The document discusses the history of immigration to the United States from 1607 to the present. It covers major periods and surges of immigration, changes to immigration policy over time, concerns with the current immigration system, and arguments for immigration reform including providing a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. The document concludes by recommending reforms such as allowing amnesty, requiring immigrants to register, improving humane treatment, and providing legal status or visas to immigrants who register and pay fines.

1. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Semester Project By: Kym Nuñez

2. Immigrant Life Immigration History Immigration Changes Immigration Current Concerns IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigration Issues Moral Treatment Humane Treatment Amnesty Necessity Conclusion & Recommendations Introduction

3. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigration Since 1607 – Jamestown VA Immigration Methods: 1 st : Colonization 2 nd : Arrive en mass via Ellis Island (and other ports) 3 rd : Planes, Trains, Automobiles 4 th : Walking Immigrant Life - History

4. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigrant Life - Changes Immigration Unrestricted 1607 – 1882 4 out of 5 people in New York City, in 1890, were immigrants Earliest Immigration Restrictions: 1 st Anti-Immigrant Law: Exclusion Act of 1882 2 nd Anti-Immigrant Law : Foran Act of 1885 Thousands of Immigrant Laws to Date

5. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigrant Life – Changes (cont’d) Early Immigration Surges (per year) 1880: 800,00 Immigrants Primarily Northern & Western Europeans 1905: 1,285,000 Immigrants 1910: 1,200,000 Immigrants Primarily Southern & Eastern Europeans **By 1910, 6 million passed through Ellis Island 1925: 700,000 Immigrants Primarily Asians & North & South Americans

6. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigrant Life – Changes (cont’d) Early Immigration Surges (per year) 1930: 400,00 Immigrants Primarily Asians & North & South Americans 1942-47: 360,000 Immigrants Primarily Mexican Farm Laborers 1955: 400,000 Immigrants Primarily Asians & North & South Americans

7. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigrant Life - Changes (cont’d) Immigration Population Surges

8. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigrant Life – Changes (cont’d) Importing Temporary Mexican Labor During Wartime 1942: Bracero Program US/Mexico cheap agribusiness labor contracts during WW2 while American men at war in Europe/Asia 1943: Railroad Program US/Mexico cheap labor contracts during WW2 while American men at war in Europe/Asia 1950: Public Law 78 US/Mexico cheap agribusiness & labor contracts during Korean War while American men at war in Asia

9. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigrant Life – Changes (cont’d) Imported/Deported Labor The temporary wartime US/Mexican labor contracts: Contracts brought many laborers and residents Contracts renewed regularly until 1964 “ Operation Wetback,” 1953-1955, the USA’s round-up program, deported 2 million Mexicans as well as Mexican Americans (US citizens, and their children) back to Mexico – the beginning of the dispensable & disposable labor/people notion

10. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigrant Life – Current Concerns Immigrants – As of 2009: About 36 million immigrants in the US About 12 million illegal immigrants in the US About 70% Latino (Mexico, Central & South America) About 10% Asian (China, Philippines, India) About .5% Canadians About 500,000 illegal entries into the US annually

11. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigrant Life – Current Concerns (cont’d) Immigration – As of 2009: Controlled by Department of Homeland Security Dept. (DHS) created by 9/11 attacks Combined old departments, added new aspects ICE – US Immigration & Customs Enforcement Established by Homeland Security Act of 2002 Combined Customs and INS ICE enforces the laws of DHS Responsible for tracking, capturing and deporting

12. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigrant Life – Current Concerns (cont’d) Immigration – As of 2009: ICE – US Immigration & Customs Enforcement Maintains a log of Visa requests for family members of immigrants or citizens Currently has a backlog of family Visa requests Investigates the borders of the US Conducts employer investigations for illegal workers Raids employers business in search of illegal workers

13. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigrant Life – Current Concerns (cont’d) Immigration – Illegal Immigration 101, as of 2009: How to Become an Illegal Immigrant 1) Enter the US without authorization or inspection 2) Stay beyond authorized period on Visa 3) Violate the terms of legal entry

14. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigration Issues – Moral Treatment Immigration – Hate Environment for Latino Immigrants Conservative and liberal media use prejudice, dehumanizing and animal-like traits to describe Latino immigrants: 1) “Threatening army of invaders” 2) “The greatest invasion in history” 3) “Swarms” 4) “Hordes”

15. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigration Issues – Moral Treatment (cont’d) Immigration – Hate Environment for Latino Immigrants Conservative and liberal media use prejudice, dehumanizing and animal-like traits to describe Latino immigrants: 5) “Animal-Like” 6) “Will rip apart and subvert American values” 7) “Not American and not decent” 8) “Less Deserving”

16. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigration Issues – Moral Treatment (cont’d) Immigration – Hate Environment for Latino Immigrants Conservative and liberal media use prejudice, dehumanizing and animal-like traits to describe Latino immigrants: 9) “Instill a threat to American’s basic well being” 10) “Spread communicable diseases” 11) “Take back prior Mexican territory from the US and give it to the government of Mexico”

17. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigration Issues – Moral Treatment (cont’d) Immigration – Hate Environment for Latino Immigrants Rebuttals for Latino immigrants: Latinos are not animals, stop using those descriptions Latinos have strong family values Immigrants are deserving, our families were immigrants 1/2 the Latino immigrant population is actually from at least 30 other Latino countries, other than Mexico

18. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigration Issues – Moral Treatment (cont’d) Immigration – Hate Environment for Latino Immigrants Rebuttals for Latino immigrants: Only 1/2 the Latino immigrant population is actually Mexican All Latino immigrants are not mercenary soldiers secretly fighting with Mexican immigrants to take US territory back to Mexico It is impossible to determine citizenship by appearance 2 people from the same neighborhood in Guatemala live in the US, 1 legal, 1 not, can you identify the citizen by appearance?

19. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigration Issues – Humane Treatment Immigration – In-humane Treatment by ICE ICE outsources building and maintenance of facilities to house overflow of detainees for deportation Impossible for family communication Lower standard of care than a state or federal jail or other ICE facility ICE provides poor medical attention for sick or injured detainees 107 deaths in ICE detention only since 2003 ICE separates illegal immigrant parents from citizen children through by deportation (after raids, etc.)

20. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigration Issues – Amnesty Necessity Immigration – Amnesty Many Immigrants migrate to the US for opportunity US government & companies created this environment Many US companies provide immigrants with jobs US companies save money US companies still need cost savings US companies pay lower wages

21. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigration Issues – Amnesty Necessity (cont’d) Immigration – Amnesty Many illegal immigrants Pay sales taxes wherever they are Pay income taxes & Social Security that is unclaimed Contribute to economy through living and spending here Contribute to local communities

22. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Immigration Issues – Amnesty Necessity (cont’d) Immigration – Amnesty - Help Improve Borders & provide Fast-Track to citizenship Invest in real border security, technology, etc. Require all immigrants register into system Provide ID cards with fingerprints, etc. Toughen the consequences for employers hiring new immigrants Require immigrants pay a $5000 to $10,000 fine (installments?) Require English classes and standardized competency tests Allow those registered and paid legal & Visa opportunities Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2009 addresses all above

23. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Conclusion & Recommendation Immigration Immigration History - Occurring since 1607 Addresses all types of labor shortages Continues to build and blend the melting pot of the US Creates and improves the economy through spending/living Allow Amnesty program for all current immigrants Require all immigrants register into system, take English classes Provide ID cards with fingerprints, etc. Require immigrants pay a fine Allow those registered and paid legal & Visa opportunities

24. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Conclusion & Recommendation (cont’d) Immigration Immigration – Humane and Moral Treatment Do not use secret facilities Improve level of care for detainees Stop separating families Allow Amnesty program for all current immigrants Require all immigrants register into system, take English classes Provide ID cards with fingerprints, etc. Require immigrants pay a fine Allow those registered and paid legal & Visa opportunities

25. ADL (Eds.). (2008). Immigrants Targeted: extremist rhetoric moves into the mainstream. Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved from http://www.adl.org/ Bernstein, N. (2010). Officials hid the truth about immigration deaths in jail. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/us/10detain.html . Edmonston and Smith. The new Americans: economic, demographic, and fiscal effects of immigration. National Academy Press. Garraty, J.A., (1966). The American nation; a history of the United States. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. Jacobson, M. & Sollors, W. (Eds.). (2007). Immigration and American popular culture: nation of newcomers; immigrant history as American history. New York, NY: New York University Press. NCLR (Eds.). (2010). Fact sheet. National Council of La Raza. Retrieved from http://www.nclr.org . PHC (Eds.). (2005). Estimates of the size and characteristics of the undocumented population – full report. Pew Hispanic Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/61.pdf . Preston, J. (Ed.). (2007). Immigration quandary: a mother torn from her baby. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/us/17citizen.html?ei=5088&en=995bf8e6cb90c8de&ex=1352955600&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1195326374-2mUVluDap1JR/s2ibNmOzA . Stevens, J. (2010). America’s secret ICE castles. The Nation. New York, NY. Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/doc/20100104/stevens . IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Works Cited

26. IMMIGRATION Need for Reform Thank You Questions?