Ch 5 Sec 2 "Decline of Feudalism"
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As towns formed and trade grew, feudalism began to decline in Europe. Nobles established towns and granted charters to townspeople, allowing self-governance while collecting taxes. Strong centralized monarchies also developed, like those of William the Conqueror and Henry II in England and Hugh Capet and Phillip II in France, reducing the power of nobles. In England, common law was established under Henry II and limitations on the monarchy through documents like the Magna Carta and the rise of Parliament under Edward I.
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Ch 5 sec 2
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This document provides an overview of agricultural, industrial, economic, and demographic changes in Europe during the 18th century. It discusses the transition from the open field system to enclosure, the agricultural revolution led by England and the Netherlands, the growth of the putting-out system and cottage industries, the rise of mercantilism and colonial wars that built the world economy, and the increasing population and urbanization across the continent during this period of expansion.
Ch 5 Sec 4 "Culture in Europe"
Knights during the era of chivalry were expected to limit their fighting to other armed knights, while the Peace and Truce of God movements placed restrictions on warfare to protect civilians. Universities first emerged in Europe to provide education to free men in subjects taught exclusively in Latin like the liberal arts. Art and architecture were dominated by Christian themes, with Gothic cathedrals employing flying buttresses and Romanesque styles incorporating elements of Roman design.
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1) Parliamentary growth in Great Britain influenced the development of a strong navy and independent thinking as the island was separated from continental Europe.
2) The Magna Carta established limits on royal power and affirmed rights like trial by jury.
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1) England and France began developing into nations, with democratic traditions like jury trials and legal rights emerging during this period.
2) England absorbed waves of invaders over centuries, including Vikings and Normans after the Norman Conquest of 1066, gradually forming a unified kingdom and developing a system of common law and representative parliament.
3) In France, the Capetian dynasty took control of Paris in 987 and gradually expanded royal power outward over feudal territories, with Philip II significantly increasing French lands and establishing royal authority structures.
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1) The document discusses reforms in the Catholic Church between 800-1500 CE including reforms to priest marriage/offices and the creation of the Curia to advise the Pope.
2) It describes the Crusades which began in response to requests from Byzantine emperors to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule, though later Crusades had mixed success and consequences.
3) Western Europe saw improvements to farming, growth of trade/cities, and the rise of universities which contributed to prosperity and the development of nations like England and France with some democratic traditions evolving.
Module Seven Presentation Notes
1. In 1066, William the Conqueror led the Norman invasion of England and defeated the English King Harold at the Battle of Hastings, establishing Norman rule over England and bringing feudalism to its lands.
2. Under Henry II in the 12th century, England's legal system was strengthened through the establishment of common law, trial by jury, and a unified court system.
3. The 13th century saw the development of Parliament in England as kings needed money and granted power to the nobility and commoners to tax and spend, establishing the foundations of representative democracy.
Content review
The document provides an overview of key topics and events from European exploration and colonization during the Age of Discovery. It discusses motivations for European exploration like seeking trade routes to Asia and acquiring wealth. Key figures that enabled exploration are mentioned, such as Prince Henry of Portugal. Important sailing innovations, like the caravel and compass, are described. Early English colonies in North America and the Mayflower Compact establishing self-governance are summarized. The document also briefly outlines the transatlantic slave trade and effects of the Columbian Exchange, as well as some consequences of the Protestant Reformation like the Thirty Years' War and rise of absolute monarchs in Europe like Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia.
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The document discusses how the power of monarchs grew across Europe during the Middle Ages. In England, kings gained power through conquest and centralizing authority, culminating in Magna Carta and the formation of Parliament to advise the king. In France, the Capetian dynasty extended control over the country. The Holy Roman Empire was fragmented, with local dukes holding power. Rulers in Spain gained authority by gradually reconquering territory from the Moors through the Reconquista.
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The document discusses how the power of monarchs grew across Europe during the Middle Ages. In England, kings gained power through conquest and centralizing authority, culminating in Magna Carta and the formation of Parliament to advise the king. In France, the Capetian dynasty extended control over the country. The Holy Roman Empire was decentralized, with local dukes maintaining authority. Kings in Iberia gained power by driving out the Moors through the Reconquista.
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The document summarizes key events in England, France, Spain, and Russia during the Late Middle Ages:
In England, this period was marked by the Norman Conquest in 1066, disputes over land with France, the signing of the Magna Carta, and the War of the Roses civil war. In France, the Capetian dynasty strengthened royal power around Paris while contending with England over territories. Spain saw the completion of the Reconquista by 1492 and the expulsion of religious minorities. In Russia, the Mongols invaded and ruled until the 1480s, while the Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually expanded its power.
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Feudalism established a political and social hierarchy in medieval Europe consisting of three main classes: the clergy who prayed, the nobility who fought, and peasants who worked. Peasants gradually became serfs who were bound to manor lands and owed labor and taxes to lords. The rise of towns and trade in the 11th century led to the growth of a merchant class. New universities and the spread of Christianity through the Crusades transformed Europe.
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The document provides information about attractions and places of interest in the United Kingdom, as well as background details on the country. It lists famous British landmarks like Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, and Oxford University. Additionally, it covers facts about the constituent countries of the UK, including demographics, government, and a brief history stretching from ancient Britain to the present day.
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The document discusses trade in East Africa along the African trade cycle route. Cities developed along this route to protect trade and Swahili developed as a trade language that was a mix of different languages. It also discusses Zimbabwe, which means great house of stone and thrived on exporting goods like gold, slaves and ivory. The Great Enclosure was Zimbabwe's most famous stone structure before it was abandoned in the 1450s.
Ch. 2 Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam
The document discusses how Islam spread from the 7th century. The Byzantine and Sassanid Empires had weakened after 200 years of conflict, leaving societies tired of heavy taxation and diverse populations with little unity. This allowed Arab Muslims to establish control over vast lands. Initially, Muslims tolerated other religions if they paid a tax, though this changed after the Crusades and adopting the rule that converting from Islam was punishable by death.
Ch. 1 Sec. 1 The Beginnings
The document summarizes the origins of the human race according to Genesis. It describes how God created the world in 6 days and created man in his image to rule over the earth. It discusses how Adam and Eve were the first humans, but they sinned by eating the forbidden fruit which twisted human civilization. It then covers major biblical figures and events like Cain and Abel, the Great Flood in Noah's time, the Tower of Babel, and the resulting formation of nations and languages.
Ch. 1 Sec. 2 The History of Israel
The document summarizes the history of Israel, beginning with Abraham and his descendants. It outlines the major covenants God made with Abraham, the Israelites at Mount Sinai, David, and the new covenant. The Abrahamic Covenant promised that Abraham's descendants would become a great nation, possess the land of Canaan, bless all nations, and that his seed would bring blessing. The Mosaic Covenant established the Israelites as God's special nation if they obeyed his laws and demanded monotheism. The Davidic Covenant promised David's dynasty would last forever through a future ideal king or Messiah.
Ch. 1 Sec. 3 The Coming
This document summarizes the key events and figures in the origins and spread of Christianity from Jesus to the 5th century AD. It describes Jesus and his teachings, the establishment of the New Covenant, the spread of Christianity by the apostles and Paul, Roman persecutions of Christians under Nero and Diocletian, the conversion and policies of Emperor Constantine which legalized Christianity, and the writings of Augustine asserting that God's kingdom is eternal unlike earthly empires.
Ch. 19 Sec. 1 Following WWII
After WWII, Europe and Asia underwent significant changes - Germany and Berlin were divided between the Western allies and Soviet Union, while the US took sole responsibility for rebuilding Japan and establishing a new constitution with Douglas MacArthur's supervision. The Cold War emerged between the capitalist West led by the US and the communist East led by the Soviet Union, which was expanding its sphere of influence and led countries to live under the Iron Curtain. When the Soviet Union blocked land access to West Berlin, the US airlifted food and supplies for over 300 days, and later the Korean War broke out as North Korea invaded South Korea, drawing in the US under Douglas MacArthur's command until a ceasefire was reached along the 38th Parallel dividing line.
Ch. 19 Sec 2 Democracy vs Communism
The US became involved in Vietnam due to fears that if South Vietnam fell to communism, other Southeast Asian countries would follow suit under the "domino theory." While initially sending advisors, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed the US to take military action. However, the US struggled against opponents in Vietnam due to jungle terrain and lack of clear targets, as well as growing dissent at home. The Tet Offensive of 1968 was a major surprise attack that turned US public opinion against the war, leading to the Vietnamization policy of gradually withdrawing troops while continuing support for South Vietnam.
Ch 18 Sec 1 World War II
The key causes of WWII were the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and Hirohito in Japan. Germany's economy was ruined after harsh treatment following WWI, including huge reparation payments. Countries were increasingly aggressive in expanding their borders, which the weak League of Nations struggled to address. Germany openly disregarded the Treaty of Versailles and remilitarized the Rhineland. Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939 marked the official start of WWII in Europe, while Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor drew the U.S. into the war in 1941.
Ch 18 Sec 2 European Theater
Germany attacked France and cornered Allied forces at Dunkirk, but bad weather allowed the British navy to rescue troops across the English Channel. Germany then bombed Britain for over 3 months but failed to break the Royal Air Force. Hitler invaded the Soviet Union to seize its resources but faced scorched earth tactics, and later turned his attention to the Pacific by attacking islands like the Philippines. Several key events turned the tide of war, including Germany fighting on two fronts after invading the USSR, the US entering the war after Japan's attack, Italy surrendering following the Allied invasion of Sicily, and the Allied D-Day invasion of France leading ultimately to Germany's defeat on V-E Day in 1945, after which the US dropped atomic
Ch. 17 Sec. 1 Prelude to WWI
World War I was caused by militarism, imperialism, and a system of rival alliances between European powers. Countries had built up large militaries and still sought to expand their territories abroad. This caused tensions that were further exacerbated by networks of alliances like the Triple Entente between Britain, France, and Russia, and the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The immediate trigger of WWI was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, leading Germany to declare war on Russia and the outbreak of fighting among most European nations.
Ch. 17 Sec. 2 WWI
Germany's Schlieffen Plan to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium backfired when Belgium resisted and Britain joined the war in support of the Allies. This led to stalemate as massive casualties mounted on both sides without major gains, resulting in trench warfare with both sides developing new weapons like tanks, poison gas, zeppelins and airplanes. The war became a total war effort by all countries as it dragged on for years until the US entry in 1917 and a German-supported Bolshevik revolution in Russia reduced enemies for Germany, leading to the Treaty of Versailles ending the war that blamed and punished Germany.
Ch. 17 Sec. 3 and 4 After the War
After World War 1, several dictators rose to power in Russia, Germany, and Italy. In Russia, Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and became dictator after the execution of Czar Nicholas II. In Germany, Adolf Hitler led the Nazi party and declared himself dictator after gaining power. In Italy, Benito Mussolini led the Fascist party and was appointed leader after marching on Rome. These dictators consolidated their control and rebuilt their militaries, undermining the peace efforts of the League of Nations and other post-WW1 agreements.
Ch. 17 Sec. 5 The Great Depression
The Great Depression was caused by the financial devastation of World War I, with the US loaning money to allies who did not repay, the failure of the Federal Reserve to control interest rates, and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raising prices of foreign goods and reducing US exports. This led to about 1/3 of the workforce becoming unemployed even as Hoover and later FDR created numerous government programs to stimulate the economy and help the unemployed in the face of the crisis.
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The document summarizes Russian history from Catherine the Great's rule in the late 18th century through the reign of Nicholas II in the early 20th century. It describes Russia's harsh climate and serf-based agricultural system. It notes key events like Catherine expanding Russia's territory, Alexander II abolishing serfdom but not providing land for freed serfs, and Alexander III and Nicholas II cracking down on dissent through censorship, persecution, and pogroms against threatening groups. Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia is also summarized, where the Russian winter and scorched earth tactics helped defeat the French armies.
Ch. 14 Vocabulary
This document lists 10 vocabulary terms: socialism, proletariat, bourgeoisie, communism, Corn Laws, Parliament Bill of 1911, anti-Semitism, pasteurization, romanticism, and realism. These terms relate to political and economic systems, social classes, laws and government, science, and artistic movements from history.
Ch. 14 Sec. 1 "Reform in Western Culture"
This document summarizes various social reforms that occurred in Western culture between the 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses the rise of socialism and Marxism, which advocated for public ownership and a classless society. It also outlines women's suffrage and temperance movements that aimed to give women the right to vote and reduce alcohol consumption. Finally, it provides details on reforms in Britain that expanded voting rights and increased the power of the House of Commons, as well as rising anti-Semitism in Europe during the Dreyfus Affair in France.
Ch. 14 Sec. 2 "Changes in Culture and Education"
Romanticism emphasized emotion over reason and often depicted peaceful rural scenes, while Realism sought to portray life realistically, including the negative aspects of industrialization in works by Charles Dickens and Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. Education reforms occurred across Europe in the 1800s, with Britain establishing Sunday schools and building public schools, Germany requiring primary education for all children, and France's Jules Ferry forming a system mandating attendance until age 15 under one of Europe's finest systems.
Ch. 14 Sec. 3 Science and Technology
This document summarizes the contributions of several important scientists from the 19th century including James Maxwell, Louis Pasteur, and Charles Darwin, and highlights several technological advancements such as the railroad, steamship, internal combustion engine, airplane, telegraph, and telephone. Key scientific discoveries included Maxwell's work in physics and astronomy, Pasteur proving spontaneous generation is false and pioneering pasteurization, and Darwin developing the theory of evolution by natural selection. Major technologies that transformed transportation and communication during this period were also outlined.
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This document summarizes the contributions of several important scientists from the 19th century including James Maxwell, Louis Pasteur, and Charles Darwin, and highlights several technological advancements such as the railroad, steamship, internal combustion engine, airplane, telegraph, and telephone. Key scientific discoveries included Maxwell's work in physics and astronomy, Pasteur's disproving of spontaneous generation and development of pasteurization, and Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Major technologies that transformed transportation and communication during this period were also outlined.
Ch. 15 Vocabulary
This document lists 12 key terms related to European colonialism and imperialism in Africa in the 19th century. It includes names of important explorers like David Livingstone and missionaries like Robert Moffat, as well as political events like the Berlin Conference that divided Africa among European powers and technological factors like the Maxim gun that enabled European military domination.
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What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
Ch 5 Sec 2 "Decline of Feudalism"
- 1. Decline of Feudalism People continued to live on land controlled by nobles, more and more were moving to town. Towns began to dominate the land
- 2. Why did towns start forming? 1. Europe was growing 2. The growth of trade 3. They were places of opportunity
- 4. • Nobles often owned the towns or controlled the land they were on • He would give a town charter – A legal document that listed the privileges of the townspeople – They still paid taxes to the lord – Allowed to govern themselves
- 6. Development of Strong Monarchies ENGLAND • England was conquered by William the Conqueror in 1066 • He established the royal dynasty the Normans • His grandson Henry II strengthened this dynasty
- 8. Henry II
- 9. FRANCE • Hugh Capet founded a new royal line in France called the Capetians • Phillip II seized much of the English land for France • Phillip II also started using bailiffs who went and collected taxes for the crown • The Capetians were successful because each ruler was able to pass the crown down to a son
- 10. Hugh Capet
- 11. Phillip II
- 12. English Legal Practices • Today’s trial by jury came from medieval Europe – In medieval England the jury provided the evidence and the judge would determine if guilty – In America, the jury hears the evidence and decides if guilty • Henry II set up common law which was uniform laws for all of England
- 13. • England set limits on the power of the king • The document is called the Magna Carta, which means “Great Charter” • During Edward I Parliament was set up – Started out as advisors to the king – House of Lords were the nobles – House of Commons were the knights and leading citizens – Parliament later could approve new taxes this power was called “power of the purse”
- 14. King John signing the Magna Carta
- 15. Edward I
Editor's Notes
- Better farming methods and crop production took less people to harvest so people could buy their freedom and move to town Places were trade routes or roads intersected became logical locations to build settlements Farmers, butchers, bakers, carpenters and other craftsmen prospered in towns
- Phillip II seized land during King John’s reign
- King john was misusing his power and the nobles rose up against him and made him sign the Magna Carta