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Carbon is a versatile element that can form many types of organic molecules important for life. It can bond with up to four other atoms, forming chains and rings. Organic compounds contain carbon bonded to other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The structure and functional groups of organic molecules determine their properties and functions in living things. Important examples are carbohydrates like glucose and fructose, which have the same formula but different structures. Enantiomers are mirror-image isomers that may have different biological effects. Seven key functional groups - hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl and phosphate - influence a molecule's polarity, reactivity and other traits. Carbon's properties make
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Organic compounds contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to hydrogen and other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds, their structures, properties, compositions, reactions, and preparations. The carbon atom is unique because it can form four covalent bonds, allowing it to bond to itself and other nonmetal atoms in various ways, including straight chains, branched chains, rings, and more complex arrangements. There are four main types of organic compounds found in living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Topic 2: Biochemistry
1) Living things are made up of carbon-containing molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules are made through metabolic pathways that involve breaking down (catabolism) and building up (anabolism) smaller molecules.
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Organic Chemistry Introduction and Orbital Design
Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.
Carbon and its compounds
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
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Ch 4 ppt
- 1. Carbon & the MolecularCarbon & the Molecular Diversity of LifeDiversity of Life ⢠All living things are made of & produce molecules based on carbon atoms
- 2. MAIN POINTS to REMEMBER! 1. The structure of organic molecules gives it some of its properties 2. The behavior of an organic molecule is dependent on the functional groups it has 3. You need to know the 7 functional groups & 1 or 2 examples of each
- 3. Properties of CarbonProperties of Carbon ⢠Can covalently bond w/ 4 other atoms ⢠Can form ring-shaped molecules: In aqueous solutions
- 4. *Forms single, double or triple bonds *Forms long chains of carbon-to-carbon molecules (hydrocarbon chains)
- 5. Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds ⢠These are compounds that have: 1. Carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, chlorine or fluorine (most common= CHNOPS) 2. Covalent bonds ⢠Can be natural (ex. sugar) or synthetic (ex. (plastic)
- 6. Quick Think ⢠Why is carbon such a versatile molecule? Try to come up with at least 2 reasons
- 7. Origin of organic molecules ⢠1953 â (just 55 years ago!) Stanley Miller â was able to make organic compounds in the lab from inorganic molecules found on earth (water, ammonia, etc) ⢠Showed that the origin of organic compounds was possible on early earth
- 8. Quick Think â˘What is the significance of the work done by Miller? Try to think of the themes of biology (see your student handbook)
- 9. Form & FunctionForm & Function ⢠Shape often determines chemical or physical characteristics ⢠Isomers are compounds with the same elements & number of atoms, but different structures - Examples: mirror-images =enantiomers
- 10. Asymmetric carbons ⢠Carbons attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms
- 11. X X X X Geometric isomersâŚdiffer in their arrangement around a double bond cis molecule because the 2 variables, X, are on the same side trans molecule because the 2 variables, X, are on the opposite side
- 12. Structural isomersâŚdiffer in their covalent partners All are different arrangements of the same atoms
- 13. Important Examples of Structural Isomers ⢠Glucose ⢠Fructose ⢠Galactose ⢠All have chemical formula C6H12O6 glucose
- 14. â˘Each type of organic molecule has a unique three-dimensional shape that defines its function in an organism âThe molecules of your body recognize one another based on their shapes
- 15. Quick Think ⢠Research suggests that side effects from Ritalin, the drug used to treat attention deficit disorder, may be caused by contamination of enantiomers. What are enantiomers and why might enantiomers of the molecules in Ritalin pose a problem to the body?
- 16. Functional Groups In addition to geometric shape, properties of organic molecules depend on functional groups, groups of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton
- 17. Functional Groups ⢠Usually found at end of carbon chain or regularly interspersed âRâ represents any variation of a hydrocarbon chain âRâ represents any variation of a hydrocarbon chain
- 19. Hydroxyl group ⢠Important properties: â Alcohols â Polar because O is electronegative â Attracts water â Hydrocarbon chain with âOH functional group
- 20. Carbonyl ⢠Ketone â if C is within the hydrocarbon skeleton ⢠Aldehyde - if C is at the end of the skeleton ⢠Ketones and aldehydes may be structural isomers of each other, and have very different properties
- 21. Carboxyl ⢠Carboxylic acids ⢠A source of hydrogen ions ⢠Strongly polar so it generally ionizes
- 22. Amino ⢠Amines ⢠Strongly polar - acts as a base (will accept hydrogen ions) ⢠Usually ionized (positive)
- 23. Sulfhydryl ⢠Thiols ⢠Help stabilize the 4-D structure of proteins by forming a disulfide bond (covalent) Amino acid cysteine
- 24. Phosphate group ⢠Organic phosphates ⢠Makes the molecule it is a part of negative (an anion) because it ionizes in water ⢠Can transfer energy between organic molecules
- 25. Quick Think ⢠What 2 groups are found in amino acids?
- 26. Functional Group Dice Directions: Form groups of 4 1 person is the judge and scorer for round 1 Other 3 players take turns rolling their dice and giving an answer If correct with notes (judge decides), 1 pt If correct without notes, 2 pts.without notes, 2 pts. After 1 round, new judge All players take a turn as the judge