INTRODUCTION
PATRIARCHY AND THE MEN
THE WOMEN Kalifuna (female Kalinago)
RELIGION
FOOD
MUSIC
Cannibalism
Genocide of 1626
Carib Expulsion
Languages
Santa Rosa Carib Community
The Inca civilization flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and 1533 CE, and their empire eventually extended across western South America from Quito in the north to Santiago in the south, making it the largest empire ever seen in the Americas and the largest in the world at that time.
INTRODUCTION
PATRIARCHY AND THE MEN
THE WOMEN Kalifuna (female Kalinago)
RELIGION
FOOD
MUSIC
Cannibalism
Genocide of 1626
Carib Expulsion
Languages
Santa Rosa Carib Community
The Inca civilization flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and 1533 CE, and their empire eventually extended across western South America from Quito in the north to Santiago in the south, making it the largest empire ever seen in the Americas and the largest in the world at that time.
Chapter 1 The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492 MaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
CHAPTER 1
The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Chapter Outline
1.1 The Americas
1.2 Europe on the Brink of Change
1.3 West Africa and the Role of Slavery
Introduction
Globalization, the ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world, is not a new phenomenon,
but it accelerated when western Europeans discovered the riches of the East. During the
Crusades (1095–1291), Europeans developed an appetite for spices, silk, porcelain, sugar, and
other luxury items from the East, for which they traded fur, timber, and Slavic people they
captured and sold (hence the word slave). But when the Silk Road, the long overland trading
route from China to the Mediterranean, became costlier and more dangerous to travel, Europeans
searched for a more efficient and inexpensive trade route over water, initiating the development
of what we now call the Atlantic World.
In pursuit of commerce in Asia, fifteenth-century traders unexpectedly encountered a “New
World” populated by millions and home to sophisticated and numerous peoples. Mistakenly
believing they had reached the East Indies, these early explorers called its inhabitants Indians.
West Africa, a diverse and culturally rich area, soon entered the stage as other nations exploited
its slave trade and brought its peoples to the New World in chains. Although Europeans would
come to dominate the New World, they could not have done so without Africans and native
peoples.
1.1 The Americas
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
● Locate on a map the major American civilizations before the arrival of the Spanish
● Discuss the cultural achievements of these civilizations
● Discuss the differences and similarities between lifestyles, religious practices, and
customs among the native peoples
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Between nine and fifteen thousand years ago, some scholars believe that a land bridge existed
between Asia and North America that we now call Beringia . The first inhabitants of what would
be named the Americas migrated across this bridge in search of food. When the glaciers melted,
water engulfed Beringia, and the Bering Strait was formed. Later settlers came by boat across the
narrow strait. (The fact that Asians and American Indians share genetic markers on a Y
chromosome lends credibility to this migration theory.) Continually moving southward, the
settlers eventually populated both North and South America, creating unique cultures that ranged
from the highly complex and urban Aztec civilization in what is now Mexico City to the
woodland tribes of eastern North America. Recent research along the west coast of South
America suggests that migrant populations may have traveled down this coast by water as well
as by land.
Researchers believe that about ten thousand years ago, humans also began the domestication of
plants and animals, a ...
Spain, Mexican Revolution to Texas Rebellion and The Alamo hoosier11
A power point presentation of over 100 slides. We include animation on each slide and Q&A, multiple choice on most slides. Intended for the classroom or the homeschoolers to encourage discovery, critical thinking, and discussion. We start with Spain in the Americas, the Mexican Revolution, and the Texas rebellion leading to the Alamo.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Contact of Civilizations Origins of Texas date back 30,000 years Ice Age Migration Land Bridge across the Bering Sea Asiatic nomads; hunted for plants and animals Agriculture Develops Roughly 7000 B.C.E. Regional distinctions in cultural and linguistics develop as a result
4. Pre-Columbian Cultures 12 million people migrate to North America Iroquois (Northeast Woodlands) Recognized warriors Created the “League of the Iroquois” – alliance that ended conflicts among member tribes “Five Civilized Tribes” – adopted European cultural ways (Atlantic Coast to Mississippi Valley) Choctaws, Seminoles, Chickasaws, Creeks, and Cherokees Pueblos (West Texas to Arizona) Lived similarly to European peasants Built adobe villages on rock walls for defense purposes
6. Pre-Columbian Cultures Central American Indians Mayans Most intellectually advanced Cipher coding, architecture, astronomy, and calendars Speculation on the reasons for their decline Disease, food shortages, and/or social revolution Aztecs Capital in present-day Mexico City known as “Tenochtitlan” War-like culture, but had an efficient political and legal system Excelled in the arts and architecture
8. Pre-Columbian Cultures Central American Indians Incas Capital in Cuzco (present-day Peru) Efficient system of civil administration and road system superior to any in Europe at the time Best architectural skills of any Native American civilization Designed structures that could withstand earthquakes Advanced scientific skills Possibly had success in performing brain surgeries
10. Indigenous Peoples of Texas Coastal Tribes Karankawa(Matagorda to Corpus Christi) Migrated on and off the coast for a constant food supply Practiced ritual cannibalism Acknowledged three gender roles Male, Female, and berdache (men who took on female roles) Coahuiltecan(Gulf Coast Plain/South TX) Hunted and gathered in South Texas during the summer months Commonality Both groups had common roots in Northern Mexico Lacked political organization Religion was primitive and animistic Both groups moved frequently Used dome-shaped wigwams covered by animal skins for shelter
12. Indigenous Peoples of Texas Caddos(Northeast Texas) Originated from the Mississippi River Valley Dome-shaped housing made of grass and cane Primarily an agricultural group; planted twice a year Caddo chiefs were known as xinesi Served as political and religious leaders A stable group that traded extensively Bartered baskets, tools, ceramics, art, and weapons
14. Indigenous Peoples of Texas Jumanos (Trans-Pecos area) People of a shared cultural background, primarily with a common language or specific livelihood Indigenous to modern-day Arizona and New Mexico Fairly nomadic tribe that hunted primarily along the West Texas plains Some permanent agricultural settlements Known as accomplished merchants
15. Indigenous Peoples of Texas Plains Indians Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas, and Tonkawas Had a secondary role in Texas history during the 18th and 19th centuries Apaches related to tribes from Alaska and Canada These tribes utilized the horse after its introduction by Spaniards in the 17th century Warfare led to the tribes migration to Texas Dependant on buffalo fro almost all living essentials The family was the primary social structure Families loosely cooperated under a chief No political structure Religion allowed for individual relationships with deities
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17. The First Europeans The Spanish Reconquista Early Spain was controlled by Muslims from Northern Africa Spain was in a constant state of warfare to oust Muslims that were viewed as intruders Reconquista – general term used to recognize the centuries of struggle to regain Spain from Muslim control Kings were typically responsible for this However, Spain benefitted economically from Muslim control
19. The First Europeans Castile and the Reconquista Castile’s Reconquista was essentially a religious crusade 900 A.D. – Spainards believed they found the burial site of apostle Santiago (St. James) Inspired religious fervor in Spain and essentially made the Catholic Church a crucial ally to the Spanish Crown Catholic religious orders such as the Franciscans and Dominicans began proselytizing in the 13th century
20. The First Europeans Agrarian Castile Reconquista encouraged the raising of sheep in rural areas of Castile Higher and quicker profits than crops Cattle raising flourished in southern Castile Vaqueros – mounted cattle herders that drove cattle cross-country from northern grazing lands to southern pastures seasonally Began cattle ranching traditions, the rodeo, cattle branding This later was transplanted to North America under areas of Spanish control
22. The First Europeans “Los Reyes Catolicos” The Catholic Kings Iberian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon united in 1479 under Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon Wanted to consolidate their power over the entire Iberian peninsula They first had to pacify the kingdoms, especially the nobles, Catholic Church, and military These groups had gained power during the final days of the Spanish Reconquista Isabella used the institution of the hermandad (brotherhoods responsible for maintaining the peace) to pacify the nobles Also used influence at the local level for a grass-roots approach to regain control After regaining peace and control of the Iberian peninsula, the Catholic monarchs focused their attention on foreign policy Spain had to compete with Portugal who was technologically advanced and already sending Prince Henry the Navigator to the African coast
23. New World Contacts Christopher Columbus Italian navigator that convinced Queen Isabella to fund his journey to the “West Indies” Columbus was motivated by economic and political gain Landed in Hispaniola on 12 October 1492 (modern-day Bahamas) Named the first island San Salvador (Holy Savior) He did not find the West Indies, but reported that he had discovered a new continent
25. New World Contacts The Conquistadors After Columbus’s discovery, Spain quickly sent explorers to make the country rich Vasco Nunez de Balboa – crossed the Central American Isthmus and claimed the Pacific Ocean for Spain in 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon – reached Florida and claimed the peninsula for Spain, but the Spanish did not successfully settle until the 1560s Hernan Cortes – conquered the Aztec empire and paved the way for Spanish domination of present-day Mexico Francisco Pizarro – conquered the Inca empire in present-day Peru
26. New World Contacts Fortune in Texas Cabeza de Vacawas involved in an expedition to Florida in search of gold Pillaged a native tribe and became stranded on Florida’s west coast Sailed to the Gulf of Mexico, captured by the Karankawa Indians, and finally escaped after years of captivity Sailed around the Rio Grande and finally made it to Mexico Friar Marcos de Niza was sent by the Spanish Crown to investigate de Vaca’s claims in 1539 Later traveled to western New Mexico and discovered a “glittering city of silver and gold” Actually a Pueblo village with quartz imbedded in the walls of the adobe structures de Niza somehow convinced the Crown that he had evidence of the Seven Cities of Gold
28. New World Contacts Vasquez de Coronado’s Expeditions Assigned to explore Texas and the Southwest after de Niza’s report to the Crown Discovered that de Niza’s “city of gold” was just an adobe complex Refused to be discouraged and traveled for two years throughout the Southwest and Texas Panhandle, but did not find anything of value to the Crown Discouraged explorations to the north for another 50 years Hernando de Soto’s Expedition Traveled from Florida to Alabama, and later to the Mississippi Valley looking for the cities of gold Did not find anything and later died from fever His party traveled onward to eastern Texas, near present-day Houston County and as far west as the Trinity River de Soto and his party’s reports later reinforced the Spanish Crown’s decisions to stop exploration in Texas
29.
30. New World Contacts Northern Competition French Founded Quebec in Canada Began occupying Nova Scotia Traveled as far south as present-day Wisconsin Dutch Claimed the Hudson Valley and New Netherlands, which later became New York English Explored along the Atlantic Coast By the 1640s, the English had possession of the Atlantic seaboard between Spanish controlled Florida and New England
31. Colonization Process in Spanish Texas Three structures crucial to colonization The Presidio The Mission Settlements
32. Colonization Process in Spanish Texas The Spanish Crown attempted to bring Indian lands into Spanish influence by an orderly process of expansion and settlement The Presidio Usually the first structure established Served numerous functions Prison Garrison to train soldiers for warfare Protected the mission Walled courtyard to conduct peace talks with Indians
33. Colonization Process in Spanish Texas The Mission Priests staffed the mission and attempted to perform functions relevant to exploration, conquest, and Christianization Attempted to convert the Indians to Catholicism Tried to maintain friendly relations with hostile tribes Assisted in maintaining conquered territories
35. Colonization Process in Spanish Texas Settlements Civilian Settlements Another way to hold conquered territory; used during the reconquista Used to populate the frontier and integrate their resources into the Spanish colonization system Settlers were known as Pobladores Ranchos (ranches) Provided settlements with resources such as beef, pork, wool, and byproducts such as hide and tallow on the frontier Played a supporting role in Christianizing Indians Furnished soldiers with live animals
36. Spanish Texas Western Texas Jumano Indians invited the Spanish to visit after a miraculous visit by the “Lady in Blue” Spanish nun Madre Maria de Agreda takes credit for her spiritual visit Spanish explorers were primarily interested in freshwater pearls and buffalo; also saw it as a base of trade with the Caddo Indians Pueblo Revolt of 1680 Pueblo tribes attacked and destroyed Spanish settlements of the upper Rio Grande Many displaced settlers came to El Paso Spanish Return Jumano Chief requested priests (and explorers followed) Jumanos were secretly seeking protection from the Apaches Spanish fended off the Apaches, hunted countless buffalo, and promised to return again
37. Spanish Texas Eastern Texas: The French Threat French explorer La Salle wanted to stake a claim in the Mississippi Valley; travelled down the river to present-day Matagorda Bay Was marooned and established Fort St. Louis near present-day Vanderbilt, Texas Explored Texas, but attempted to meet up with other Frenchmen coming down the Mississippi His settlers later killed him Indians killed the remaining survivors at Fort St. Louis and destroyed the fort
38. Spanish Texas Eastern Texas: The Caddos Spain responded to the French threat by sending Alonso de Leon on several expeditions Explored Fort St. Louis and then made contact with the Caddos Seen as the “great kingdom of Tejas” to the Spanish; Tejas – friend Caddos accepted the Europeans as potential allies and trading partners de Leon and missionaries set up two missions However, the Caddos were not willing converts Christianity clashed with their religion Spanish disrupted their traditional way of life They did not like the “unruly” Spanish soldiers Became resentful and attacked Spanish livestock Spanish later retreat and leave East Texas in 1693
39. Spanish Texas Eastern Texas: The French and Spanish Alliance French Canadian Louis Jucherau de St. Denis came to the Spanish on the Rio Grande looking for trade Arrested and later convinced the Spanish that the Caddo wanted missionaries The Spanish viceroy ordered Spanish Captain Domingo Ramon to convert East Texas into a buffer zone Rebuild Spanish missionaries Assigned St. Denis as his second in command Somewhat uneasy alliance, but the Spanish benefitted from St. Denis’s knowledge of Texas terrain, command of Indian languages, and his ability to befriend the Indians
41. Spanish Texas Settlements San Antonio de Bexar (present-day San Antonio) Served to Christianize the Coahuiltecan Indians Also, the midway point between Rio Grande and East Texas; served as a supply station By the 1730s, a presidio, municipality, and five missions constituted the San Antonio complex Presidio de La Bahia Initially established as a Gulf Coast deterrent to the French Moved inland toward the San Antonio River to present-day Goliad
43. Spanish Texas Failed Settlements San Gabriel River settlement (near Rockdale) Established to convert the Tonkawas Given little attention, abandoned in 1755 San Saba River settlement (near Menard) Established to convert the Apaches Failed due to Indian attacks; abandoned in 1769 Incorporation The Spanish colonization system would be crucial to the success of Spain in the Texas frontier Two choices for dealing with Indians Assimilate or annihilate