1) The document discusses reforms in the Catholic Church between 800-1500 CE including reforms to priest marriage/offices and the creation of the Curia to advise the Pope.
2) It describes the Crusades which began in response to requests from Byzantine emperors to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule, though later Crusades had mixed success and consequences.
3) Western Europe saw improvements to farming, growth of trade/cities, and the rise of universities which contributed to prosperity and the development of nations like England and France with some democratic traditions evolving.
The document provides an overview of developments in Western Europe between 800-1500 CE. It covers major events such as the Crusades, reforms within the Catholic Church, the rise of kingdoms in England and France, and the devastating impact of the plague. Specifically, it discusses how the Crusades helped expand trade and spread new ideas from the Middle East back to Europe. It also notes that England and France began establishing democratic traditions through institutions like the Magna Carta and Estates-General.
Charlemagne united many of the Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. This led to the rise of feudalism, a political and economic system where lords provided land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service. Knights emerged as the dominant warriors and developed a code of chivalry. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church grew increasingly powerful and influential across Europe under the leadership of figures like Pope Gregory I.
Ch 14 Formation Of Western Europe SlidesEric Castro
The document provides an assignment asking students to write an essay analyzing how disease can profoundly affect the history of a civilization. It instructs students to use the Black Death plague of the 14th century as an example, and another disease from the past 100 years such as smallpox or the Spanish Flu. It outlines the sections the essay should include: an introduction and thesis, effects of the Black Death, effects of a second disease, analysis comparing the two examples, and a conclusion. Research from at least three quality sources outside the textbook is required, with two being physical print sources, and all sources must be cited using parenthetical notation.
The document summarizes key developments in medieval Europe, including the rise of feudalism and manorialism, the growth of towns and trade, the role of the Catholic Church and papacy, and major events like the Crusades and the Black Death pandemic. It provides timelines of major political, economic, and social changes from the fall of Rome to 1300 CE.
1. The Protestant Reformation began in the early 16th century led by Martin Luther and John Calvin, challenging Catholic Church practices.
2. Scientific advances like Copernicus' sun-centered model and Newton's law of gravity led to challenges of traditional religious views of the natural world.
3. Many European states consolidated political power during this period, developing absolutist styles of rule, while religious conflicts continued.
The document provides an overview of Ancient Rome and Early Christianity between 500 BC and 500 AD. It covers the establishment of the Roman Republic and its expansion across Italy and the Mediterranean. It then discusses the transition to a Roman Empire under Augustus and the Pax Romana period. The rise of Christianity in Rome is summarized, including the life of Jesus, the teachings of Paul, and the growth of Christianity despite persecution. The decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD is briefly covered. The lasting influences of Roman civilization on law, language, architecture and Western culture are also noted.
England absorbed many invaders over time, including the Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. In 1066, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded England and claimed the English crown after defeating King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. He established a centralized government and gave lands to Norman lords. English kings aimed to hold onto French lands and strengthen power over nobles. Henry II introduced the use of juries in royal courts and common law developed through case rulings. The Magna Carta guaranteed rights and limited royal power in response to King John's actions. Parliament emerged with the House of Commons representing commoners. Meanwhile, the Capetian dynasty in France expanded royal control over lands from Paris and
The document provides an overview of developments in Western Europe between 800-1500 CE. It covers major events such as the Crusades, reforms within the Catholic Church, the rise of kingdoms in England and France, and the devastating impact of the plague. Specifically, it discusses how the Crusades helped expand trade and spread new ideas from the Middle East back to Europe. It also notes that England and France began establishing democratic traditions through institutions like the Magna Carta and Estates-General.
Charlemagne united many of the Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. This led to the rise of feudalism, a political and economic system where lords provided land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service. Knights emerged as the dominant warriors and developed a code of chivalry. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church grew increasingly powerful and influential across Europe under the leadership of figures like Pope Gregory I.
Ch 14 Formation Of Western Europe SlidesEric Castro
The document provides an assignment asking students to write an essay analyzing how disease can profoundly affect the history of a civilization. It instructs students to use the Black Death plague of the 14th century as an example, and another disease from the past 100 years such as smallpox or the Spanish Flu. It outlines the sections the essay should include: an introduction and thesis, effects of the Black Death, effects of a second disease, analysis comparing the two examples, and a conclusion. Research from at least three quality sources outside the textbook is required, with two being physical print sources, and all sources must be cited using parenthetical notation.
The document summarizes key developments in medieval Europe, including the rise of feudalism and manorialism, the growth of towns and trade, the role of the Catholic Church and papacy, and major events like the Crusades and the Black Death pandemic. It provides timelines of major political, economic, and social changes from the fall of Rome to 1300 CE.
1. The Protestant Reformation began in the early 16th century led by Martin Luther and John Calvin, challenging Catholic Church practices.
2. Scientific advances like Copernicus' sun-centered model and Newton's law of gravity led to challenges of traditional religious views of the natural world.
3. Many European states consolidated political power during this period, developing absolutist styles of rule, while religious conflicts continued.
The document provides an overview of Ancient Rome and Early Christianity between 500 BC and 500 AD. It covers the establishment of the Roman Republic and its expansion across Italy and the Mediterranean. It then discusses the transition to a Roman Empire under Augustus and the Pax Romana period. The rise of Christianity in Rome is summarized, including the life of Jesus, the teachings of Paul, and the growth of Christianity despite persecution. The decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD is briefly covered. The lasting influences of Roman civilization on law, language, architecture and Western culture are also noted.
England absorbed many invaders over time, including the Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. In 1066, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded England and claimed the English crown after defeating King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. He established a centralized government and gave lands to Norman lords. English kings aimed to hold onto French lands and strengthen power over nobles. Henry II introduced the use of juries in royal courts and common law developed through case rulings. The Magna Carta guaranteed rights and limited royal power in response to King John's actions. Parliament emerged with the House of Commons representing commoners. Meanwhile, the Capetian dynasty in France expanded royal control over lands from Paris and
During the European Middle Ages from 500-1200 CE:
- Charlemagne united many of the Germanic kingdoms under his Frankish Empire in the late 8th century.
- The feudal system emerged across Europe, based on a pyramid of land ownership and obligations of vassals to lords.
- The Catholic Church grew enormously in influence and power, establishing canon law and frequently competing for authority with political rulers.
The document summarizes several key aspects of life in medieval Europe during the Middle Ages, including the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire; the development of feudalism and manorialism; the power and influence of the Catholic Church; major events like the Crusades, Black Death, and Hundred Years War; and the introduction of new ideas, technologies, and crops from other parts of the world.
The Great Schism of 1054 marked a major division in Christianity, splitting the church into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. This schism was rooted in doctrinal differences but also fueled by political situations. In 1059, Pope Nicholas II established the College of Cardinals to elect new popes, reducing outside interference. Pope Gregory VII further asserted papal authority over emperors and clergy through his Gregorian Reforms from 1073-1085.
The document discusses several major turning points in medieval Europe during the High Middle Ages: the Crusades, which ended Western European isolation and led to increased trade; the Magna Carta signed by King John, which established early limitations on royal power; the Hundred Years' War between England and France, which strengthened both monarchies; the Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism, which weakened the Catholic Church's authority; and the Black Death plague, which killed a third of Europe's population and accelerated the decline of feudalism.
The Crusades were a series of holy wars called by the Pope between 1095-1291 CE where thousands of European Christians journeyed to the holy land of Jerusalem to reclaim it from Muslim rule. The Crusades had both short and long-term effects. In the short term, the First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 but slaughtered many Muslims in the process. Subsequent Crusades recaptured and changed hands of Jerusalem multiple times between Christian and Muslim rule. In the long term, the Crusades weakened the power of feudal lords in Europe and left a legacy of bitterness and hatred between Christians and Muslims.
The document discusses the political and social changes that occurred in Europe during the late Middle Ages. It describes how the Magna Carta limited the power of English kings and established principles of habeas corpus and rule of law. It also explains how the Hundred Years' War between England and France led to the growth of parliamentary power in England and helped drive the English out of France. Additionally, it overviewed how the Black Death plague led to social changes in medieval Europe.
1) Feudal systems developed similarly in Europe and Japan, with kings and lords controlling lands and warriors like knights and samurai swearing loyalty.
2) However, their cultures differed significantly, with Europeans largely Christian and focusing art on religion while Japanese blended beliefs and emphasized nature in art.
3) While feudal hierarchies and codes of honor for warriors were analogous, European and Japanese civilizations maintained distinct traditions in religion, art, and cultural worldviews.
Ch.19 the renaissance and reformation 2003dhtaylor3
The document summarizes the key events and impacts of the Protestant Reformation. It discusses how Martin Luther and other reformers called for changes to corrupt practices in the Catholic Church, which some broke away from to form new Protestant churches. This led to conflicts and wars as states divided along religious lines, but also brought social changes like more power for local governments. The Catholic Church launched a Counter-Reformation to reform itself and stem the growth of Protestantism.
This document provides an overview of transformations in Europe from 1500-1750. It discusses the Protestant Reformation and resulting religious wars. Martin Luther rejected the Pope's authority and ideas spread rapidly with the printing press. The Scientific Revolution led figures like Copernicus, Galileo and Newton to explore natural causes for the universe rather than supernatural forces. Socioeconomically, the bourgeoisie class grew wealthy through trade while most peasants saw declining standards of living. Politically, monarchies consolidated power through absolutism while philosophers like Locke began asserting people's rights and duties against the monarch.
- Cathedrals were grand churches meant to reflect God's glory through their large size, ornate design, and use of innovations like ribbed vaults and flying buttresses which allowed for bigger windows and open spaces.
- The Crusades were a series of "Holy Wars" called by the Pope starting in 1096 to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem but subsequent Crusades failed to hold territory.
- While the Crusades had religious motivations, they also had economic motivations as Crusaders could gain wealth and land if victorious and merchants profited from financing the Crusades.
During the late Middle Ages in Europe:
- Nation-states began forming as monarchies consolidated power across countries with common languages and cultures. Significant events included the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215.
- Conflicts included the Hundred Years' War between England and France from 1337-1453, and the War of the Roses civil war in England from 1455-1485.
- The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem and holy sites from 1095-1291.
The document provides an overview of life in Europe during the Middle Ages from 1000-1500 AD. It describes the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of medieval Europe, including the feudal system, manorialism, the Catholic Church, education, architecture, daily life, health, and fashion. Key events mentioned include the Black Death pandemic in the 14th century that killed nearly half of Europe's population.
Feudalism established a political and social hierarchy in medieval Europe consisting of three main classes: the clergy who prayed, the nobility who fought, and peasants who worked. Peasants gradually became serfs who were bound to manor lands and owed labor and taxes to lords. The rise of towns and trade in the 11th century led to the growth of a merchant class. New universities and the spread of Christianity through the Crusades transformed Europe.
The document summarizes important events, people, and developments in Europe during the Late Middle Ages, including:
1) William the Conqueror defeated the Anglo-Saxons in 1066 and became King of England, establishing Norman rule. King Henry II established common law and strengthened the English nation by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine.
2) King John faced rebellion over high taxes and was forced to agree to the Magna Carta, which limited royal power. The Pope placed England under interdict during this time.
3) The Crusades were launched by the Pope in the 11th-century to reconquer the Holy Land from Muslim rule. They had both military and religious significance. The Black
Feudal monarchs in Europe had limited power due to their reliance on vassals for military support, while nobles and the Church often had as much or more authority. In England, William the Conqueror strengthened royal power after his victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when he became the first Norman king. His successor, William II, had a census conducted in 1086 known as the Domesday Book, which helped him and later English rulers establish efficient tax collection. Under King Henry II in the 12th century, England developed a common law system and early jury trials. In France, the Capetian dynasty established strong centralized royal authority over three centuries starting with Hugh Capet in 987.
1. During the Early Middle Ages in Europe, the fall of Rome led to a lack of centralized power and the Catholic Church remained one of the only remnants of Rome in the West.
2. Groups like the Vikings invaded and peasants sought protection from warriors, leading to the rise of a warrior aristocracy and eventually kings who developed feudalism.
3. Under feudalism, peasants were bound as serfs to manors, which were largely self-sufficient economic units where peasants had to fulfill obligations to lords in exchange for land.
The High Middle Ages refers to the 12th and 13th centuries in Europe. During this time:
1. Agricultural innovations like the heavy plow, crop rotation, irrigation, and watermills/windmills increased food production and reduced famines. This led to population growth and an economic boom.
2. New cities grew along trade routes, as peasants fled serfdom and merchants sought protection. The largest cities had over 50,000 inhabitants. Urban societies developed social hierarchies and ethnic neighborhoods like Jewish quarters.
3. International trade expanded through routes like the Mediterranean and increased the growth of banking practices such as bills of exchange, credit, and trade fairs. This economic growth supported the rising middle class
The document provides an overview of key topics and events from European exploration and colonization during the Age of Discovery. It discusses motivations for European exploration like seeking trade routes to Asia and acquiring wealth. Key figures that enabled exploration are mentioned, such as Prince Henry of Portugal. Important sailing innovations, like the caravel and compass, are described. Early English colonies in North America and the Mayflower Compact establishing self-governance are summarized. The document also briefly outlines the transatlantic slave trade and effects of the Columbian Exchange, as well as some consequences of the Protestant Reformation like the Thirty Years' War and rise of absolute monarchs in Europe like Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Europe entered a period of decline known as the Middle Ages. Three groups contributed to the emergence of a new civilization: the Romans through their legacy of laws and infrastructure; the Christian Church which spread across Europe and established a hierarchical organization; and Germanic tribes which established new kingdoms and introduced concepts of loyalty and family. Charlemagne later united much of Western Europe under the Carolingian Empire and was crowned by the Pope, representing the fusion of Roman, Christian and Germanic influences. However, his empire did not endure and Europe remained politically fragmented.
The Renaissance marked a period of cultural and intellectual rebirth in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries. Key developments included the rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman texts, which led to a new focus on secular and humanist ideas. In Italy, where the Renaissance began, urban centers like Florence saw a flourishing of the arts and learning as merchants and aristocrats patronized figures like Petrarch, Alberti, and Machiavelli. The Renaissance ideals of humanism, classicism, and individualism then spread north to areas like France, Germany, and England.
New farming technologies in medieval Europe led to population growth and increased food production. Trade also expanded as new routes opened, sparking growth in towns and cities. This economic change gave rise to a new middle class organized into guilds. The Crusades had wide-ranging effects, increasing trade and contact with other cultures while weakening the Byzantine Empire. In Spain, the Reconquista drove out Muslim rule, and the union of Aragon and Castile enabled the final defeat of Islamic forces there.
The document summarizes developments in medieval Europe from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD to the late Middle Ages in the 1400s. It describes how Christianity spread throughout Europe, the rise and fall of empires like Charlemagne's, the development of feudalism and manorialism, the growth of trade and cities, the formation of kingdoms like England, and events like the Crusades and Black Death pandemic. Key institutions that shaped medieval Europe included the Catholic Church and feudal political structures.
During the European Middle Ages from 500-1200 CE:
- Charlemagne united many of the Germanic kingdoms under his Frankish Empire in the late 8th century.
- The feudal system emerged across Europe, based on a pyramid of land ownership and obligations of vassals to lords.
- The Catholic Church grew enormously in influence and power, establishing canon law and frequently competing for authority with political rulers.
The document summarizes several key aspects of life in medieval Europe during the Middle Ages, including the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire; the development of feudalism and manorialism; the power and influence of the Catholic Church; major events like the Crusades, Black Death, and Hundred Years War; and the introduction of new ideas, technologies, and crops from other parts of the world.
The Great Schism of 1054 marked a major division in Christianity, splitting the church into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. This schism was rooted in doctrinal differences but also fueled by political situations. In 1059, Pope Nicholas II established the College of Cardinals to elect new popes, reducing outside interference. Pope Gregory VII further asserted papal authority over emperors and clergy through his Gregorian Reforms from 1073-1085.
The document discusses several major turning points in medieval Europe during the High Middle Ages: the Crusades, which ended Western European isolation and led to increased trade; the Magna Carta signed by King John, which established early limitations on royal power; the Hundred Years' War between England and France, which strengthened both monarchies; the Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism, which weakened the Catholic Church's authority; and the Black Death plague, which killed a third of Europe's population and accelerated the decline of feudalism.
The Crusades were a series of holy wars called by the Pope between 1095-1291 CE where thousands of European Christians journeyed to the holy land of Jerusalem to reclaim it from Muslim rule. The Crusades had both short and long-term effects. In the short term, the First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 but slaughtered many Muslims in the process. Subsequent Crusades recaptured and changed hands of Jerusalem multiple times between Christian and Muslim rule. In the long term, the Crusades weakened the power of feudal lords in Europe and left a legacy of bitterness and hatred between Christians and Muslims.
The document discusses the political and social changes that occurred in Europe during the late Middle Ages. It describes how the Magna Carta limited the power of English kings and established principles of habeas corpus and rule of law. It also explains how the Hundred Years' War between England and France led to the growth of parliamentary power in England and helped drive the English out of France. Additionally, it overviewed how the Black Death plague led to social changes in medieval Europe.
1) Feudal systems developed similarly in Europe and Japan, with kings and lords controlling lands and warriors like knights and samurai swearing loyalty.
2) However, their cultures differed significantly, with Europeans largely Christian and focusing art on religion while Japanese blended beliefs and emphasized nature in art.
3) While feudal hierarchies and codes of honor for warriors were analogous, European and Japanese civilizations maintained distinct traditions in religion, art, and cultural worldviews.
Ch.19 the renaissance and reformation 2003dhtaylor3
The document summarizes the key events and impacts of the Protestant Reformation. It discusses how Martin Luther and other reformers called for changes to corrupt practices in the Catholic Church, which some broke away from to form new Protestant churches. This led to conflicts and wars as states divided along religious lines, but also brought social changes like more power for local governments. The Catholic Church launched a Counter-Reformation to reform itself and stem the growth of Protestantism.
This document provides an overview of transformations in Europe from 1500-1750. It discusses the Protestant Reformation and resulting religious wars. Martin Luther rejected the Pope's authority and ideas spread rapidly with the printing press. The Scientific Revolution led figures like Copernicus, Galileo and Newton to explore natural causes for the universe rather than supernatural forces. Socioeconomically, the bourgeoisie class grew wealthy through trade while most peasants saw declining standards of living. Politically, monarchies consolidated power through absolutism while philosophers like Locke began asserting people's rights and duties against the monarch.
- Cathedrals were grand churches meant to reflect God's glory through their large size, ornate design, and use of innovations like ribbed vaults and flying buttresses which allowed for bigger windows and open spaces.
- The Crusades were a series of "Holy Wars" called by the Pope starting in 1096 to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem but subsequent Crusades failed to hold territory.
- While the Crusades had religious motivations, they also had economic motivations as Crusaders could gain wealth and land if victorious and merchants profited from financing the Crusades.
During the late Middle Ages in Europe:
- Nation-states began forming as monarchies consolidated power across countries with common languages and cultures. Significant events included the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215.
- Conflicts included the Hundred Years' War between England and France from 1337-1453, and the War of the Roses civil war in England from 1455-1485.
- The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem and holy sites from 1095-1291.
The document provides an overview of life in Europe during the Middle Ages from 1000-1500 AD. It describes the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of medieval Europe, including the feudal system, manorialism, the Catholic Church, education, architecture, daily life, health, and fashion. Key events mentioned include the Black Death pandemic in the 14th century that killed nearly half of Europe's population.
Feudalism established a political and social hierarchy in medieval Europe consisting of three main classes: the clergy who prayed, the nobility who fought, and peasants who worked. Peasants gradually became serfs who were bound to manor lands and owed labor and taxes to lords. The rise of towns and trade in the 11th century led to the growth of a merchant class. New universities and the spread of Christianity through the Crusades transformed Europe.
The document summarizes important events, people, and developments in Europe during the Late Middle Ages, including:
1) William the Conqueror defeated the Anglo-Saxons in 1066 and became King of England, establishing Norman rule. King Henry II established common law and strengthened the English nation by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine.
2) King John faced rebellion over high taxes and was forced to agree to the Magna Carta, which limited royal power. The Pope placed England under interdict during this time.
3) The Crusades were launched by the Pope in the 11th-century to reconquer the Holy Land from Muslim rule. They had both military and religious significance. The Black
Feudal monarchs in Europe had limited power due to their reliance on vassals for military support, while nobles and the Church often had as much or more authority. In England, William the Conqueror strengthened royal power after his victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when he became the first Norman king. His successor, William II, had a census conducted in 1086 known as the Domesday Book, which helped him and later English rulers establish efficient tax collection. Under King Henry II in the 12th century, England developed a common law system and early jury trials. In France, the Capetian dynasty established strong centralized royal authority over three centuries starting with Hugh Capet in 987.
1. During the Early Middle Ages in Europe, the fall of Rome led to a lack of centralized power and the Catholic Church remained one of the only remnants of Rome in the West.
2. Groups like the Vikings invaded and peasants sought protection from warriors, leading to the rise of a warrior aristocracy and eventually kings who developed feudalism.
3. Under feudalism, peasants were bound as serfs to manors, which were largely self-sufficient economic units where peasants had to fulfill obligations to lords in exchange for land.
The High Middle Ages refers to the 12th and 13th centuries in Europe. During this time:
1. Agricultural innovations like the heavy plow, crop rotation, irrigation, and watermills/windmills increased food production and reduced famines. This led to population growth and an economic boom.
2. New cities grew along trade routes, as peasants fled serfdom and merchants sought protection. The largest cities had over 50,000 inhabitants. Urban societies developed social hierarchies and ethnic neighborhoods like Jewish quarters.
3. International trade expanded through routes like the Mediterranean and increased the growth of banking practices such as bills of exchange, credit, and trade fairs. This economic growth supported the rising middle class
The document provides an overview of key topics and events from European exploration and colonization during the Age of Discovery. It discusses motivations for European exploration like seeking trade routes to Asia and acquiring wealth. Key figures that enabled exploration are mentioned, such as Prince Henry of Portugal. Important sailing innovations, like the caravel and compass, are described. Early English colonies in North America and the Mayflower Compact establishing self-governance are summarized. The document also briefly outlines the transatlantic slave trade and effects of the Columbian Exchange, as well as some consequences of the Protestant Reformation like the Thirty Years' War and rise of absolute monarchs in Europe like Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Europe entered a period of decline known as the Middle Ages. Three groups contributed to the emergence of a new civilization: the Romans through their legacy of laws and infrastructure; the Christian Church which spread across Europe and established a hierarchical organization; and Germanic tribes which established new kingdoms and introduced concepts of loyalty and family. Charlemagne later united much of Western Europe under the Carolingian Empire and was crowned by the Pope, representing the fusion of Roman, Christian and Germanic influences. However, his empire did not endure and Europe remained politically fragmented.
The Renaissance marked a period of cultural and intellectual rebirth in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries. Key developments included the rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman texts, which led to a new focus on secular and humanist ideas. In Italy, where the Renaissance began, urban centers like Florence saw a flourishing of the arts and learning as merchants and aristocrats patronized figures like Petrarch, Alberti, and Machiavelli. The Renaissance ideals of humanism, classicism, and individualism then spread north to areas like France, Germany, and England.
New farming technologies in medieval Europe led to population growth and increased food production. Trade also expanded as new routes opened, sparking growth in towns and cities. This economic change gave rise to a new middle class organized into guilds. The Crusades had wide-ranging effects, increasing trade and contact with other cultures while weakening the Byzantine Empire. In Spain, the Reconquista drove out Muslim rule, and the union of Aragon and Castile enabled the final defeat of Islamic forces there.
The document summarizes developments in medieval Europe from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD to the late Middle Ages in the 1400s. It describes how Christianity spread throughout Europe, the rise and fall of empires like Charlemagne's, the development of feudalism and manorialism, the growth of trade and cities, the formation of kingdoms like England, and events like the Crusades and Black Death pandemic. Key institutions that shaped medieval Europe included the Catholic Church and feudal political structures.
The document provides information on various topics from the Early Middle Ages and Renaissance periods in Europe. It discusses the disruption of trade and collapse of cities after the fall of the Roman Empire. It also covers the rise of the Catholic Church, development of feudalism and chivalry, effects of the Black Death plague, and growth of nationalism during the Hundred Years War. The Renaissance section highlights the revival of classical art and literature, as well as the secular outlook of humanism and Machiavelli's political teachings.
The document provides an overview of developments in Western Europe between 800-1500 CE. It is divided into 4 sections that discuss: 1) Church reform and the Crusades, 2) Changes in medieval society as the feudal system declined, 3) The development of England and France into nations with democratic traditions, and 4) The Hundred Years' War and the plague in the 1300s. The document contains maps, charts and images to accompany the textual summaries of significant political, economic, social, and religious transformations during this period.
The document summarizes key political, social, and economic developments in Europe during the Middle Ages, from 800-1450 CE. It describes how Charlemagne's empire fragmented after his death, leading to the rise of feudalism and manorialism across Europe. It also discusses the invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims during this period. The document outlines the growth of centralized monarchies in places like England and France, as well as increased papal power and reforms within the Catholic Church. Other topics covered include the Crusades, expansion of trade and rise of cities, developments in education and architecture, and crises like the Black Death in the 14th century.
A brief tour through the geography and history of Europe, based on chapters 9 and 10 from National Geographic's World Geography text for the seventh grade.
This document provides an overview of transformations in Europe between 1500-1750 CE. It discusses the Protestant Reformation sparked by Martin Luther challenging the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences. It also describes the Scientific Revolution led by figures like Copernicus, Galileo and Newton that undermined traditional earth-centered models of the universe. Finally, it summarizes the growth of new social and economic trends like the rise of the bourgeoisie and use of coal instead of wood due to shortages.
- The document discusses major economic, social, and political changes in Europe between 1000-1500 CE, including the rise of cereal agriculture, rise of towns and trade, development of feudalism and manorialism, growth of the Catholic Church and establishment of universities, and the Crusades. Key developments were the growth of agricultural productivity through cerealization, rise of towns and guilds, spread of feudal political structures, founding of universities, and religious Crusades against Muslims and heretics.
1) The document provides an overview of life during the Middle Ages in Europe under the feudal system. Peasants lived and worked on manors, while towns offered more freedom but were overcrowded.
2) Events like the Black Death and Hundred Years War weakened the feudal system by reducing populations and increasing taxes. This led peasants to gain more freedom and a market economy to emerge.
3) Attitudes were changing with the growth of towns and trade, as people grew less devoted to religion and more interested in worldly matters. This set the stage for the Renaissance.
By the 1750s, the British colonies in North America had developed a distinct identity and society. The colonial population had grown significantly through both natural increase and immigration, with the English making up the largest ethnic group. However, Africans also comprised a sizable portion of the population, around 20% by the 1770s, with 90% living in the southern colonies. The colonies had also established self-government, religious toleration, and social mobility without an hereditary aristocracy. Their economies varied by region, with New England relying on industries like fishing, shipbuilding, and rum distilling due to poor soil, and the southern colonies cultivating cash crops like tobacco on large plantations using slave labor. The Great Awak
Beginning in the late 1400s, Spain built a vast American empire through conquest and colonization. Key events included Hernan Cortes' defeat of the Aztec Empire in Mexico in 1521 and Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Inca Empire in Peru in the 1530s. Disease brought by Europeans devastated native populations. Spain imposed its culture and extracted wealth, particularly silver and gold, through the encomienda system which abused native laborers. By the mid-1500s Spain had established colonies across Latin America and parts of North America, becoming the richest and most powerful nation through its American territories.
The document summarizes key developments in Western Europe between 800-1500 CE. It describes the reform of the Catholic Church through movements like Cluny and the establishment of preaching friars. It also discusses the Crusades launched by the Church against Muslims in the Holy Land. Additionally, it outlines economic changes like improved farming techniques, the rise of trade and merchant classes in towns and cities, and the growth of a financial system. These social and economic developments challenged the traditional feudal system and laid the foundations for modern Europe.
Medieval Europe and the Judeo-Christian TraditionDave Phillips
This document provides an overview of Judaism and Christianity in medieval Europe. It discusses the origins and beliefs of Judaism, including key figures like Abraham and Moses. It then covers the emergence and spread of Christianity, including persecution of Jews. The rise of feudalism and divisions in the Catholic Church are also summarized. Major events like the Crusades, invasions by Vikings and others, and the growth of towns and trade are briefly outlined.
Week 3 WorksheetHST276 Version 24Complete week 3 workshee.docxcockekeshia
Week 3 Worksheet
HST/276 Version 2
4
Complete week 3 worksheet part 1 and complete part 2. Both are due in 48 hours or less. I will pay 25 only. Follow instructions completely do not deviate from my instructions.
Warning please do not deviate from my instructions I will ask for a complete refund or dispute for a complete refund. No Plagiarism and do NOT be late.
Part 1Week 3 Worksheet
As you read this week’s required materials, complete this worksheet. This is a multipage assignment; double-check that you completed each page before submitting.
Part I: Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences.
1. Reformation Germany and Switzerland
a. The Reformation began in German and Swiss , small city-states within the Holy Roman Empire. Initially, the Reformation’s supporters were those with a history of with authorities. Many towns had complaints against mismanagement or other inappropriate behavior among their bishops, abbots, or prelates, who had their benefices.
b. The Northern Renaissance, a movement of humanists from more social backgrounds than their Italian counterparts, was more committed to reform than other humanist movements were.
c. Martin Luther’s Theses, posted in 1517 in protest of indulgences and other disputes with the Roman Church, became a focus for humanists and reformers. Luther’s capacity for free action was enhanced by the distraction caused by the election of the new Holy Roman Emperor, ; concessions made by the new emperor during his campaign; Luther’s allies who hid him in 1521 and 1522; and attacks against the Hapsburg holdings. When German peasants rebelled, demanding economic and spiritual equality and an end to serfdom, Luther sided against the , calling them un-Christian.
d. The success of Protestants in Germany led to reforms like compulsory education, humanist revisions of curriculum, and instruction for lay people about . From Germany, Lutheranism spread in the first half of the 16th century to Poland, Denmark, and .
e. The city of became the center of the Swiss reformation because of the efforts of a popular priest, , who opposed practices that were not specifically written in scripture. His disagreement with Luther about the nature of the bread and wine in the prevented a unified Protestant movement.
f. The early movement for adult baptism and withdrawal from society to form a more perfect community–called –was condemned by the pope, Lutherans, and Zwinglians, but found adherents among the rural poor.
g. In Geneva, led a reform movement focused on creating a godly society. He taught the godly , those predestined for salvation.
h. In the late 16th century, the Holy Roman Empire was highly among highly independent Lutheran, , and Catholic realms, in contrast to unified nations like Spain, England, or France. The most destructive of the wars of religion, the , ravaged the empire from 1618 to 1648. The Treaty of Westphalia, which ended this war, granted legal reco.
Age of exploration_and_isolation_website (3)mgdean
The document summarizes European expansion and colonization in the Americas between 1400-1800. It discusses how Spain built a vast American empire after Columbus' voyages in 1492, conquering the Aztec empire in Mexico under Cortes in 1521 and the Inca empire in Peru under Pizarro in 1532. Disease devastated the native populations, aiding European conquest. Spain imposed its culture and extracted wealth via the encomienda system. Portugal also established colonies, particularly large sugar plantations in Brazil. By the 1500s, Spain had become the richest nation due to its American possessions.
This document summarizes the key events surrounding the settlement of North America by European powers between 1000-1650 CE. It discusses the political, economic, and technological developments in Europe that enabled exploration, including the Protestant Reformation, rise of nation-states, and advances in navigation. It then outlines the colonial efforts and impacts of the four major European powers in North America: Spain, France, the Netherlands, and England. Specific colonies founded by each are named and their economies, populations, and systems of governance discussed. The document also examines the growth of slavery in the English colonies and its importance to the development of plantation economies in the Americas.
The document summarizes developments in Europe between 500-1300 AD. It describes how after the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes divided Western Europe into small kingdoms. Feudalism emerged as a political and social system in response to invasions. Under feudalism, peasants were bound to manors while nobles pledged loyalty to greater lords. The Catholic Church grew powerful and shaped daily life, though faced challenges that led to reform movements. Population growth and new technologies sparked an agricultural revolution and commercial expansion, transforming the medieval economy and society. Towns and guilds emerged amid this economic change.
European nations colonized North America for both religious and economic reasons. The Dutch settled along the Hudson River, establishing New Netherland with trading posts like New Amsterdam. The French explored the St. Lawrence River and founded New France, establishing colonies along that river valley and extending as far as New Orleans through fur trading. Both competed with growing English colonies along the eastern seaboard for territory and control of the lucrative fur trade, which negatively impacted native populations through warfare, introduction of diseases, and disruption of traditional ways of life.
The document discusses the exploration and expansion of Western Europe during the 1400s and 1500s. Driven by desires for wealth, glory, and spreading religion, European explorers utilized new ship and navigation technologies to sail to previously unknown lands. Major European powers like England, France, the Netherlands, and Portugal established colonies in lands they explored and conquered, often violently subjugating indigenous peoples. This led to new patterns of global trade, the exchange of goods and diseases between Europe, Africa and the Americas, and the rise of capitalism and economic systems like mercantilism. It also discusses the horrific Atlantic slave trade that captured and sold millions of Africans as slaves to work plantations in the Americas between the 1500s and 1800
The document discusses the exploration and expansion of Western Europe during the 1400s and 1500s. Driven by desires for wealth, glory, and spreading religion, European explorers embarked on voyages of discovery aided by advances in shipbuilding and navigation technologies. This led to the establishment of European colonies in lands like North America, as well as the violent conquest of indigenous peoples. It resulted in the Columbian Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas. The creation of colonies also established new patterns of trade and the economic system of mercantilism. Between the 1500s-1800s, millions of Africans were captured and sold into slavery, establishing the brutal Atlantic slave trade.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. Overview
• A new spirit of religion led to reforms in the
Catholic Church and to wars against Muslims.
Prosperity followed improved farming and the
growth of trade and cities. England and
France developed as nations and included
some government participation by the people.
In the 1300’s, plague, a long war, and religious
conflict ended this AGE OF FAITH.
3. 14-1: Church Reform and the Crusades
Beginning in the 1000’s, a new sense of spiritual
feeling arose in Europe, which led to changes
in the Church.
Popes began a reform movement.
Monastaries began to spring up where clergy
could be trained in the ways of Jesus and
peace.
4. • Pope Leo IX and Gregory VII made other
reforms.
• They enforced lasws against the marriage of
priests and the selling of Church offices.
• Later popes rorganized Church structure.
• To advise the pope, they created a group
called the Curia, which made Church law.
• Church law= Canon law- was enforced!
5. Cont.
• The Church collected a tax from all
believers, which it used to care for the sick
and the poor.
6. Friars and Nuns
• In the 1200s, a new Church group arose, Friars.
• They moved from place to place spreading the
ideas of the Church.
• They owned nothing and begged for food.
• Some were scholars and all studied the bible.
• Women joined in this spiritual revival as well.
• Many joined convents to dedicate themselves
to God.
7. Cathedrals
• The new Age of Faith was shown in another
way, as many towns in Europe built
magnificent cathedrals.
• These huge churches used a new style of
architecture called Gothic.
• They were tall, reaching toward heaven and
had walls w/ windows of colored glass to
beautify light.
8. Age of Faith Fighting.
• The renewed faith also led to war.
• In 1093, the Byzantine emperor asked for help
against Muslim Turks who were threatening
Constantinople, his capital.
• The pope urged the leaders of Western
Europe to begin a holy war.
• He wanted Christians to gain control of
Jerusalen and the entire Holy Land.
9. Cont.
• This was the first of several Crusades fought
over the next 200 years.
• Rulers and the Church favored the Crusades
because they sent warlike knights out of their
lands.
• Common people joined the Crusades out of
deep religious feeling.
10. The First Crusade
• Begun in 1096, was badly
organized, yet the Crusaders still
captured some of the Holy Land
including Jerusalem.
• Muslims later won back some of this
land, and other Crusades began to
try to seize it again.
11. The 4th Crusade
• The 4th Crusade ended in disaster.
• The Western army attacked not the
Muslims but the Byzantine Empire itself.
• In 1204, the Crusaders looted
Constantinople.
• This helped make a lasting split between
western and eastern Christian churches.
12. Later Crusades
• A later Crusade took place in Spain.
• Christian rulers tried to win back the land that
Muslims had conquered in the 700’s.
• This fight lasted from 100s to 1492, when the
last Spanish Muslim land fell.
• Thousands of Jews had lived in Spanish
Muslim lands. Many became Christians so
that they could remain after the reconquest
was completed.
13. Crusade Effects
• The Crusades had many effects on Europe
• The failure of later ones cut the power of the
popes, and the deaths of many knights
reduced the power of the nobles.
• Contact with the East revived trade.
• Christians harsh treatment of Muslims in the
Holy Land led to bitterness that has lasted to
the present (maybe they knew their enemy!)
14. 14-2: Changes in Medieval Society
• Key Idea: European cities
challenged the feudal system as
agriculture, trade, finance, and
universities developed.
15. Agricultural Improvements
• Europe enjoyed an improved food supply.
• The climate warmed between the years 800
and 1200, which helped farming.
• As farmers moved into areas that were once
too cold, they also developed new ways of
farming that produced better crops.
• One technique was to pull plows with horses
• That worked twice as fast as oxen.
16. Ag. Improvements, cont.
• Another new technique was a method of
taking turns with the crops planted in an
areas.
• In the past, farmers had planted half their land
and let the other half go unplanted each year.
• That prevented the soil from becoming
overworked, but the new system was better.
• Farmers now planted 2/3 of their
fields, leaving only 1/3 unplanted.
17. Trade and Finance
• Trade and finance also increased.
• Craft workers began to make goods that
were sent all over Europe in trade.
• Fairs were held each year in
towns, where merchants sold
cloth, food, leather, and other goods.
18. Guilds
• Trades were supported by guilds.
• Guilds were formed in each town by the
workers in the same craft such as bakers, glass
makers, etc.
• Members set standards for their products and
set fair prices.
• They also made rules for how young people
could enter the trade.
19. Money Lending Jews
• With more trade, merchants needed more
cash.
• They had to borrow money to buy goods to
sell.
• Christians didn’t lend money because the
Church had rules against charging a fee for
loaning money.
• Jews became the chief source of loans.
20. Cities of Europe
• The population of western Europe grew
rapidly.
• Towns grew larger and more important.
• Towns were dirty places, with narrow filthy
streets.
• Built entirely of wood, they were fire hazards.
• Still, many peasants fled to the towns
because, by living there a year and a day, they
became free (not owned by lords).
21. Cont.
• Wealthier people in the towns
fought for, and won, the right not
to pay taxes to lords and to
govern themselves.
22. Learning
• Growing trade and wealth helped lead to a
growing interest in learning.
• Many towns developed schools linked to the
cathedrals, which taught religion and church
law.
• These were called universities.
• Several writers also began to write in English
or Italian (not Latin), producing great works of
literature that many people study today.
23. Learning, cont.
• Helping this learning was the contact with
Muslims brought about by the Crusades.
• Muslim scholars had preserved books from
ancient Rome and Greece, which came back
to Europe in this period.
• Christian thinkers became influenced by the
thinking of the ancients.
• They tried to bring together the logigic of old
with teachings of the Modern Church.
24. 14-3: England and France Develop
• Key Idea
• As the kingdoms of England and
France began to develop into
nations, certain democratic
traditions evolved.
25. English Origins
• England was formed by the blending of
cultures.
• Danish Vikings came to the island in the 800’s
uniting with the Anglo-Saxons who had come
here from Germany hundreds of years earlier.
• Over time, the peoples became one kingdom.
• William the Conqueror was the first to rule as
an Englishman.
26. England Gains More of France
• Later English kings, descendants of
William, tried to expand the amount of land
they still held in France.
• They also wanted to increase their control
over the government.
• Henry II, was one of the strongest of these
kings. Began trial by jury system.
• He married French royalty to gain more of
France.
27. Magna Carta origins
• One of Henry’s sons, King John, had serious
problems. Lack of money and his own harsh
rule led nobles to rebel against him.
• They forced John to sign a paper called the
Magna Carta that put limits on the power of
the king.
• The document protected the power of the
nobles, but later common people said that the
protections applied to them as well.
28. Parliament
• Another step toward limiting the king came
when Edward I hoped to raise taxes to pay for
a war in France.
• He called for a meeting of representatives to
approve his tax plan.
• His Model Parliament was famous because for
the first time it included not only bishops and
nobles but also common people from the
towns. First attempt at a real Senate.
29. Capetians (987- 1328)
• In France, a new dynasty of kings, the
Capetians, ruled.
• France was split into 30 separate small
territories, each ruled by a different lord.
• The kings- who held only a small area
centered in Paris- tried to gain control of all of
the land.
30. King Philip II
• Philip II was one of the most successful
Capetians.
• He tripled the lands under his control, in part
by seizing the French land held by the English
King John.
• He also made a stronger central
government, giving the king more control over
his subjects.
31. Louis IX (1226-1270)
• Philip II grandson. Carried on Philip’s work.
• Louis set up royal courts where people could
appeal decisions made by their lords. This
increased the king’s power.
32. Philip IV
• In 1302, alled for a meeting of the
kingdom’s most important groups.
• He, like Edward of England, invited
commoners to this meeting of the
Estates General, as the assembly was
called. First attempt at a House of
Representatives.
33. 14-4: The 100 Years War and the
Plague
• Key Idea
• During the 1300’s, Europe was torn
apart by religious strife, the bubonic
plague, and the hundred Years’ War.
34. The pope did what?!
• In 1300, the pope challenged Philip IV of
France, claiming to have supreme authority
over the king.
• Philip held the pope as a prisoner for trial. He
was rescued but died shortly thereafter.
• The king forced the election of a French
cardinal as pope, and the new pope moved to
a city in France, to lead the Church from there.
35. A country elects its own Catholic
pope?
• That pope died, but his action weakened the
Church.
• An Italian was elected the next pope, but the
French elected their own pope.
• Confusion resulted.
• Church officials had 2 popes with one in
France and another in Rome.
• This is known as the Great Schism (39 years).
36. Challenging the pope.
• At the same time, the pope’s authority was
being challenged.
• English scholars John Wycliffe and John
Huss argued that the Bible alone was the
final authority for Christian teaching- not
the pope.
37. Bubonic Plague
• A fearful disease, the bubonic
plague, swept across Europe starting
in 1347 and lasting for decades.
• The disease killed millions of
people, about one-third of the
population of Europe.
38. Effects of the plague.
The plague had a serious effect on Europe’s
economy.
Trade declined, prices rose, and towns became
smaller.
Fewer people meant fewer workers.
Peasants demanded wages or their freedom.
When nobles resisted these demands, peasants
often revolted.
39. Effects of the plague, cont.
• The Church lost prestige, as it was unable to
stop the plague.
• The plague helped bring about the end of the
Middle Ages.