2. Clinometer
An optical device for measuring elevation angles above
horizontal.
Compass clinometers are fundamentally just magnetic
compasses held with their plane vertical so that a
plummet or its equivalent can point to the elevation of
the sight line.
The clinometer can read easily and accurately angles of
elevation that would be very difficult to measure in any
other simple and inexpensive way.
A fairly common use of a clinometer is to measure the
height of trees.
4. Autocollimator
An optical instrument for non-contact measurement of
small angles or small angular tilts of a reflecting surface.
Used to align components and measure deflections in
optical or mechanical systems.
An autocollimator works by projecting an image onto a
target mirror, and measuring the deflection of the
returned image against a scale, either visually or by
means of an electronic detector.
A visual autocollimator can measure angles as small as
0.5 arcsecond, while an electronic autocollimator can be
up to 100 times more accurate.
5. Visual autocollimators are used for lining up laser rod
ends and checking the face parallelism of optical
windows and wedges.
Electronic and digital autocollimators are used as
angle measurement standards, for monitoring angular
movement over long periods of time and for checking
angular position repeatability in mechanical systems.
Servo autocollimators are specialized compact forms
of electronic autocollimators that are used in high
speed servo feedback loops for stable platform
applications.
7. Optical Square
An Optical square consists of a small cylindrical metal box,
about 5 cm in diameter and 12.5 cm deep, in which two
mirrors are placed at an angle of 45o to each other and at
right angles to the plane of the instrument.
One mirror(horizon glass) is half silvered and other(index
glass) is wholly silvered.
The optical square belongs to a reflecting instruments which
measure angles by reflection. Angle between the first
incident ray and the last reflected ray is 90o
Used to find out the foot of the perpendicular from a given
point to a line.
Used to set out right angles at a given point on a line in the
field.
Two mirrors may be replaced by two prisms.
9. ISRO-2010
Optical square is
(a) Engineer's square having stock and blade set at 90o
(b) A constant deviation prism having the angle of
deviation between the incident ray and reflected ray,
equal to 90o
(c) A constant deviation prism having the angle of
deviation between the incident ray and reflected ray,
equal to 45o
(d) Used to produce interference fringes
10. Laser Scanning Micrometer
The LSM features a high scanning rate which allows
inspection of small workpiece even if they are fragile,
at a high temperature, in motion or vibrating.
Applications :
Measurement of outer dia. And roundness of
cylinder,
Measurement of thickness of film and sheets,
Measurement of spacing if IC chips,
Measurement of forms,
Measurement of gap between rollers.
13. GATE-2014
Which one of the following instruments is widely
used to check and calibrate geometric features of
machine tools during their assembly?
(a) Ultrasonic probe
(b) Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
(c) Laser interferometer
(d) Vernier calipers
15. McLeod gauge
Used to measure vacuum by application of the
principle of Boyle's law.
Works on the principle, "Compression of known
volume of low pressure gas to higher pressure and
measuring resulting volume & pressure, one can
calculate initial pressure using Boyle's Law equation."
Pressure of gases containing vapours cannot normally
measured with a McLeod gauge, for the reason that
compression will cause condensation .
A pressure from 0.01 micron to 50 mm Hg can be
measured. Generally McLeod gauge is used for
calibration purpose.
16.
17. Planimeter
A device used for measuring the area of any plane
surface by tracing the boundary of the area.
18. LVDT
Acronym for Linear Variable Differential Transformer,
a common type of electromechanical transducer that
can convert the rectilinear motion of an object to
which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding
electrical signal.
LVDT linear position sensors are readily available that
can measure movements as small as a few millionths of
an inch up to several inches, but are also capable of
measuring positions up to ±20 inches (±0.5 m).
A rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT)
is a type of electrical transformer used for measuring
angular displacement.
20. Tool Maker’s Microscope
An essential part of engineering inspection,
measurement and calibration in metrology labs.
Hence is used to the following:
Examination of form tools, plate and template
gauges, punches and dies, annular grooved and
threaded hobs etc.
Measurement of glass graticules and other surface
marked parts.
Elements of external thread forms of screw plug
gauges, taps, worms and similar components.
Shallow bores and recesses.
21.
22. Telescopic Gauges
Used to measure a bore's size, by transferring the
internal dimension to a remote measuring tool.
They are a direct equivalent of inside callipers and
require the operator to develop the correct feel to
obtain repeatable results.
23. Coordinate Measuring Machine
(CMM)
An instrument that locates point coordinates on three
dimensional structures mainly used for quality control
applications.
The highly sensitive machine measures parts down to
the fraction of an inch.
Specifically, a CMM contains many highly sensitive air
bearings on which the measuring arm floats.
24. Advantages,
can automate inspection process
less prone to careless errors
allows direct feedback into computer system
Disadvantages,
Costly
fixturing is critical
requires a very good tolerance model
25.
26. GATE - 2010
A taper hole is inspected using a CMM, with a probe
of 2 mm diameter. At a height, Z = 10 mm from the
bottom, 5 points are touched and a diameter of
circle (not compensated for probe size) is obtained
as 20 mm. Similarly, a 40 mm diameter is obtained
at a height Z = 40 mm. the smaller diameter (in mm)
of hole at Z = 0 is
(a) 13.334
(b) 15.334
(c) 15.442
(d) 15.542
27. GATE -2008 (PI)
An experimental setup is planned to determine the taper of
workpiece as shown in the figure. If the two precision rollers
have radii 8 mm and 5 mm and the total thickness of slip
gauges inserted between the rollers is 15.54 mm, the taper
angle θ is
(a) 6 degree
(b) 10 degree
(c) 11 degree
(d) 12 degree
28. GATE -2014The diameter of a recessed ring was measured by using two
spherical balls of diameter d2 = 60 mm and d1 = 40 mm as
shown in the figure.
Recessed Ring
d1 Diameter
d2 Diameter
H2
H1
D
H
C
BA
R
The distance
H2 = 35.55
mm and
H1 = 20.55
mm. The
diameter (D,
in mm) of the
ring gauge is
………….
29. GATE-2016
For the situation shown in the figure below the
expression for H in terms of r, R and D is
2 2
2 2
2
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 2 ( )
a H D r R
b H R r D r
c H R r D R
d H R r D R r D
30.
31. Ch-13: Metrology
Q. No Option Q. No Option Q. No Option
1 A 11 A 21 B,C,D
2 C 12 D 22 B
3 C 13 D 23 D
4 C 14 C 24 -0.41
5 C 15 C 25 Ref. Note
6 B 16 B 26 -----
7 C 17 D
8 B 18 B
9 B 19 D
10 D 20 A
32. You have to grow
from the inside out.
None can teach you,
There is no other teacher
But your own soul.
-Swami Vivekananda
Editor's Notes
The clinometer is an optical device for measuring elevation angles above horizontal.
The most common instruments of this type currently used are compass-clinometers from Suunto or Silva.
Compass clinometers are fundamentally just magnetic compasses held with their plane vertical so that a plummet or its equivalent can point to the elevation of the sight line.
The clinometer can read easily and accurately angles of elevation that would be very difficult to measure in any other simple and inexpensive way.
A fairly common use of a clinometer is to measure the height of trees, which is easily done.
An autocollimator is an optical instrument for non-contact measurement of angles.
They are typically used to align components and measure deflections in optical or mechanical systems.
An autocollimator works by projecting an image onto a target mirror, and measuring the deflection of the returned image against a scale, either visually or by means of an electronic detector.
A visual autocollimator can measure angles as small as 0.5 arcsecond, while an electronic autocollimator can be up to 100 times more accurate.
Visual autocollimators are often used for lining up laser rod ends and checking the face parallelism of optical windows and wedges.
Electronic and digital autocollimators are used as angle measurement standards, for monitoring angular movement over long periods of time and for checking angular position repeatability in mechanical systems.
Servo autocollimators are specialized compact forms of electronic autocollimators that are used in high speed servo feedback loops for stable platform applications.
Ans. (c)
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)
Ans. (b)
Ans. (d)
Ans. (c)
A type of instrument used to measure vacuum by application of the principle of Boyle's law.
McLeod gauge works on the principle, "Compression of known volume of low pressure gas to higher pressure and measuring resulting volume & pressure, one can calculate initial pressure using Boyle's Law equation."
Pressure of gases containing vapors cannot normally measured with a McLeod gauge, for the reason that compression will cause condensation .
By using McLeod gauge a pressure from 0.01 micron to 50 mm Hg can be measured. Generally McLeod gauge is used for calibration purpose.
A known volume of a gas whose pressure is to be measured is trapped by raising the level of a fluid (mercury or oil) by means of a plunger, by lifting a reservoir, by using pressure, or by tipping the apparatus. As the fluid level is further raised, the gas is compressed into the capillary tube. Obeying Boyle's law, the compressed gas now exerts enough pressure to support a column of fluid high enough to read.
They consist of a linkage with a pointer on one end, used to trace around the boundary of the shape. The other end of the linkage is fixed for a polar planimeter and restricted to a line for a linear planimeter. Tracing around the perimeter of a surface induces a movement in another part of the instrument and a reading of this is used to establish the area of the shape. The planimeter contains a measuring wheel that rolls along the drawing as the operator traces the contour. When the planimeter's measuring wheel moves perpendicular to its axis, it rolls, and this movement is recorded. When the measuring wheel moves parallel to its axis, the wheel skids without rolling, so this movement is ignored. That means the planimeter measures the distance that its measuring wheel travels, projected perpendicularly to the measuring wheel's axis of rotation. The area of the shape is proportional to the number of turns through which the measuring wheel rotates when the planimeter is traced along the complete perimeter of the shape.
The letters LVDT are an acronym for Linear Variable Differential Transformer, a common type of electromechanical transducer that can convert the rectilinear motion of an object to which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding electrical signal.
LVDT linear position sensors are readily available that can measure movements as small as a few millionths of an inch up to several inches, but are also capable of measuring positions up to ±20 inches (±0.5 m).
A rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT) is a type of electrical transformer used for measuring angular displacement.
Ans. (b)
The tool maker’s microscope is an essential part of engineering inspection, measurement and calibration in metrology labs. Hence is used to the following:
Examination of form tools, plate and template gauges, punches and dies, annular grooved and threaded hobs etc.
Measurement of glass graticules and other surface marked parts.
Elements of external thread forms of screw plug gauges, taps, worms and similar components.
Shallow bores and recesses.
Measuring principle:
Tool Maker’s Microscope is a precision Optical Microscope that consists of single or multiple objective lenses, which magnifies the object under observation and by the help of eyepiece lens the object is focused and viewed. A high precision micrometric X-Y stage and the Z axis travel are used to measure the three dimensions [Length (X), Width (Y), Depth (Z)]. The angle is measured with the help of a rotating stage and eyepiece graduation.
Ans. (b)
The gauges are locked by twisting the knurled end of the handles, this action is performed to exert a small amount of friction on the telescopic portions of the gauge (the smaller diameter rods found at the T head of the gauge). Once gently locked to a size slightly larger than the bore, the gauges are inserted at an angle to the bore and slowly brought to align themselves radially, across the hole. This action compresses the two anvils where they remain locked at the bores dimension after being withdrawn.
Ans. (b)
A Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is an instrument that locates point coordinates on three dimensional structures mainly used for quality control applications.
The highly sensitive machine measures parts down to the fraction of an inch and must be properly maintained and protected to ensure accurate measurements.
Specifically, a CMM contains many highly sensitive air bearings on which the measuring arm floats.
A typical CMM consists of a mechanical setup with three moving axis perpendicular to each other.
These axes form a Cartesian coordinate frame of the CMM.
Each axis has a drive and guidance unit and a position transducer.
A probe touches the specimen and enables the CMM to obtain dimensional data.
The CMM is programmed and controlled with a modular microprocessor control unit. The acquired data is post processed in the CMM computer before it is displayed to the user.