High unemployment thus poses a significant threat to Afghanistan's stability and development.
South Africa is known as the Rainbow Nation due to its diversity. It has 11 official languages and a population of around 55 million from different racial groups including Black Africans, Whites, Coloureds, and Asians. South Africa implemented apartheid from 1948 to 1991, which institutionalized racial segregation. Apartheid was dismantled in the 1990s and the country held its first democratic elections in 1994. While South Africa has a relatively strong economy, it faces challenges of high unemployment, inequality, and crime rates. Major cities like Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban are economic centers but the country also promotes development in other regions.
RAPID Assessment of the Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19Francois Stepman
15 April 2020. FANRPAN and the Graça Machel Trust (GMT) in conjunction with its African Women in Agribusiness Network, organised a Webinar o establish the effects of COVID-19 on food systems and agribusiness in the Eastern and Southern African (ESA) region.
International migration involves the movement of people across national borders. There are push factors that encourage emigration such as poor economic opportunities and living conditions in the source country, as well as pull factors like job availability and higher living standards in the receiving country. International migration benefits both receiving and source countries through economic impacts like remittances and brain gain/drain, but also causes social challenges including increased racial tensions and pressure on social services. Case studies on Turkish migration to Germany and Mexican migration to the U.S. illustrate these complex impacts of international movement at both individual and national levels.
Impact of globalization on rural development in indiaRAJKUMARPOREL
Globalization has both positive and negative impacts on rural development in India. Positively, it has led to commercialization of agriculture, increased standards of living, and greater access to technology and education for rural communities. However, it has also increased unemployment as rural labor has become unskilled. The negative effects disproportionately impact small farmers and artisans, who struggle to compete globally. While globalization has connected rural India, its benefits have been uneven, leaving many communities behind.
The Emerging “Quiet Revolution” in African Agrifood Systems: Challenges for Mozambique - David Tschirley, Michael Dolislager, Jason Snyder, Thomas Reardon
Presentation at MSU/IFPRI conference on “Agricultural Public Investments, Policies, and Markets for Mozambique’s Food Security and Economic Transformation”, Maputo, Mozambique, 20 November 2014
- African economies have seen strong GDP growth in recent decades, but agricultural productivity has lagged behind other regions. This is partly due to low levels of public spending on agriculture.
- Public investment in agriculture, agricultural research and development, rural infrastructure, and education have large positive impacts on agricultural growth, poverty reduction, and total factor productivity.
- The CAADP framework aims to increase agricultural spending to 10% of national budgets and achieve 6% annual agricultural growth. Several countries have increased agricultural spending, and global support for agriculture is also growing. Increased public spending can enhance agricultural and rural finance.
The Global Economy, Emerging Markets and Geopolitical Risk: Where We Are and ...Alvaro Uribe V.
The document discusses the emerging markets revolution and its implications. It notes that emerging economies now account for close to half of global GDP, up from 33% in 1980. By 2050, 19 of the top 30 economies will be emerging countries. The growth of emerging markets is driving increased global demand for resources. Latin America is well-positioned due to its natural resources and population, though it faces challenges in maintaining economic growth, reducing inequality, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Colombia in particular has transformed through strengthening democracy, fiscal prudence, and private sector development.
Determinants of poverty in case of pakistanTelenor
This document analyzes the determinants of poverty in Pakistan using time series data from 31 annual observations. It finds that agriculture, remittances, inflation, GDP, trade openness, and employment all have significant effects on poverty levels in Pakistan. Agriculture is an important sector for Pakistan's economy, contributing 21% to GDP and providing 45% of employment, but it also exposes farmers to risks that can increase poverty. Remittances from overseas Pakistani workers, which reached $9 billion in 2010, have helped reduce poverty and boost foreign exchange reserves. High inflation, especially in the 1990s and 2000s, has increased poverty, while economic growth, trade, and employment opportunities tend to decrease poverty. The study concludes that agriculture growth,
The Afghan economy has improved since 2002 due to international assistance and investments, as well as remittances. However, it remains one of the least developed countries globally. Agriculture is the main industry, accounting for 20% of GDP, with opium production being a major crop. The country has significant untapped mineral resources worth trillions of dollars, including copper, iron ore, lithium, and rare earth metals. However, development has been hampered by decades of conflict and lack of infrastructure.
What is the impact of out-migration for employment purposes on peoples and land?CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Bimbika Sijapati Basnett of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) at the World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, on 21 March 2018 in Washington, DC
This document analyzes Bangladesh's strategic position within the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It provides demographic and economic data on Bangladesh, including a population of 154.7 million, GDP per capita of $1,044, and GDP growth rate of 6.5%. It also summarizes Bangladesh's involvement in establishing SAARC in 1985 and its emphasis on regional peace and cooperation. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths such as geographic location and growing industries, as well as weaknesses like low literacy and infrastructure challenges. Key opportunities for Bangladesh include diversifying exports and improving education.
Challenges of agricultural growth and job creation in west africaVictoria Adegbaju
This document discusses the challenges of agricultural growth and job creation in West Africa. It outlines how agriculture contributes significantly to GDP, employment, and food security in the region. However, it faces several problems that constrain its potential, such as low productivity, poor infrastructure, lack of access to markets, education and technology. Addressing these challenges could help boost agricultural output and employment in West Africa.
The document summarizes Islamic migration from Mecca to Abyssinia in two waves. The first wave occurred in the 5th year after Muhammad allowed Muslims to migrate for safety, with 12 men and 4 women migrating. After a false rumor that Makkah embraced Islam, most returned but hardships increased, leading to a second wave of 101 adults migrating for refuge. Global migration statistics and trends from 1990-2019 are also presented for different world regions. Theories of migration patterns proposed by Ravenstein, Lee, and Todaro are outlined. Climate change and natural disasters are discussed as factors potentially influencing migration rates. Labor migration to Gulf countries starting in the 1930s is summarized. The role and activities of the
This white paper on Rural Urban Development Corridor was done few years ago, to emphasis on the development challenges in a populous world. There are a similar claim called Agrodor; which had hacked much of the paper..!!
Seasonal migration for livelihood in indiaAnoop K Mishra
This document discusses types of migration and theories of migration based on a study by Rao in 2001. It then summarizes findings from a study comparing migration patterns in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Some key findings include: in AP 25% of households migrated compared to 52% in MP; in AP 16% of income came from outside village work while over 50% did in MP; land ownership negatively correlated with migration in MP but not AP; scheduled tribes and castes migrated more in both states. Skilled migration helped improve lives through investments in homes, education, and marriages.
Experiences in bd migration and rice system sahed khanAbhishek Malpani
This document provides an overview and summary of a workshop on exploring social and gender dynamics of migration in rice-based systems in South Asia. It discusses several key topics:
- Women's large role in Bangladeshi agriculture, constituting over 75% of the farming population. They perform many agricultural tasks but face discrimination.
- A framework for analyzing gender and resource ownership at the household, community, market, and state levels.
- The impacts of migration on agriculture, including labor shortages and the "feminization of agriculture" as more women take on agricultural work.
- The costs and benefits of migration for individuals and communities in Bangladesh. While it provides income, it also breaks social ties and kin
This document discusses different types of migration including rural-urban migration, seasonal migration, planned migration, and involuntary migration. It provides details on each type, including common causes, examples, and potential consequences for areas that migrants leave and arrive in, as well as consequences for migrants themselves. Rural-urban migration is driven by population growth and lack of opportunity in rural areas, pushing young males to cities. Planned migration includes Indonesia's transmigration program to relocate people from overpopulated islands like Java to less populated outer islands, with mixed results. Involuntary migration refers to forced migration of refugees fleeing conflict, persecution, or environmental disasters.
The document provides background information on Haiti's history, economy, foreign relations, and U.S. aid. Haiti gained independence in 1804 but has been plagued by poverty, political instability, and natural disasters. Two-thirds of Haitians depend on subsistence farming and most live below the poverty line. The U.S. has provided significant economic and disaster relief aid to Haiti over the years but faces challenges such as corruption. While more aid could boost development, some argue Haiti's governance issues limit effectiveness.
Kamiljon Akramov and Katrina Kosec
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - Food Policy Research and Capacity Development in Eurasia
Co-Organized by the Eurasian Center for Food Security (ECFS), World Bank Group, and IFPRI
DEC 2, 2020 - 07:30 AM TO 09:00 AM EST
The North/South Gap and Country ClassificationsPaul Wozney
An introduction to the concept of the North/South gap and the terminology used in geography to classify countries by degrees of development for Global Geography 12.
There has been widespread criticism that the reforms of the last 20 years have bypassed poor regions; have bypassed poor sections of the population like dalits (formerly called untouchables); that poor people have in desperation taken to Maoism, which now affects almost a quarter of all districts; and that social and poverty indicators have not improved fast enough. These criticisms are mostly exaggerations or falsehoods.
What are the common characteristics of developing countriesTamur Iqbal
Common characteristics of developing countries include: low per capita incomes below $600 per year on average, high rates of poverty, dependence on agriculture as the main occupation, high population growth rates that outpace economic development, and underutilization of natural resources due to a lack of capital and outdated techniques. Many developing countries also face problems like large debts, unemployment, a lack of infrastructure like transportation, and political instability that hinders long-term investment.
Poverty alleviation strategies - use of fiscal instruments and other public p...ROBERTO VILLARREAL
This presentation analyzes in a stylized fashion the use of fiscal instruments, particularly taxes, grants and subsidies, for the aim of reducing poverty. It is argued that the adequate use of these instruments combined with other public policies for social equity and inclusion are conducive to poverty eradication.
This document provides an overview of business opportunities in Latin America (LATAM). It discusses LATAM's large economy of $5.3 trillion and growing middle class. Key sectors highlighted include agroindustry, food and beverages, building materials, and infrastructure. For each sector, trends, opportunities and country-specific information is presented. The document emphasizes that LATAM offers significant opportunities for EU exporters, particularly in niche markets, through differentiation and innovation. However, common mistakes made by exporters include a lack of cultural understanding and not adapting to local conditions.
The document provides an introduction to Calos Herbal Venture, an Indian company established in 2010 that exports various flavored teas to countries like the United States, United Kingdom, European Union, and is planning to enter the Australian market. It describes Calos' ayurvedic herbal tea and masala tea product lines, packaging, and the finance and resource requirements to market the products in Australia.
- African economies have seen strong GDP growth in recent decades, but agricultural productivity has lagged behind other regions. This is partly due to low levels of public spending on agriculture.
- Public investment in agriculture, agricultural research and development, rural infrastructure, and education have large positive impacts on agricultural growth, poverty reduction, and total factor productivity.
- The CAADP framework aims to increase agricultural spending to 10% of national budgets and achieve 6% annual agricultural growth. Several countries have increased agricultural spending, and global support for agriculture is also growing. Increased public spending can enhance agricultural and rural finance.
The Global Economy, Emerging Markets and Geopolitical Risk: Where We Are and ...Alvaro Uribe V.
The document discusses the emerging markets revolution and its implications. It notes that emerging economies now account for close to half of global GDP, up from 33% in 1980. By 2050, 19 of the top 30 economies will be emerging countries. The growth of emerging markets is driving increased global demand for resources. Latin America is well-positioned due to its natural resources and population, though it faces challenges in maintaining economic growth, reducing inequality, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Colombia in particular has transformed through strengthening democracy, fiscal prudence, and private sector development.
Determinants of poverty in case of pakistanTelenor
This document analyzes the determinants of poverty in Pakistan using time series data from 31 annual observations. It finds that agriculture, remittances, inflation, GDP, trade openness, and employment all have significant effects on poverty levels in Pakistan. Agriculture is an important sector for Pakistan's economy, contributing 21% to GDP and providing 45% of employment, but it also exposes farmers to risks that can increase poverty. Remittances from overseas Pakistani workers, which reached $9 billion in 2010, have helped reduce poverty and boost foreign exchange reserves. High inflation, especially in the 1990s and 2000s, has increased poverty, while economic growth, trade, and employment opportunities tend to decrease poverty. The study concludes that agriculture growth,
The Afghan economy has improved since 2002 due to international assistance and investments, as well as remittances. However, it remains one of the least developed countries globally. Agriculture is the main industry, accounting for 20% of GDP, with opium production being a major crop. The country has significant untapped mineral resources worth trillions of dollars, including copper, iron ore, lithium, and rare earth metals. However, development has been hampered by decades of conflict and lack of infrastructure.
What is the impact of out-migration for employment purposes on peoples and land?CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Bimbika Sijapati Basnett of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) at the World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, on 21 March 2018 in Washington, DC
This document analyzes Bangladesh's strategic position within the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It provides demographic and economic data on Bangladesh, including a population of 154.7 million, GDP per capita of $1,044, and GDP growth rate of 6.5%. It also summarizes Bangladesh's involvement in establishing SAARC in 1985 and its emphasis on regional peace and cooperation. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths such as geographic location and growing industries, as well as weaknesses like low literacy and infrastructure challenges. Key opportunities for Bangladesh include diversifying exports and improving education.
Challenges of agricultural growth and job creation in west africaVictoria Adegbaju
This document discusses the challenges of agricultural growth and job creation in West Africa. It outlines how agriculture contributes significantly to GDP, employment, and food security in the region. However, it faces several problems that constrain its potential, such as low productivity, poor infrastructure, lack of access to markets, education and technology. Addressing these challenges could help boost agricultural output and employment in West Africa.
The document summarizes Islamic migration from Mecca to Abyssinia in two waves. The first wave occurred in the 5th year after Muhammad allowed Muslims to migrate for safety, with 12 men and 4 women migrating. After a false rumor that Makkah embraced Islam, most returned but hardships increased, leading to a second wave of 101 adults migrating for refuge. Global migration statistics and trends from 1990-2019 are also presented for different world regions. Theories of migration patterns proposed by Ravenstein, Lee, and Todaro are outlined. Climate change and natural disasters are discussed as factors potentially influencing migration rates. Labor migration to Gulf countries starting in the 1930s is summarized. The role and activities of the
This white paper on Rural Urban Development Corridor was done few years ago, to emphasis on the development challenges in a populous world. There are a similar claim called Agrodor; which had hacked much of the paper..!!
Seasonal migration for livelihood in indiaAnoop K Mishra
This document discusses types of migration and theories of migration based on a study by Rao in 2001. It then summarizes findings from a study comparing migration patterns in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Some key findings include: in AP 25% of households migrated compared to 52% in MP; in AP 16% of income came from outside village work while over 50% did in MP; land ownership negatively correlated with migration in MP but not AP; scheduled tribes and castes migrated more in both states. Skilled migration helped improve lives through investments in homes, education, and marriages.
Experiences in bd migration and rice system sahed khanAbhishek Malpani
This document provides an overview and summary of a workshop on exploring social and gender dynamics of migration in rice-based systems in South Asia. It discusses several key topics:
- Women's large role in Bangladeshi agriculture, constituting over 75% of the farming population. They perform many agricultural tasks but face discrimination.
- A framework for analyzing gender and resource ownership at the household, community, market, and state levels.
- The impacts of migration on agriculture, including labor shortages and the "feminization of agriculture" as more women take on agricultural work.
- The costs and benefits of migration for individuals and communities in Bangladesh. While it provides income, it also breaks social ties and kin
This document discusses different types of migration including rural-urban migration, seasonal migration, planned migration, and involuntary migration. It provides details on each type, including common causes, examples, and potential consequences for areas that migrants leave and arrive in, as well as consequences for migrants themselves. Rural-urban migration is driven by population growth and lack of opportunity in rural areas, pushing young males to cities. Planned migration includes Indonesia's transmigration program to relocate people from overpopulated islands like Java to less populated outer islands, with mixed results. Involuntary migration refers to forced migration of refugees fleeing conflict, persecution, or environmental disasters.
The document provides background information on Haiti's history, economy, foreign relations, and U.S. aid. Haiti gained independence in 1804 but has been plagued by poverty, political instability, and natural disasters. Two-thirds of Haitians depend on subsistence farming and most live below the poverty line. The U.S. has provided significant economic and disaster relief aid to Haiti over the years but faces challenges such as corruption. While more aid could boost development, some argue Haiti's governance issues limit effectiveness.
Kamiljon Akramov and Katrina Kosec
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - Food Policy Research and Capacity Development in Eurasia
Co-Organized by the Eurasian Center for Food Security (ECFS), World Bank Group, and IFPRI
DEC 2, 2020 - 07:30 AM TO 09:00 AM EST
The North/South Gap and Country ClassificationsPaul Wozney
An introduction to the concept of the North/South gap and the terminology used in geography to classify countries by degrees of development for Global Geography 12.
There has been widespread criticism that the reforms of the last 20 years have bypassed poor regions; have bypassed poor sections of the population like dalits (formerly called untouchables); that poor people have in desperation taken to Maoism, which now affects almost a quarter of all districts; and that social and poverty indicators have not improved fast enough. These criticisms are mostly exaggerations or falsehoods.
What are the common characteristics of developing countriesTamur Iqbal
Common characteristics of developing countries include: low per capita incomes below $600 per year on average, high rates of poverty, dependence on agriculture as the main occupation, high population growth rates that outpace economic development, and underutilization of natural resources due to a lack of capital and outdated techniques. Many developing countries also face problems like large debts, unemployment, a lack of infrastructure like transportation, and political instability that hinders long-term investment.
Poverty alleviation strategies - use of fiscal instruments and other public p...ROBERTO VILLARREAL
This presentation analyzes in a stylized fashion the use of fiscal instruments, particularly taxes, grants and subsidies, for the aim of reducing poverty. It is argued that the adequate use of these instruments combined with other public policies for social equity and inclusion are conducive to poverty eradication.
This document provides an overview of business opportunities in Latin America (LATAM). It discusses LATAM's large economy of $5.3 trillion and growing middle class. Key sectors highlighted include agroindustry, food and beverages, building materials, and infrastructure. For each sector, trends, opportunities and country-specific information is presented. The document emphasizes that LATAM offers significant opportunities for EU exporters, particularly in niche markets, through differentiation and innovation. However, common mistakes made by exporters include a lack of cultural understanding and not adapting to local conditions.
The document provides an introduction to Calos Herbal Venture, an Indian company established in 2010 that exports various flavored teas to countries like the United States, United Kingdom, European Union, and is planning to enter the Australian market. It describes Calos' ayurvedic herbal tea and masala tea product lines, packaging, and the finance and resource requirements to market the products in Australia.
This document discusses concepts related to economic development, including factors that determine development levels, characteristics of less developed and developed countries, and methods for measuring development. It presents several models of development, including Rostow's stages of growth model and dependency theory. Key points include: resources, population, location, and colonial status influence development; less developed countries have lower incomes, subsistence farming, and poorer social conditions compared to developed countries with higher incomes, manufacturing/services, and better social conditions; development is commonly measured using GDP per capita, rates like literacy, and occupational structure; and the core-periphery model and dependency theory argue regional disparities are structural features of the global economy.
The document summarizes key facts about the African continent, including its large population size, vast natural resources, and high economic growth potential. It notes that Africa has over 1 billion people, 30% of the world's remaining mineral resources, and average annual GDP growth of 5.1% over the past decade. However, it also mentions threats like political instability, lack of infrastructure, and corruption that can hamper economic development. The document recommends strategies for investors like identifying market segments, developing products for target markets, and partnering with the poor through bottom of the pyramid approaches.
Rural to urban migration is a major driver of urbanization in Pakistan. Push factors like low agricultural productivity and pull factors like access to jobs and services encourage migration from rural to urban areas. This migration has wide-ranging social, economic, political, and environmental effects at individual, family, community, and national levels. Socially, it can cause isolation and stress for migrants while increasing ethnic tensions in cities. Economically, it grows GDP but also increases poverty as migrants struggle in cities. Politically, it shifts power dynamics and resources. Environmentally, it places stress on urban infrastructure and increases pollution.
This document discusses population, urbanization, and their impacts in Pakistan. It notes that urbanization refers to the shift from rural to urban residency due to factors like job opportunities, education, and escape from problems in rural areas. However, urbanization also creates issues like unemployment, housing shortages, environmental degradation, and disease spread. The document outlines both positive and negative effects of urbanization and provides recommendations to tackle urban problems through rural development, public transportation, and sustainable planning.
BRICS countries profile, Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Economyfluffy_fury
The document analyzes the economies of the BRICS countries - Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It provides an overview of the key economic indicators and trading partners for each country. It also identifies the main advantages and problems facing their economies, as well as projected growth rates. The risks and policy measures to address those risks are also outlined for each BRICS nation. The document concludes by listing several sources that were referenced in the analysis.
This document discusses various models and measures of economic development. It describes:
1) Gross measures of economic output like Gross National Product (GNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Gross National Income (GNI) which are commonly used to measure and compare development levels between countries.
2) Other measures of development like per capita income, occupational structure, consumption of resources, productivity, infrastructure, and education levels.
3) Models of economic development including Rostow's stages of growth model, and dependency theory which argues that relationships between wealthy and poor countries limit development in poorer areas.
4) Issues in measuring development like differences between formal and informal economies and regional variations within countries.
Emerging Market Study – Top 3 for business in South America. This presentation gives a brief information about the top 3 emerging markets in South America.
National Industrialization for Science and Technology DevelopmentJM Ayuste
Dr. Tapang's discussion on National Industrialization - the current situation, domestic industrialization policy's features and the country's economic capability to finance such program.
There are enormous gaps in development between rich and poor countries globally. Wealthy nations have moved to service economies while some poorer states remain subsistence-based. Several metrics are used to measure development, including GNP, GDP, and GNI which measure total output, as well as factors like productivity, infrastructure, and health outcomes. However, these metrics do not account for inequality within countries or informal economies. Development theories offer different perspectives on why disparities exist, with modernization models arguing countries follow similar development paths, while dependency and world systems theories see structural relationships limiting poorer regions' development.
Examine and Compare The Historical Development Process of Botswana & Zimbabwe By Vikram Vijayant Rana, Development Management Institute (DMI), Patna, Completed His Development Immersion in Aga Khan Rural Support Programme
The Philippines contributes to ASEAN in several ways:
1) It was the first ASEAN country to voluntarily contribute to the ASEAN Foundation's endowment fund.
2) It established an accreditation scheme for electronic signatures to encourage e-commerce development in line with ASEAN goals.
3) It was designated the first ASEAN Culture Capital in 2010 and 2011 to promote cultural exchange.
4) It participated in the Fourth ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Youth on sustainable youth employment.
Costa Rica is a Central American country with a population of 4.6 million people. It has no military and focuses on eco-tourism and high-tech industries. Costa Rica has pursued policies to integrate into the global economy through foreign direct investment, trade, and clusters in industries like electronics. As a result, Costa Rica has experienced consistent economic growth, rising GDP per capita, low unemployment, and is one of the most prosperous nations in Latin America.
This document discusses challenges to achieving global food security and nutrition goals, and the role of international organizations in supporting agricultural transformation. It notes that achieving UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 will be difficult given pre-existing trends slowed further by COVID-19. Poverty and hunger are increasingly concentrated in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, where agricultural productivity growth has been low. International organizations have played catalytic roles but face a crowded landscape with fragmented assistance. Agricultural transformation will require doubling investments in agriculture, supporting rural development, boosting domestic capacity, and promoting sustainable food systems through education, value chains, and payments for environmental services.
Venezuela is a country in South America with a population of over 28 million people. Its economy relies heavily on oil and gas exports. The average monthly cost of living includes 19% spent on rent, 35% on food from markets, and 13% eating at restaurants. [/SUMMARY]
The document provides an overview of Vietnam's economy and key commercial opportunities. It notes that Vietnam has experienced rapid economic growth and rising incomes. A growing middle class is fueling demand across various sectors such as healthcare, education, and consumer goods. The largest opportunities for U.S. companies include aviation, energy, healthcare, information and communications technology, and select consumer goods where the middle class is spending more. Challenges include improving infrastructure to support continued growth.
Developed countries are characterized by advanced infrastructure, industrialization, income, and living standards. They have economies divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. Developing countries have less developed industry and infrastructure and lower human development. Key factors in development include infrastructure like roads, education and skills, jobs, agriculture, technology use, utilities, and political/economic stability. Barriers to development include poor health, education, infrastructure, capital flight, political issues, overpopulation, inequality, and corruption.
Economic and Political Analysis of SudanAwais Ahmad
1. Sudan has a weak market condition due to ongoing civil war and conflicts between tribes and the government. It exports cotton as its major export and imports food, petroleum, and machinery.
2. The country has experienced political and economic instability including a civil war from 1955-1972 that resulted in 2 million deaths. Infrastructure is destroyed and investment financing is limited.
3. Sudan has strengths like its large size and role in international trade but also many weaknesses like being one of the poorest countries, low literacy rates, and lack of proper infrastructure and healthcare. It aims to build trade links with other least developed countries as part of its WTO accession.
Chile has an upper middle income economy and ranks highly for competitiveness and human development in Latin America. Copper exports and mining are major pillars of the Chilean economy, with Chile producing 1/3 of the world's copper. Chile also has prosperous agriculture, forestry, and fishing sectors as well as a growing services industry in tourism and finance. Chile has pursued free market economic policies including privatization and free trade agreements that have contributed to its strong economic growth and development.
5. • Christopher Columbus-Sept.1502
• First Permanent Colony-1563
• Tough and unpopular place to
settle, with few easily exploited
resources.
• The early settlers who came to
Costa Rica were left largely to
their own devices.
Costa Rica – “Rich Coast”
6. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Other Cultural Traits:
• Environmental Sustainability
• Little Leisure Time
• Politically Neutral
• High Context
• High Contact
• Impatience seen as
unfavorable
• “Over painting pictures”
• Tight Social Network
7. Costa Rica’s Economic Base
• Low Power Distance (Lowest in the Region),Collectivistic, Feminine society
(considered to be the most Feminine society in Latin America; few countries in
the world score more Feminine)
• Setting itself apart from its Central American neighbors
• political stability
• high standard of living
• well-developed social benefits system
• well educated population – 6.9% of GDP expenditure
• social spending – 20% of GDP annually - goal of providing universal access to education,
healthcare, clean water, sanitation, and electricity.
• No military
• High Urbanization
• Urban population: 75.9% (2014)
8. Language, Religion & Ethnicity
• Religion
• Religious Freedom
• Roman Catholic 76.3%,
Evangelical 13.7%,
Jehovah's Witnesses 1.3%,
other Protestant 0.7%,
other 4.8%, none 3.2%
• Language
• Spanish & English
• Ethnicity
• Costa Rican
• Mixed Blood
• white or mestizo 83.6%,
mulato 6.7%, indigenous
2.4%, black of African
descent 1.1%,
9. Population
• Collectivistic & Feministic Society
• Since the 1970s, expansion of social services has led to a rapid decline in infant
mortality, an increase in life expectancy at birth, and a sharp decrease in the birth
rate.
• Costa Rica's poverty rate is lower than in most Latin American countries, but it
has stalled at around 20% for almost two decades.
10. Demographic Statistics
• Median age:
• 30 years
• Population growth rate:
• 1.24% (2014)
• Birth rate:
• 16.08 births/1,000 population
(2014)
• Death rate:
• 4.49 deaths/1,000 population
(2014)
• Infant mortality rate:
• 8.7 deaths/1,000 live births
• Life expectancy at birth:
• 78.23 years
• Total fertility rate:
• 1.91 children born/woman (2014)
11. GDP Breakdown
• Gross National Saving
• 16.7% of GDP (2014)
• 16.2% of GDP (2013)
• GDP – Consumption, by end user: (2014)
• Household Consumption: 64.9%
• Government Consumption: 18.1%
• Investment in fixed capital: 22%
• Investment in inventories: 0.6%
• Exports of goods and services: 36.2%
• Imports of goods and services: -41.8%
• GDP – composition, by sector of origin: (2014)
• Agriculture:6%
• Industry: 20.5%
• Services: 73.4%
12. Human Development Index - 0.763
• World Ranking - 68
• Physicians density:
• 1.11 physicians/1,000 population (2013)
• Hospital bed density:
• 1.2 beds/1,000 population (2012)
• Sanitation facility access:
• 93.9% of population
• HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
• 0.23% (2013 est.)
• HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
• 7,600 (2013 est.)
• Major infectious diseases:
• degree of risk: intermediate
• Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can
read and write
• 97.8%
• School life expectancy
• 14 years
• Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
• 18.4%
13. • Division of Labor by Gender
• Women are still responsible for food preparation, childcare, and cleaning.
• Heavy agricultural labor is performed by men and adolescent boys. Women harvest
coffee, cotton, and vegetables.
• The Relative Status of Women and Men
• A 1994 Law for Promoting the Women's Social Equality prohibited discrimination and
established a women's rights office.
• There is a very high acceptance for women in business.
• Suffrage for women was introduced in 1948 and half of the country’s university students
are female.
• Strong attributes of a feministic society.
14. Labor Force
• Labor force:
• 2.257 million
• Labor force - by occupation:
• agriculture: 14%
• industry: 22%
• services: 64% (2006 est.)
• Unemployment rate:
• 8.5% (2014 est.)
15. Economic Freedom
• Economic freedom score is 67.2
• 51st freest in the 2015 Index
• Open Markets
• Trade Freedom: 83.8
• Investment Freedom: 70.0
• Financial Freedom: 50.0
• Costa Rica’s average tariff rate is 3.1 percent
• Domestic and foreign investors are treated similarly, but investment in some sectors
of the economy is restricted.
• The growing financial sector has gradually become more open to competition, but
state-owned banks continue to dominate the sector.
16. Immigration
• Unlike the rest of Central America, Costa Rica is not highly dependent on
remittances, which in 2013 represented 1.1% of GDP. Immigration from
Nicaragua has increasingly become a concern for the government.
• Almost 9% of the population is foreign-born, with Nicaraguans comprising
nearly three-quarters of the foreign population. 300-500 thousand Nicaraguans
(legally and illegally)
• Many attracted by the low power distance and feministic qualities of the
country.
17. Costa Rica’s Economic Development
• Economic development has focused on orienting the economy to the global
marketplace. Costa Rica has one of the highest levels of foreign direct investment
in Latin America. Cultural ideals such as collectivism, high education levels, high
uncertainty avoidance, feminism, low power distance and a concern for
environmental sustainability has facilitated a business environment based on
tourism, agriculture, and more recently technology.
18. Foreign Direct Investment
• Foreign investors remain attracted by the country's political stability and
relatively high education levels, as well as the incentives offered in the free-
trade zones.
• CAFTA- has increased foreign direct investment in key sectors of the economy,
including the insurance and telecommunications.
• However, poor infrastructure, high energy costs, bureaucracy, weak investor
protection, and legal uncertainty due to the difficulty of enforcing contracts
remain impediments to greater competitiveness.
• FDI Inflow: $2.7 billion (2014)
19. Agricultural
• Agricultural land: 37.1%
• Commercial Farming
• 6% of GDP, 14% of Labor Force (2014)
• 15% GDP, 19% of Labor Force (1997)
• Climate with warm summers, mild winters,
and a plentiful rainfall
• Mediterranean Cropping, Ranching,
Horticulture and Fruit Farming
• Bananas, pineapples, coffee, melons,
ornamental plants, sugar, corn, rice, beans,
potatoes; beef, poultry, dairy; timber
20. Industries
• Industries:
• medical equipment, food processing, textiles and
clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, plastic
products
• Industrial production growth rate:
• 4.7% (2014 est.)
• Major Industries:
• Since the mid-1980s, Costa Rica has become a
center for factories that assemble garments,
electronic components, and other goods for export.
Other key manufactures include baseballs,
agricultural chemicals, and processed foods. The
economy is increasingly integrated into global
circuits of trade, production, and finance.
21. ECO-Tourism
• Since the late 1990s, tourism
has been the second largest
source of income.
• Costa Rica's broken
topography creates numerous
microenvironments.
• One-quarter of country is
practically in its wild state
with rainforests, dry tropical
forest, and savannas.
• Costa Rica has a level of
biodiversity—4 to 7% of the
world total—unmatched by
any other nation its size.
24. Sustainable Energy
• Produces over 90% of its electricity
through renewable means such as
hydroelectric, geothermal and
wind power
• Costa Rica wants to become the
first carbon neutral country in the
world by 2021.
25. Sustainable Agriculture
• Local food
production is
abundant,
rendering costs
for basic items
extremely
affordable for
everyone.
26. Protecting the Environment
• Forest 51.5% of
Costa Rica’s Land
• 25.6% of Land is
Protected
• 45 international
environmental
treaties
• ECO-Tourism
27. Influences of Trade
• Until the 1960s, Costa Rica depended on coffee and bananas for most of its export earnings.
• In the 1960s, beef and sugar assumed greater importance, and the country began to
industrialize.
• In the early 1980s, the state reduced its role in the economy and promoted export-oriented
agriculture and industries.
28. • Traditional agricultural products are still the backbone of commodity export trade, a
variety of industrial and specialized agricultural products have broadened export
trade in recent years.
• High value-added goods and services, including medical devices, have further
expanded exports.
• High uncertainty avoidance has led to foreign investors leading innovation in trade.
• Environmental protection causes the importing of raw materials rather than
extraction, as well a limiting number of port cities.