Ch. 21 Exploring Space 2010
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The document summarizes key concepts about exploring space through electromagnetic radiation and telescopes. It discusses how light from distant stars and galaxies takes years to reach Earth, and how different types of telescopes like optical and radio telescopes are used to observe electromagnetic radiation from space. Important space exploration missions and discoveries are also outlined, like the Voyager probes, Galileo probe, Apollo moon landings, the space shuttle program, and the International Space Station.
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DNA contains the genetic code for all living organisms. It is made up of two strands coiled around each other. Four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine - form rungs between the strands. Watson and Crick discovered that adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine. Genes, sections of DNA, provide instructions for making proteins. RNA carries copies of these instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein production. Mutations in genes can cause changes to proteins that may be harmful, harmless, or even beneficial to organisms.
Chapter 4 section 2 notes
Sexual reproduction involves the combination of sex cells from two parents to form a new organism. Meiosis is the process that produces sex cells, which contain half the number of chromosomes found in regular body cells. Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions, resulting in four haploid cells being produced from one original diploid cell. Fertilization then occurs when a haploid egg and sperm cell combine, forming a diploid zygote with the full chromosome number of the species. Mistakes during meiosis can result in sex cells with abnormal chromosome numbers, sometimes causing health issues or death.
Chapter 4 vocabulary terms (student)
This document contains a list of 15 vocabulary terms related to biology including: asexual reproduction, chromosome, diploid, DNA, egg, fertilization, gene, haploid, meiosis, mitosis, mutation, RNA, sexual reproduction, sperm, and zygote. The terms are part of a chapter 4 vocabulary list for a 7th grade general science class.
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Chapter 3 section 3 notes
1. Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions in an organism and involves enzymes to break down or build molecules. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are key metabolic pathways.
2. Photosynthesis uses chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to produce glucose in producers like plants. Respiration breaks down glucose and other foods to release energy in all organisms.
3. Photosynthesis produces excess glucose that is stored as starches or other carbohydrates, which are then consumed as food by animals and used for cellular respiration which releases energy and produces carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis and respiration are thus directly linked.
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Chapter 3 section 2 notes (moving cellular material)
This document discusses how cells transport materials across their selectively permeable membranes. It describes three main types of transport: passive transport which includes diffusion and osmosis and moves substances down concentration gradients without energy; facilitated diffusion which uses transport proteins to move larger molecules; and active transport which moves substances against concentration gradients using energy from ATP with the help of transport proteins. Endocytosis and exocytosis are also covered as forms of active transport where large particles enter or leave cells through membrane invagination and budding.
Introduction to stem cell notes
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main types: pluripotent stem cells like embryonic stem cells which can become any cell type, and adult or multipotent stem cells which can only become certain related cell types. Stem cells have properties of self-renewal and differentiation that make them useful for research, drug development, and cell therapies.
Chapter 3 vocabulary terms
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