The document discusses diseases of the nervous system in animals. It describes how veterinary neurologists treat problems of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscles. Neurological issues in animals can be caused by medication reactions, inherited disorders, infections or trauma. Common conditions include seizures, brain/spinal tumors, meningitis, congenital disorders, and disk problems. A neurological exam involves taking a patient history and doing palpation, percussion and image analysis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include surgery, medications, antibiotics or chemotherapy. The document also discusses various neurological signs like changes in behavior, physical changes, involuntary movements and abnormal posture/gait.
Diseases of nervous system Veterinary NeurologyAjith Y
1. The document discusses the nervous system and clinical manifestations of nervous system diseases in animals. It covers the anatomy and functions of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.
2. Clinical signs of nervous system diseases are described, including altered mentation states like mania and frenzy, depressive states, involuntary movements, abnormal posture and gait, release of inhibitory control, and paresis or paralysis.
3. Determining the type and location of lesions can be difficult, as the mode of reaction is limited. Proper history and specialized examination are essential to properly assess nervous system diseases.
Habilitation Perspective in the management of Cerebral Palsy.pptxICDDelhi
Institute for Child Development (ICD) is a private company registered under section 25 of company registration act, 1956. ICD is the brain child of Dr. Mansoor Alam, a pediatric developmental specialist who has treated more than 50,000 children with special needs during the last 25 years. ICD is a premier organization which provides the best treatment to children with complex health issues, developmental delay, neurodevelopmental disorders and childhood onset disabilities. ICD’s facility is available to children from birth to 21 years of age. Adult with disabilities are specially supported in case of need. ICD is the only organization in India which practices integrated approach of treatment, named as Multimodal treatment / Combination Therapy for children with developmental disorders. Combination Therapy combines the best available treatments into one treatment plan to get the best result. Researches have proved that combination therapy is better than isolated therapy. In fact, pediatric developmental disorders cannot be treated in isolation. It requires a team of professionals with varied specialization.
Presently ICD has its model centre named as “PediaMed” in Malviya Nagar (South Delhi), New Delhi. The model centre has capacity to treat 100 children in daily basis.
ICD is going to have its branches in the following places
North Delhi
West Delhi
East Delhi
Noida ( UP)
Ghaziabad (UP)
Faridabad (Haryana)
Gurugram /Gurgaon (Haryana)
Bahadurgarh (Haryana)
ICD is open to collaborate with other organizations with similar interests in rest of India
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture as a result of damage to the developing brain. It was first described in the 1860s and can be caused by prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal factors that damage the brain such as infection, trauma, or lack of oxygen. The main types of CP are spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and hypotonic. Treatment involves medical management of symptoms, surgery to improve mobility, and rehabilitative therapies like physical, occupational, and speech therapy.
The document summarizes the anatomy and clinical features of the extrapyramidal system and cerebellum. It describes the anatomy of the extrapyramidal system including basal ganglia nuclei. It discusses extrapyramidal syndromes including hypokinetic syndromes like Parkinson's disease and hyperkinetic syndromes such as tremors, chorea, dystonia, and myoclonus. It also summarizes the anatomy of the cerebellum and clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction including ataxia, tremor, and ocular motor abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of approaching peripheral nerve disease. It discusses taking a history and examining patients to identify signs that implicate peripheral nerve involvement. Electrodiagnostic studies are used to help diagnose and differentiate between neuropathies. Symptoms, signs, distribution patterns, temporal evolution, relevant history, examination findings, modalities of sensation loss, fiber involvement, autonomic symptoms, and other findings are described. Investigations including electrodiagnosis, nerve conduction studies, electromyography and findings that indicate axonal vs demyelinating neuropathies are also summarized.
A brief introduction to the topic cerebral palsy, prepared by Dr Yash Oza, PG resident in MS Orthopaedics
Etiology, Classification, assessment, diagnosis, treatment
Diseases of nervous system Veterinary NeurologyAjith Y
1. The document discusses the nervous system and clinical manifestations of nervous system diseases in animals. It covers the anatomy and functions of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.
2. Clinical signs of nervous system diseases are described, including altered mentation states like mania and frenzy, depressive states, involuntary movements, abnormal posture and gait, release of inhibitory control, and paresis or paralysis.
3. Determining the type and location of lesions can be difficult, as the mode of reaction is limited. Proper history and specialized examination are essential to properly assess nervous system diseases.
Habilitation Perspective in the management of Cerebral Palsy.pptxICDDelhi
Institute for Child Development (ICD) is a private company registered under section 25 of company registration act, 1956. ICD is the brain child of Dr. Mansoor Alam, a pediatric developmental specialist who has treated more than 50,000 children with special needs during the last 25 years. ICD is a premier organization which provides the best treatment to children with complex health issues, developmental delay, neurodevelopmental disorders and childhood onset disabilities. ICD’s facility is available to children from birth to 21 years of age. Adult with disabilities are specially supported in case of need. ICD is the only organization in India which practices integrated approach of treatment, named as Multimodal treatment / Combination Therapy for children with developmental disorders. Combination Therapy combines the best available treatments into one treatment plan to get the best result. Researches have proved that combination therapy is better than isolated therapy. In fact, pediatric developmental disorders cannot be treated in isolation. It requires a team of professionals with varied specialization.
Presently ICD has its model centre named as “PediaMed” in Malviya Nagar (South Delhi), New Delhi. The model centre has capacity to treat 100 children in daily basis.
ICD is going to have its branches in the following places
North Delhi
West Delhi
East Delhi
Noida ( UP)
Ghaziabad (UP)
Faridabad (Haryana)
Gurugram /Gurgaon (Haryana)
Bahadurgarh (Haryana)
ICD is open to collaborate with other organizations with similar interests in rest of India
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture as a result of damage to the developing brain. It was first described in the 1860s and can be caused by prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal factors that damage the brain such as infection, trauma, or lack of oxygen. The main types of CP are spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and hypotonic. Treatment involves medical management of symptoms, surgery to improve mobility, and rehabilitative therapies like physical, occupational, and speech therapy.
The document summarizes the anatomy and clinical features of the extrapyramidal system and cerebellum. It describes the anatomy of the extrapyramidal system including basal ganglia nuclei. It discusses extrapyramidal syndromes including hypokinetic syndromes like Parkinson's disease and hyperkinetic syndromes such as tremors, chorea, dystonia, and myoclonus. It also summarizes the anatomy of the cerebellum and clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction including ataxia, tremor, and ocular motor abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of approaching peripheral nerve disease. It discusses taking a history and examining patients to identify signs that implicate peripheral nerve involvement. Electrodiagnostic studies are used to help diagnose and differentiate between neuropathies. Symptoms, signs, distribution patterns, temporal evolution, relevant history, examination findings, modalities of sensation loss, fiber involvement, autonomic symptoms, and other findings are described. Investigations including electrodiagnosis, nerve conduction studies, electromyography and findings that indicate axonal vs demyelinating neuropathies are also summarized.
A brief introduction to the topic cerebral palsy, prepared by Dr Yash Oza, PG resident in MS Orthopaedics
Etiology, Classification, assessment, diagnosis, treatment
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of inherited neurological disorders characterized by the progressive stiffening and weakening of the lower limbs. The most common symptoms are difficulty walking and lifting the toes. HSP results from degeneration of nerve fibers in the spinal cord that control the lower body, and can be caused by mutations affecting axonal transport, mitochondria, or myelin. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on physical therapy, medication to reduce spasticity and pain, and addressing complications like contractures.
Movement disorders encompass a spectrum of abnormal involuntary movements that can arise from lesions throughout the central nervous system or be associated with medical conditions. They include myoclonus, ballismus, chorea, athetosis, and dystonia. While sometimes difficult to distinguish, they often overlap and can have similar underlying causes such as genetic disorders, drugs, vascular events, and metabolic derangements. Treatment involves managing underlying conditions when possible and may include medications like valproic acid or botulinum toxin injections.
The document discusses common causes of back pain including mechanical issues like muscle strains, osteoarthritis, and fractures as well as systemic diseases like ankylosing spondylitis. Specific conditions discussed in more detail include prolapsed intervertebral discs, spondylolisthesis, lumbar canal stenosis, tuberculosis of the spine, and tumors of the spine. Treatment options are provided for each condition and range from conservative approaches like rest, medications, and physical therapy to surgical interventions. Risk factors for back pain like age, obesity, smoking, and activities are also summarized.
This document discusses the extrapyramidal system and extrapyramidal disorders. It begins by defining the extrapyramidal system and its anatomy, which includes structures like the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei. It then covers topics like the classification, features, etiology, and pathophysiology of extrapyramidal disorders. Specific disorders discussed in more detail include Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. The key features, diagnoses, differential diagnoses, treatment approaches, and pathologies of these two conditions are summarized.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system activates the fight or flight response while the parasympathetic system promotes rest and digestion. Autonomic dysfunction occurs when these nerves are damaged, as from conditions like diabetes or Parkinson's disease, causing issues like low blood pressure, digestive problems, and urinary incontinence. Doctors evaluate the autonomic nervous system through tests of blood pressure changes, sweating, and pupil response and treat issues by addressing symptoms and underlying causes through lifestyle changes and medications.
The document discusses extrapyramidal disorders and basal ganglia disorders. It provides information on:
- The extrapyramidal system and basal ganglia, which are involved in motor control and other functions.
- Movement disorders are divided into hyperkinetic disorders involving excessive movements (chorea, dystonia) and hypokinetic disorders with diminished movement (akinesia, bradykinesia, rigidity).
- Lesions in the basal ganglia can cause specific movement disorders like athetosis, dystonia, bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and others.
- Parkinson's disease is discussed as a primary hypokinetic disorder caused by degeneration of dopaminergic
This document provides an overview of the nervous system and neurological disorders. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and their components. It then discusses common neurological disorders that affect the CNS and PNS, including strokes, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and more. The document concludes with a detailed outline of the neurological examination process, covering assessment of mental status, cranial nerves, motor and sensory systems, and other components.
extrapyramidal system 3-210108074605.pdfShinilLenin
1. The document discusses the extrapyramidal system and disorders of the extrapyramidal system. The extrapyramidal system includes the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei that control voluntary motor function.
2. Disorders of the extrapyramidal system can cause either hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement disorders. Hypokinetic disorders include Parkinson's disease which causes bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity.
3. Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. It typically presents in older adults and its symptoms worsen over time.
This presentation provides an overview of multiple sclerosis (MS). It defines MS as an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system where myelin is destroyed. Symptoms can include sensory and mobility issues as well as cognitive and psychological problems. Diagnosis involves MRI, lumbar puncture, and evoked potential studies. Management focuses on symptomatic treatment and disease-modifying drugs. Nursing care aims to improve mobility and elimination while preventing injury through safety measures and assistive devices. Recent studies examine cognitive dysfunction in MS and its effects on daily living.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that results in destruction of myelin and oligodendrocytes. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to MS, which most commonly affects women aged 15-50. There are four clinical forms - relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, primary progressive, and progressive-relapsing. Symptoms vary depending on location of lesions but may include fatigue, weakness, sensory disturbances, vision problems, and impaired coordination. Diagnosis involves MRI and lumbar puncture. While there is no cure, treatments aim to reduce relapses and slow progression through immunomodulators, corticosteroids, and rehabilitation. Nursing focuses on
This document defines psychogenic movement disorders and outlines their diagnostic criteria. It discusses the two divisions of movement disorders - extrapyramidal and hyperkinetic disorders. Various types of movement disorders are identified and categorized, including tremors, dystonia, myoclonus, chorea, athetosis, and restless leg syndrome. The document also covers treatment options for movement disorders like antipsychotics, botulinum toxin injections, and physical therapy. Prognosis depends on identifying and addressing the underlying psychogenic cause.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy, including:
- Cerebral palsy is caused by non-progressive damage to the developing brain that causes motor impairments. Common types include spastic diplegia, hemiplegia, and quadriplegia.
- Insults can occur prenatally, perinatally, or postnatally from factors like genetic disorders, infections, or trauma.
- Treatment is multidisciplinary and may include medications, physical therapy, bracing, and surgery to address secondary deformities like contractures. Surgical procedures are aimed at improving function, mobility, and care.
The document discusses diseases of the nervous system. It begins by defining the nervous system and its main functions, which include maintaining posture, movement, and internal regulation. It then describes the different parts of the nervous system and their roles. The document emphasizes that differentiating between primary nervous system diseases and secondary diseases is important for determining proper diagnosis and treatment. It outlines some common nervous system diseases and how they may present based on excessive or depressed nervous activity. Finally, it discusses specific clinical manifestations that may indicate nervous system diseases, such as abnormalities in mental state, movement, posture, sensation, and autonomic function.
This document discusses various movement disorders including chorea, athetosis, and dystonia. It describes the basal ganglia pathways and how they relate to movement. It defines different types of dystonia such as focal, segmental, and generalized dystonia. It also describes specific forms of dystonia like blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, and oromandibular dystonia. Treatment options for dystonia and chorea are discussed including physical therapy, medications, botulinum toxin injections, and deep brain stimulation. The causes of chorea are outlined including genetic disorders like Huntington's disease.
The document discusses several neuromuscular disabilities and brain injuries including epilepsy, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, and muscular dystrophy. It provides information on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment/interventions for each condition. Epilepsy is caused by brief electrical disturbances in the brain and can be generalized or partial. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the developing brain and presents with motor impairments. Traumatic brain injury results from external forces to the head and requires acute, subacute, and chronic treatment. Muscular dystrophy involves inherited muscle weakness and wasting that worsens over time.
This document provides information on several neuromuscular disabilities and brain injuries including epilepsy, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, and muscular dystrophy. It discusses the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment/interventions for each condition. Key points include that epilepsy is caused by brief disturbances in brain electrical activity; cerebral palsy is a group of disorders affecting movement and is usually non-progressive; traumatic brain injury results from external forces to the head; and muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder involving progressive muscle weakness and loss of tissue.
This document provides an overview of pediatric movement disorders. It discusses common benign movement disorders seen in children such as benign neonatal sleep myoclonus. It describes the pathophysiology and different types of movement disorders including dystonia, ataxia, chorea, and myoclonus. Causes can include genetic conditions, metabolic disorders, infections, drugs, and other acquired etiologies. The presentation and approach to evaluating a child with movement disorders is outlined, including important questions to ask and examinations and investigations to perform. Specific inherited pediatric movement disorders are also reviewed.
Paralysis is caused by a malfunction of the nervous system. Nerves that are not harmed provide signals to muscles. Muscles move as a result of these impulses.
The document provides an overview of an introductory lecture on approaching cases of motor and sensory disorders. It discusses why these disorders are often considered together due to shared routes in the brain and identification based on associated symptoms. The overall objectives are to localize the lesion anatomically and recognize the pattern to make an etiological diagnosis. The lecture aims to recap neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, clinical features using a symptom-based approach, pattern recognition, investigations, and key takeaways. Common motor pathways, sensory pathways, and reflex pathways are summarized. Symptom profiles, temporal patterns, and example neurological patterns are also outlined.
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of inherited neurological disorders characterized by the progressive stiffening and weakening of the lower limbs. The most common symptoms are difficulty walking and lifting the toes. HSP results from degeneration of nerve fibers in the spinal cord that control the lower body, and can be caused by mutations affecting axonal transport, mitochondria, or myelin. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on physical therapy, medication to reduce spasticity and pain, and addressing complications like contractures.
Movement disorders encompass a spectrum of abnormal involuntary movements that can arise from lesions throughout the central nervous system or be associated with medical conditions. They include myoclonus, ballismus, chorea, athetosis, and dystonia. While sometimes difficult to distinguish, they often overlap and can have similar underlying causes such as genetic disorders, drugs, vascular events, and metabolic derangements. Treatment involves managing underlying conditions when possible and may include medications like valproic acid or botulinum toxin injections.
The document discusses common causes of back pain including mechanical issues like muscle strains, osteoarthritis, and fractures as well as systemic diseases like ankylosing spondylitis. Specific conditions discussed in more detail include prolapsed intervertebral discs, spondylolisthesis, lumbar canal stenosis, tuberculosis of the spine, and tumors of the spine. Treatment options are provided for each condition and range from conservative approaches like rest, medications, and physical therapy to surgical interventions. Risk factors for back pain like age, obesity, smoking, and activities are also summarized.
This document discusses the extrapyramidal system and extrapyramidal disorders. It begins by defining the extrapyramidal system and its anatomy, which includes structures like the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei. It then covers topics like the classification, features, etiology, and pathophysiology of extrapyramidal disorders. Specific disorders discussed in more detail include Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. The key features, diagnoses, differential diagnoses, treatment approaches, and pathologies of these two conditions are summarized.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system activates the fight or flight response while the parasympathetic system promotes rest and digestion. Autonomic dysfunction occurs when these nerves are damaged, as from conditions like diabetes or Parkinson's disease, causing issues like low blood pressure, digestive problems, and urinary incontinence. Doctors evaluate the autonomic nervous system through tests of blood pressure changes, sweating, and pupil response and treat issues by addressing symptoms and underlying causes through lifestyle changes and medications.
The document discusses extrapyramidal disorders and basal ganglia disorders. It provides information on:
- The extrapyramidal system and basal ganglia, which are involved in motor control and other functions.
- Movement disorders are divided into hyperkinetic disorders involving excessive movements (chorea, dystonia) and hypokinetic disorders with diminished movement (akinesia, bradykinesia, rigidity).
- Lesions in the basal ganglia can cause specific movement disorders like athetosis, dystonia, bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and others.
- Parkinson's disease is discussed as a primary hypokinetic disorder caused by degeneration of dopaminergic
This document provides an overview of the nervous system and neurological disorders. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and their components. It then discusses common neurological disorders that affect the CNS and PNS, including strokes, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and more. The document concludes with a detailed outline of the neurological examination process, covering assessment of mental status, cranial nerves, motor and sensory systems, and other components.
extrapyramidal system 3-210108074605.pdfShinilLenin
1. The document discusses the extrapyramidal system and disorders of the extrapyramidal system. The extrapyramidal system includes the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei that control voluntary motor function.
2. Disorders of the extrapyramidal system can cause either hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement disorders. Hypokinetic disorders include Parkinson's disease which causes bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity.
3. Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. It typically presents in older adults and its symptoms worsen over time.
This presentation provides an overview of multiple sclerosis (MS). It defines MS as an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system where myelin is destroyed. Symptoms can include sensory and mobility issues as well as cognitive and psychological problems. Diagnosis involves MRI, lumbar puncture, and evoked potential studies. Management focuses on symptomatic treatment and disease-modifying drugs. Nursing care aims to improve mobility and elimination while preventing injury through safety measures and assistive devices. Recent studies examine cognitive dysfunction in MS and its effects on daily living.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that results in destruction of myelin and oligodendrocytes. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to MS, which most commonly affects women aged 15-50. There are four clinical forms - relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, primary progressive, and progressive-relapsing. Symptoms vary depending on location of lesions but may include fatigue, weakness, sensory disturbances, vision problems, and impaired coordination. Diagnosis involves MRI and lumbar puncture. While there is no cure, treatments aim to reduce relapses and slow progression through immunomodulators, corticosteroids, and rehabilitation. Nursing focuses on
This document defines psychogenic movement disorders and outlines their diagnostic criteria. It discusses the two divisions of movement disorders - extrapyramidal and hyperkinetic disorders. Various types of movement disorders are identified and categorized, including tremors, dystonia, myoclonus, chorea, athetosis, and restless leg syndrome. The document also covers treatment options for movement disorders like antipsychotics, botulinum toxin injections, and physical therapy. Prognosis depends on identifying and addressing the underlying psychogenic cause.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy, including:
- Cerebral palsy is caused by non-progressive damage to the developing brain that causes motor impairments. Common types include spastic diplegia, hemiplegia, and quadriplegia.
- Insults can occur prenatally, perinatally, or postnatally from factors like genetic disorders, infections, or trauma.
- Treatment is multidisciplinary and may include medications, physical therapy, bracing, and surgery to address secondary deformities like contractures. Surgical procedures are aimed at improving function, mobility, and care.
The document discusses diseases of the nervous system. It begins by defining the nervous system and its main functions, which include maintaining posture, movement, and internal regulation. It then describes the different parts of the nervous system and their roles. The document emphasizes that differentiating between primary nervous system diseases and secondary diseases is important for determining proper diagnosis and treatment. It outlines some common nervous system diseases and how they may present based on excessive or depressed nervous activity. Finally, it discusses specific clinical manifestations that may indicate nervous system diseases, such as abnormalities in mental state, movement, posture, sensation, and autonomic function.
This document discusses various movement disorders including chorea, athetosis, and dystonia. It describes the basal ganglia pathways and how they relate to movement. It defines different types of dystonia such as focal, segmental, and generalized dystonia. It also describes specific forms of dystonia like blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, and oromandibular dystonia. Treatment options for dystonia and chorea are discussed including physical therapy, medications, botulinum toxin injections, and deep brain stimulation. The causes of chorea are outlined including genetic disorders like Huntington's disease.
The document discusses several neuromuscular disabilities and brain injuries including epilepsy, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, and muscular dystrophy. It provides information on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment/interventions for each condition. Epilepsy is caused by brief electrical disturbances in the brain and can be generalized or partial. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the developing brain and presents with motor impairments. Traumatic brain injury results from external forces to the head and requires acute, subacute, and chronic treatment. Muscular dystrophy involves inherited muscle weakness and wasting that worsens over time.
This document provides information on several neuromuscular disabilities and brain injuries including epilepsy, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, and muscular dystrophy. It discusses the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment/interventions for each condition. Key points include that epilepsy is caused by brief disturbances in brain electrical activity; cerebral palsy is a group of disorders affecting movement and is usually non-progressive; traumatic brain injury results from external forces to the head; and muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder involving progressive muscle weakness and loss of tissue.
This document provides an overview of pediatric movement disorders. It discusses common benign movement disorders seen in children such as benign neonatal sleep myoclonus. It describes the pathophysiology and different types of movement disorders including dystonia, ataxia, chorea, and myoclonus. Causes can include genetic conditions, metabolic disorders, infections, drugs, and other acquired etiologies. The presentation and approach to evaluating a child with movement disorders is outlined, including important questions to ask and examinations and investigations to perform. Specific inherited pediatric movement disorders are also reviewed.
Paralysis is caused by a malfunction of the nervous system. Nerves that are not harmed provide signals to muscles. Muscles move as a result of these impulses.
The document provides an overview of an introductory lecture on approaching cases of motor and sensory disorders. It discusses why these disorders are often considered together due to shared routes in the brain and identification based on associated symptoms. The overall objectives are to localize the lesion anatomically and recognize the pattern to make an etiological diagnosis. The lecture aims to recap neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, clinical features using a symptom-based approach, pattern recognition, investigations, and key takeaways. Common motor pathways, sensory pathways, and reflex pathways are summarized. Symptom profiles, temporal patterns, and example neurological patterns are also outlined.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
1. Diseases of Nervous System in
Animals
Dr. Bibek Sutradhar, PhD
Professor
Department of Medicine and Surgery
Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
MRI
2. Introduction
Veterinary neurologists treat nervous-system problems.
The nervous system comprises the brain, spinal cord, muscles and the nerves that
connect them. Just as in humans, neurological problems in animals can be caused by
a reaction to medication, hereditary disorders, infection or trauma.
Changes in behavior
• Not recognizing you
• Forgetting training or failing to obey
• Lethargy
• Aggressiveness
• Irritability
Physical changes
• Weakness -Seizures and tremors
• Problems swallowing -Back and neck pain
• Deafness -Running in circles or pacing
• Vision problems -Head-pressing against hard
• Balance problems surfaces
3. Introduction
Common neurologic conditions
• Seizure disorders (epilepsy)
• Brain and spinal tumors
• Meningitis and encephalitis
• Congenital disorders
• Disk herniation and disease
• Traumatic injuries
Neurological exam
The exam itself is gentle and non-invasive.
History
Palpation
Percussion
Image analysis (X-ray, CT scan, MRI etc)
Treatment options
Tumors, herniated disks and traumatic injuries are often treated with surgery, but
many neurological conditions also respond to medications – antibiotics,
immunosuppressive drugs, anti-seizure medication, and chemotherapy.
4. CNS - Spinal cord, Brain stem, Cerebellum, and Cerebrum (Higher centers)
PNS - Neurons of the cranial and spinal nerves (26 pair spinal and 12 pair cranial)
a) Sensory/afferent neurons – Nociception (pain), Proprioception (position),
equilibrium, touch, temperature, taste, hearing, vision, and olfaction
b) Motor/efferent neurons - Upper Motor Neurons (starts from brain)
UMN from cortex – voluntary movements
UMN from brain stem – flexion of limbs/inhibit extensors
Lower Motor Neuron-LMN (starts from spinal cord)
Spinal compression – extensor weakness/paresis/paralysis
Introduction
6. What is paresis?
• Paresis refers to a condition in which muscle movement has
become weakened or impaired. (“mild paralysis” or “partial
paralysis”)
•Although paresis affects your muscles, it usually occurs due to
nerve damage.
• A vast network of nerves controls the movement of the muscles
in our bodies. If a part of this network is damaged, muscles in the
affected area may not work properly.
• There are several factors that can cause paresis, and there are
many different types of paresis. Paresis is often categorized by
the area of the body that’s impacted.
7. How is paresis different from paralysis?
Paresis is characterized by muscle weakness. A patient with
paresis can still move the affected muscle or muscles. However,
these movements are weaker than normal.
Paresis is different from paralysis. An individual who has
paralysis isn’t able to move a specific muscle or muscle group
at all.
You may also see paresis used as a suffix to distinguish what part
of the body is affected. For example, a person with monoparesis
has muscle weakness affecting one limb.
The corresponding suffix for paralysis is “-plegia.” Using the
same example, a patient with monoplegia has paralysis that
affects one limb.
8. Causes and types of paresis
There are many different factors that can cause nerve damage that results in
paresis.
Examples of causes include:
•Head injury
•Spinal cord injury
•Pressure on the spinal cord or nerves due to things like inflammation,
bone spurs, or a tumor
•Diabetes
Spastic paresis
9. Examples of different types of paresis
Monoparesis. muscle weakness that affects one limb, such as a leg or an arm.
Paraparesis. Paraparesis is muscle weakness that affects both legs.
Hemiparesis. Hemiparesis is muscle weakness that affects one side of your body, such
as the left arm and left leg.
Quadriparesis. Quadriparesis is muscle weakness that affects all four limbs.
Bell’s palsy. Bell’s palsy is a condition that leads to temporary weakness in your facial
muscles, which can cause facial drooping and pain.
Vocal cord paresis. Vocal cord paresis affects the movement of your vocal cords.
Gastroparesis. Gastroparesis is a condition where the emptying of the stomach is
impaired due to muscle weakness. It’s associated with symptoms like nausea, vomiting,
bloating, and feeling full quickly.
Todd’s paresis. Todd’s paresis is a type of paresis that occurs following a seizure. It’s
often associated with paresis in one limb (monoparesis) or on one side of the body
(hemiparesis).
Neurosyphilis. Neurosyphilis occurs when a syphilis infection attacks the nervous
system. It can cause paresis as well as headaches, changes in behavior, and dementia.
Spastic paresis. Spastic paresis is a condition that causes muscle overactivity and
spasticity. It’s due to nerve damage that often results from conditions like stroke; can
lead to pain as well as difficulty with activities like walking or getting dressed.
10. Treatment options
Treatment for paresis depends on the cause. Possible treatment options
include:
Physical therapy. Physical therapy uses techniques such as exercise and massage to
aid in promoting mobility, improving flexibility and range of motion, and
stimulating the nerves and muscles.
Occupational therapy. Occupational therapy can teach the strategies for carrying
out the day-to-day activities more easily while patient experiencing paresis
(Human).
Assistive devices. Assistive devices are items that can help with the mobility and
daily activities. Examples include:
• walkers
• wheelchairs
• grab bars
• specialized handles and grips
• voice-activated technology
Medications. In some cases, medications may help treat a condition that’s causing
paresis. Examples include:
antimicrobial medications for infections
corticosteroids to reduce inflammation that’s putting pressure on a nerve
12. • Functions:
Sensory motor system: Maintenance of normal posture
and gait
ANS: Activity of internal organs; Homoeostasis
Sense organs
Psychic system: Mental and behavioural state
• Dysfunction:
• Increased response to sensory stimuli
• Failure to respond to sensory stimuli
• Transmission of impulses enhanced or depressed
• Complete failure of transmission
13. Reflex
Sensory neuron (PNS) – Internuncial neuron (CNS) - Lower Motor Neuron
(PNS)
Higher center not involved. No Perception
Monosynaptic reflexes – Patellar reflex
LOCATION OF LESION????.....
14. Paralysis -> Paresis Vs Plegia
• Paresis: Partial loss/weakness/Impaired voluntary
movement
• Plegia or Paralysis: Inability/complete loss of
voluntary movement
15. NERVOUS DYSFUNCTION
CAUSES: congenital or familial, infectious or
inflammatory, toxic, metabolic, nutritional, traumatic,
vascular, degenerative, neoplastic, or idiopathic
• Exaggerated activity:
Excitation (irritation) signs
Release of inhibitory
control
Neuropathic pain
• Depressed activity:
Paresis or paralysis due to tissue
damage
Nervous shock
16. Neurologic Evaluation/Description
1)The anatomic location(s) of disease
2)The problem may be defined as
- diffuse, multifocal, or focal
- symmetric or asymmetric
- painful or nonpainful
- progressive, regressive or static
- mild, moderate, or severe
3) Clinicopathology (serum/blood/urine/feces/CSF)
4) Plain and Contrast radiography, CT, and MRI
17. EXCITATION (IRRITATION) SIGNS
• Increased activity of reactor organ
• Increase in nerve impulses received
Excitation of neurons
Facilitation of passage of stimuli
• Motor system: Tetany, convulsions etc.
• Sensory system: Hyperaesthesia, Paresthesia
18. Clinical Manifestations of Diseases of the
Nervous System
ALTERED MENTATION - Excitation states
a) Mania - acts in a bizarre way and appears to be unaware of
its surroundings. Maniacal actions include licking, chewing of
foreign material and sometimes themselves, abnormal voice,
constant bellowing, apparent blindness, walking into strange
surroundings, drunken gait, and aggressiveness in normally
docile animals.
Eg: Rabies, Aujeszky’s disease, nervous ketosis, pregnancy
toxemia, acute lead poisoning, severe hepatic insufficiency etc
19. b)Frenzy - violent activity, movements are uncontrolled and
dangerous
eg: Hypomagnesemic tetany, Aujeszky’s disease,
Acute colic, ammonia poisoning
c)Aggressive Behavior: willingness to attack other
animals, humans, and inert objects
Eg: early rabies, postparturient hysteria in sows
20. Clinical Manifestations of Diseases of
the Nervous System
DEPRESSIVE STATES
a) Coma
b) Syncope
c) Narcolepsy (Catalepsy)
d) lassitude
e) Somnolence
COMPULSIVE WALKING OR HEAD PRESSING
Eg: PEM, Increased ICP
AIMLESS WANDERING
**protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
21. Clinical Manifestations of Diseases of the
Nervous System
INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
A) Tremor: continuous, repetitive twitching of skeletal muscles
If local skin only fasciculations
eg: early stages of hypocalcemia in the cow
B) Tics: spasmodic twitching movements made at much longer
intervals than in tremor.
C) Tetany: Sustained contraction of muscles without tremor.
eg: C. tetani infection
D) Myoclonus: brief, intermittent tetanic contraction of the skeletal
muscles that results in the entire body being rigid for several seconds,
followed by relaxation.
eg: canine distemper
22. E) Convulsions: Convulsions, seizures, fits, or ictus are violent muscular
contractions affecting part or all of the body and occurring for relatively
short periods. result of abnormal electrical discharges in forebrain neurons
Stage I - Prodromal phase or aura (lasts for minutes to hours, restless)
Stage II – Ictal phase (Proper convulsions)
Stage III – Post Ictal phase (Fatigue, rest, loss of conciousness)
E) Involuntary Spastic Paresis:
eg: Stringhalt in Horses – hind leg flexion
Clonic Convulsions (Paddling in Meningitis) Vs
Tonic Convulsions (Strychnine/Tetanus)
23. Clinical Manifestations of Diseases of the
Nervous System
ABNORMAL POSTURE AND GAIT
A) Posture Abnormality: Vestibular disease
B) Gait Abnormality: Weakness (Paresis) andAtaxia(Swaying)
- Hypermetria (increased range of movement/Overreaching)
- Dysmetria (goose stepping –pantothenate def.)
- Cerebellar ataxia (BVD) and Sway back (Cu def.)
24. •Stimulant drugs and mild degrees of those influences that in
severe form causing depression of excitability (hypoxia,
inflammation, poisons, edema, increased ICP)
•Fluctuation in Intensity of signs due to discharge and re-
accumulation of energy
•Sign and extension of symptoms varies with the focus of lesion
25. RELEASE OF INHIBITORY CONTROL
•Release of inhibitory effects of higher centres over lower
nervous centers
• Decerebrate rigidity due to transection of brain stem
• Cerebellar ataxia: combined limb movements exaggerated
26. PARESIS OR PARALYSIS DUE TO TISSUE DAMAGE
•Destruction of nervous tissue Infection
depressed metabolic activity
•Failure of oxygen and nutrient supply General
absence
Failure of local circulation
• Motor system: Muscular paralysis
• Sensory system: Anaesthesia, hypoaesthesia
28. Schiff-Sherrington Phenomenon
•Due to acute, severe lesions of the spinal cord between T2 and
L3, the pelvic limb paralysis is accompanied by an extensor
rigidity of the thoracic limbs
29. NERVOUS SHOCK
An acute lesion of the nervous system, which
causes damage to nerve cells in the immediate vicinity
of the lesions, but there may be, a temporary cessation
of function in parts that are not directly affected.
eg: Stunning
30. Horner syndrome
• Sunken appearance to the eye (enophthalmia)
• Small pupil (miosis)
• Droopy upper eyelid (ptosis)
• Absence of sweating of the face (anhidrosis)
• Prominent third eyelid.
• Loss of Sympathetic innervations to eyes and face
31. CONCLUSIONS
•Determining type of lesions is difficult: Limited range of
mode of reaction
• Destruction of tissue or reduced nutrient supply
•Proper Anamnesis and Special examination is essential for
proper assessment
• Sign-time relationship:
Rapidly developing lesions: maximum disturbances
Slow developing lesions: Compensation
32. References:
•A Text book of diseases of the cattle, sheep, goats, pigs
& horses 10th edition by Otto M Radostits, Clive C Gay,
K W Hinchcliff, P D Constable.
•Duke’s Physiology of Domestic animals 12 th edition
edited by William O Reece