The document discusses key topics in crop production and management. It covers important agricultural practices like soil preparation, sowing, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weeding and pest control, harvesting, threshing, and storage. Traditional and modern tools for each practice are described, such as the hoe, plough, and seed drill for soil preparation, and sprinkler irrigation and drip systems for irrigation. The document also discusses crop types, animal husbandry, and concludes with assignments for students.

1. BY
SARITHA P, TGT SCIENCE
JNV PALAKKAD
NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA
SAMITI, NOIDA
E-CONTENT PREPARATION
CLASS – VII SCIENCE
CHAPTER – 1
CROP PRODUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT

2. IMPORTANT TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1. Importance of agriculture
2. Basic agricultural practices
3. To define Crop
4. Understand different agricultural implements both traditional and
modern
5. Advantage of using seed drill.
6. Differentiate between manure and fertilizer
7. Irrigation techniques
8. Weeding techniques and advantages
9. Importance of storage and storage techniques
10.Animal husbandry

3. LEARNING OUT COMES
After completing the lesson students will be able to:
Understand the Preparation of the soil for a suitable crop
Identify Crops and their types according to seasonal changes
Analyze the various types of activities do for cultivation of crop and agricultural
implements used for it.
Appreciate the sequence wise agricultural practices
Learn the structure and working of plough, hoe, cultivator, leveler,a seed drill
etc.
Apply the importance of irrigation and about the sources of irrigation
Analyze the effective use of weedicide, pesticide and insecticides.
Apply the crop improvement crop rotation and organic farming
Learn the safe storage of grains.
Explore the type of food products obtains from animals.

4. IMPORTANT TERMS
 Crop
 Agriculture
 Kharif crop
 Rabi crop
 Agricultural practices
 Plough
 Hoe
 Cultivator
 Seed drill
 Irrigation
 Manure
 Fertilizers
 Insecticide
 Sprinkler system
 Harvesting
 Moat
 Rahat
 Dhekli
 Chain pump
 Animal husbandry
 Silos
 Granaries
 Cultivation
 Sowing
 Weedicide
 Storage
 Drip system
 Weeding
 Threshing

5. HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE
 The earliest humans were hunter gatherers.
They were nomadic and did not cultivate.
 Agriculture originated around 10,000-12,000
years ago in the Mideast, China, Egypt and
Central America.
 The earliest domesticated plants may be
barley, wheat, rice, peas, lentils etc.
 Animals like dogs, goats, sheep and pigs were
also domesticated.

6. AGRICULTURE
Cultivating soil for growing crops and nurturing
animals to provide food and other products
CROPS
Same kind of plants being cultivated on large scale.

7. BASED ON SEASON
KHARIF CROPS (RAINY
SEASON)
RABI CROPS
(WINTER SEASON)

8. BASIC AGRICULTURAL PRACTISES
PREPARATION OF SOIL SOWING
ADDING MANURE AND
FERTILIZER
IRRIGATION
WEEDING
HARVESTING
THRESHING
STORAGE

9. PREPARATION OF SOIL
PLOUGHING/ TILLING
HOE PLOUGH CULTIVATOR

10. HOE
It is a simple tool which is used for
removing weeds and for loosening the
soil.
It has a long rod of wood or iron.
A strong, broad and bent plate of iron
is fixed to one of its ends and works
like a blade.
It is pulled by animals.

11. PLOUGH
Plough is a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before
sowing seed or planting.
Ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses
WOODEN PLOUGH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGjXFGau-Pw

12. CULTIVATOR
 Now a days ploughing is done
by tractor driven cultivator.
 Use of cultivator saves labour
and time.

13. PLOUGHING
It is a practice of loosening of the soil using a plough or tractor
TILLING
It’s the levelling of the soil by a plank driven by oxen or tractor to
prevent soil erosion

14. ADVANTAGES OF PLOUGHING
Ploughing makes soil loose.
In loose soil, roots can penetrate easily
Loose soil promotes aeration and promote
growth of friendly microbes
Loose soil promotes percolation of
water.
Ploughing uproots unwanted plants
already growing in the field.
Ploughing mixes up the manure and
decomposing organic matter.

15. SOWING
1.FUNNEL(TRADITIONAL
TOOL)
2.SEED DRILL (MODERN
TOOL)

16. SOWING
 The process of scattering of seeds in the field
 Sowing by hand is called broadcasting
 In broadcasting the soil will not be in uniform or right
depth

17.  The tool used traditionally for sowing seeds is shaped like a funnel.
 The seeds are filled into the funnel, passed down through two or three pipes
having sharp ends.
 These ends pierce into the soil and place seeds there.
TRADITIONAL SEED DRILL
DISADVANTAGES
 Seeds are not sown at uniform
distance
 Seeds are not covered with soil
instantly so it could be eaten by birds
 Seed are not sown at equal depth.
 It takes lots of time and labour

18. MODERN SEED DRILL
 The seed drill sows the seeds at the proper seeding rate and
depth.
 Ensuring that the seeds are covered by soil
 It saves time and labour

19. ADDING MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
MANURE
 ORGANICSUBSTANCE/NATURAL
 RICH IN HUMUS
FERTILIZER
 INORGANIC / SYNTHETIC
 RICH IN PARTICULAR NUTRIENT

20. APPLICATION OF MANURE AND
FERTILIZER
Plants mainly require nitrogen,
phosphorous & potassium for
healthy growth.
Repeated cultivation removes soil
nutrients. They can be replenished
by the application manure or
chemical
fertilizers.

21. MANURE AND FERTILIZER
MANURE
 Organic substances
 Made from vegetable and animal
waste
 Prepared at home
 Less rich in nutrients
 Do not harm the soil
 Slow result
FERTILIZER
 Inorganic substance.
 Made by chemicals
 Prepared at factories
 Nutrient specific
 Quick result
 Changes soil texture

22.  Dissolves fast
 Plants absorbs fast and gives quick
result
 Nutrient specific
 compact
ADVANTAGES OF FERTILIZER
DISADVANTAGES OF FERTILIZER
 It pollutes the soil and water bodies
causes eutrophication
 It changes the soil chemistry.
 It makes the soil too acidic or basic
 It kills soil organisms.
 It reduces the soil porosity
 It affects the food chain
 It affects the human health

23. ADVANTAGES OF MANURE
 Enhances the water holding capacity of the soil
 Improves the texture of the soil
 Promotes the growth of friendly micro organism
 Increases the aeration and percolation of water.
 Add more humus to the soil

24. REPLENISHING OF SOIL
Various practices used to replenish the soil
nutrients are
Field fallow
Crop rotation
Multiple cropping
Adding manures and fertilizers
Multiple cropping
Crop rotation
Fallow field
Manure Fertilizer

25. IRRIGATION
 Supply of water at regular intervals is termed as irrigation
Traditional methods
MOAT(PULLEY SYSTEM) RAHAT(LIVER SYSTEM)
CHAIN PUMP DHEKLI

26. SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Modern methods of irrigation
 Device used to irrigate agricultural crops,
lawns, landscapes, golf courses, and other
areas.
 Used for cooling and for the control of
airborne dust.
 When water is pressurized through the main
pipe it escapes from the rotating nozzles just
like a rain
Drip system
 It is the best technique for watering fruit
plants gardens and trees
 It is best technique for water conservation
 Connected by net work of pipes and reaches to
the base of the plant drop by drop
Sprinkler system

27. WEEDING
 Removal of unwanted plants from the crop
weeding can be done by
1.USING KHURPI 2.SEED DRILL 3.SPRAYING 2,4-D

28. METHODS OF WEEDING
Removal of weed are called weeding
Physical method-- By hand
Mechanical method– Using khurpi
Chemical method– Using weedicide
Biological method-- Using insects which feed on pests
By hand
By khurpi
By weedicide
Biological control

29. PEST CONTROL
 Pests are organisms which are harmful to standing crops or stored food
grains.
 Pest control can be done by chemicals called pesticides or by biological
means.

30. CROP IMPROVEMENT
Increase in food production can be achieved by high yielding crops
which can be achieved by the process of hybridization.
Hybridization is the cross breeding of two varieties of breed.

31. HARVESTING
The cutting of mature crop is called harvesting.
MANUAL HARVESTING MACHINE HARVESTING
BY SICKLE BY HARVESTER

32. THRESHING
Removal of grains from stalk is termed as threshing.
1.Manual threshing 2.Threshing machine 3.Combine thresher

33. WINNOWING
The process of separating chaff from grains using wind is called
winnowing
Traditional method Modern method

34. STORAGE
SMALL SCALE STORAGE
LARGE SCALE STORAGE
JUTE BAGS METALIC BINS SILOS GRANARIES

35. NEED OF SAFE STORAGE OF GRAINS
 To ensure the availability of seasonal food
through out the year.
 To facilitate distribution of food materials for
longer periods
 To protect perishable food materials for
longer periods
 To reach food materials to remote areas.
 To facilitate the distribution of food materials
in case of emergency
 Buffer stock: It is the food stock to supply at
the time of emergency

36. ANIMAL HUSBANDARY
The science of rearing animals and improving livestock at a large scale.

37. ELEMENTS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDARY
The various aspects of
animal husbandry are :
Feeding
Weeding
Breeding
Heeding

38.  Same kind of plants being cultivated in large scale is called a crop
 Base on season the crop can be classified as kharif(rainy) and rabi crops(winter)
 Basic agricultural practices are 1)preparation of soil 2)sowing 3)adding manure and
fertilizer 4)irrigation 5)protection from weeds 6)harvesting and 7)storage.
 For the preparation of soil hoe, plough or cultivator is used.
 Sowing of seeds done by either funnel method or seed drill. Seed drills are
recommended mostly.
 Manures or fertilizers are added for the proper growth of the crop.
 Weeding is also essential in the proper growth of the crop.
 Irrigation is very important in crop production.
 Modern methods like sprinkler system or drip irrigation have many advantages.
 Harvester or combine is very useful in harvesting of crops.
 Proper storage is also very important in the proper distribution of food grains.
 Animal husbandry is also an essential part of our food production.
RECAPTULATION

39. REVIEW
1. IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF CROP
GIVEN BELOW
ANSWER : RABI CROP
2.IDENTIFY THE IMAGE AND
GIVE THE USES
ANSWER: SEED DRILL
SOWING OF SEEDS

40. 3.Name the images and differentiate
between them?

41. ASSIGNMENT
1.Make a chart of agricultural
implements.
2.Make a seed art of your choice.

42. IMPORTANT LINKS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUL-Fqb0sak
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggao6Hy6eRw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCqcKAHs0EU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0X1wg_mIyk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7Cj3OuFPr8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAJAhuQq18c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhOrIUlrnPo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRjDy2ZVw1o