An introductory slide on the topics of measurement and control. This elementary topics act as the gateway to advanced concepts of automation, instrumentation and programming production lines.
This course is electronics based course dealing with measurements and instrumentation designed for students in Physics Electronics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and allied disciplines. It is a theory course based on the use of electrical and electronics instruments for measurements. The course deals with topics such as Principle of measurements, Errors, Accuracy, Units of measurements and electrical standards, , introduction to the design of electronic equipment’s for temperature, pressure, level, flow measurement, speed etc
The document discusses various types of sensors and machine vision systems. It describes position sensors including piezoelectric sensors, LVDTs, optical encoders, and resolvers. It also covers range sensors, touch sensors, cameras, and image processing techniques. The key applications mentioned are inspection, identification, visual serving, and navigation.
The document discusses sensors and transducers used in mechatronics systems. It defines sensors as devices that detect physical quantities and convert them into signals, while transducers convert one form of energy to another. The document outlines various types of commonly used sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, and capacitive sensors. It describes the working principles, specifications, advantages, and applications of these sensors. The specifications discussed include range, sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, response time, which are important for mechatronics designers to understand the capabilities and limitations of different sensors.
This document discusses the characteristics of measuring instruments, dividing them into static and dynamic characteristics. Static characteristics describe instruments that measure non-fluctuating quantities, and include scale range, accuracy, precision, error, calibration, resolution, threshold, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, readability, linearity, drift, and hysteresis. Dynamic characteristics apply to instruments that measure fluctuating quantities over time, and consist of speed of response, measuring lag, fidelity, and overshoot.
1. Measurement involves comparing an unknown value to a known standard using an instrument. Common instruments include indicators, recorders, and integrators.
2. Calibration ensures accurate measurements by comparing instrument readings to a primary or secondary standard over the measurement range.
3. Damping minimizes oscillations to provide steady, accurate readings by introducing opposing forces through methods like air friction, eddy currents, or fluid friction.
The document describes a vibration measuring instrument used to measure displacement of vibrating systems. It consists of a frame with a seismic mass supported by a spring and damper. The mass vibrates along with the vibrating body and its displacement is measured relative to a scale on the frame. For large frequency ratios of the vibrating body to the instrument, the instrument can accurately measure the amplitude. With sufficient damping, it provides a good approximation over a wide frequency range, allowing high frequencies to be measured using a low frequency instrument.
This document discusses resistive sensors and their applications. It begins by defining resistive sensors as transducers that convert mechanical changes into electrical signals by changing resistance. Common resistive sensors include potentiometers, strain gauges, thermocouples, photoresistors and thermistors. The document then covers the theory of how resistance changes based on length, area, composition and temperature. It provides examples of specific resistive sensors and their typical applications, such as using light dependent resistors for light switches and strain gauges for sensors in electronic balances. In closing, it discusses how the resistance of sensors varies with changes in factors like temperature, strain or light intensity.
This course is electronics based course dealing with measurements and instrumentation designed for students in Physics Electronics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and allied disciplines. It is a theory course based on the use of electrical and electronics instruments for measurements. The course deals with topics such as Principle of measurements, Errors, Accuracy, Units of measurements and electrical standards, , introduction to the design of electronic equipment’s for temperature, pressure, level, flow measurement, speed etc
The document discusses various types of sensors and machine vision systems. It describes position sensors including piezoelectric sensors, LVDTs, optical encoders, and resolvers. It also covers range sensors, touch sensors, cameras, and image processing techniques. The key applications mentioned are inspection, identification, visual serving, and navigation.
The document discusses sensors and transducers used in mechatronics systems. It defines sensors as devices that detect physical quantities and convert them into signals, while transducers convert one form of energy to another. The document outlines various types of commonly used sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, and capacitive sensors. It describes the working principles, specifications, advantages, and applications of these sensors. The specifications discussed include range, sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, response time, which are important for mechatronics designers to understand the capabilities and limitations of different sensors.
This document discusses the characteristics of measuring instruments, dividing them into static and dynamic characteristics. Static characteristics describe instruments that measure non-fluctuating quantities, and include scale range, accuracy, precision, error, calibration, resolution, threshold, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, readability, linearity, drift, and hysteresis. Dynamic characteristics apply to instruments that measure fluctuating quantities over time, and consist of speed of response, measuring lag, fidelity, and overshoot.
1. Measurement involves comparing an unknown value to a known standard using an instrument. Common instruments include indicators, recorders, and integrators.
2. Calibration ensures accurate measurements by comparing instrument readings to a primary or secondary standard over the measurement range.
3. Damping minimizes oscillations to provide steady, accurate readings by introducing opposing forces through methods like air friction, eddy currents, or fluid friction.
The document describes a vibration measuring instrument used to measure displacement of vibrating systems. It consists of a frame with a seismic mass supported by a spring and damper. The mass vibrates along with the vibrating body and its displacement is measured relative to a scale on the frame. For large frequency ratios of the vibrating body to the instrument, the instrument can accurately measure the amplitude. With sufficient damping, it provides a good approximation over a wide frequency range, allowing high frequencies to be measured using a low frequency instrument.
This document discusses resistive sensors and their applications. It begins by defining resistive sensors as transducers that convert mechanical changes into electrical signals by changing resistance. Common resistive sensors include potentiometers, strain gauges, thermocouples, photoresistors and thermistors. The document then covers the theory of how resistance changes based on length, area, composition and temperature. It provides examples of specific resistive sensors and their typical applications, such as using light dependent resistors for light switches and strain gauges for sensors in electronic balances. In closing, it discusses how the resistance of sensors varies with changes in factors like temperature, strain or light intensity.
1. Force can be measured using several principles including balancing against gravitational force, translating to fluid pressure, applying to an elastic member, or applying to a known mass and measuring acceleration.
2. Scales and balances measure force by balancing the unknown force against a known gravitational force on a standard mass. Multi-lever scales use a system of levers and counterweights to indirectly measure the applied force.
3. Elastic force meters like proving rings, beams, and springs measure the deflection or strain caused by an applied force. The deflection or strain is then related to the magnitude of the applied force.
Introduction to Mechatronics, Sensors and Transducerstaruian
Introduction: Definition, Multidisciplinary Scenario, Evolution of Mechatronics, Design of Mechatronics system, Objectives, advantages and disadvantages of Mechatronics
Transducers and sensors: Definition and classification of transducers, Difference between transducer and sensor, Definition and classification of sensors, Principle of working and applications of light sensors, proximity switches and Hall Effect sensors.
basic of measurement and instrumentation.SACHINNikam39
This document discusses instrumentation systems and measurement fundamentals. It begins by classifying instrument systems, such as absolute versus secondary instruments, analog versus digital, and mechanical versus electrical versus electronic. It then describes the functional elements of a generalized measurement system, including the primary sensing element, variable conversion element, variable manipulation element, data processing element, data transmission system, and data presentation element. Finally, it discusses standards used for calibration and measurement, categorizing them from primary reference standards to secondary, tertiary, and working standards used in inspection and workshops.
Ee2201 measurement-and-instrumentation-lecture-notesJayakumar T
This document provides an overview of electrical and electronic instruments. It discusses analog instruments and how they are classified based on the measured quantity, operating current, effects used, and measurement method. The principal of operation of common instruments is described, including magnetic, thermal, and induction effects. Specific instrument types are examined like permanent magnet moving coil meters, moving iron meters, and electrodynamometer meters. The document also covers power measurement instruments like wattmeters and energy meters for single and polyphase systems.
This lecture introduces measurement and instrumentation. It defines measurement and instrumentation, discusses types of measurements and instruments. It reviews units of measurement, standards of measurement, and calibration. Measurement and instrumentation are used in various applications including home appliances, vehicles, and industrial processes to monitor and control parameters and improve operations.
LINEAR POTENTIOMETER Potentiometers are electrical devices which are a form of variable resistance.
It consists of a sliding contact which moves over the length of a resistance element. This sliding contact connects to a plunger, which links to the object whose displacement is to be measured.
Referring to the electrical circuit shown here, An input voltage Xt is applied across the whole resistance element, at points A and C. The output voltage, Xi , is measured between the sliding contact at point B and the end of the resistance element at point C. A linear relationship exists between the input voltage Xt, output voltage Xi and the distance BC.
ANGULAR POTENTIOMETER Rotary or angular potentiometers measure angular displacement .
The document discusses several common types of temperature sensors, including thermocouples, thermistors, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), liquid in glass thermometers, and bimetallic sensors. It provides details on the basic operating principles, advantages, disadvantages and applications of each sensor type. Thermocouples measure temperature differences using dissimilar metals and the Seebeck effect. Thermistors have a resistance that varies with temperature. RTDs use platinum wire whose resistance changes predictably with temperature. Liquid in glass thermometers use expansion of liquid along a glass tube. Bimetallic sensors use strips of two metals with different expansion rates.
Sensors and transducers convert one form of energy into another. A sensor receives and responds to a signal, a transducer converts one form of energy to another, and an actuator converts an electrical signal to physical output. Transducers can be classified as active or passive depending on whether they require an external power source. Common transducers include resistance, capacitive, piezoelectric, hall effect, and photoelectric transducers. Key parameters for transducers include linearity, repeatability, resolution, and reliability.
The document discusses displacement transducers used for measuring physical quantities like force, pressure, velocity and acceleration. It describes different types of displacement including linear and angular, and factors to consider when selecting a displacement sensor like required range, resolution and cost. Common displacement transducer types are described as contact types like potentiometers and LVDTs, and non-contact types like ultrasonic and IR sensors. Resistive, capacitive and inductive transducers are compared in terms of their measurement capabilities, sensitivities, resolutions and limitations.
Please refer this file just as reference material. More concentration should on class room work and text book methodology.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurement
Generalized Measurement System is a measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being measured. In this presentation, generalized measurement system, its elements, classification of instruments, classification of measurement methods, difference between mechanical and electrical measurement systems, input output characteristics are described.
This document discusses different types of basic electrical measuring instruments. It describes absolute instruments, like tangent galvanometers, which directly measure electrical quantities without needing calibration. Secondary instruments require calibration against a standard, examples being multimeters, clamp meters, ammeters and voltmeters. Multimeters are described in detail, including their display, selection knob and ports. The document explains how to use a multimeter to measure AC voltage, DC voltage, resistance, current and test continuity. Clamp meters and the working of ammeters and voltmeters are also briefly covered.
The document discusses various resistance measurement techniques including the Wheatstone bridge, Kelvin bridge, and AC bridges. The Wheatstone bridge is based on balancing two voltage ratios and can measure resistances from 1 ohm to 10 megohms. The Kelvin bridge is a more precise version that eliminates errors from lead resistance and can measure down to 0.00001 ohms. AC bridges can measure impedances that include resistance, inductance, and capacitance components.
This document provides an overview of temperature sensors and their history. It discusses various types of temperature sensors including thermoresistive sensors like RTDs and thermistors, thermoelectric sensors like thermocouples, and semiconductor junction sensors. It describes the operating principles, construction details, properties, and applications of these different temperature sensor technologies. Temperature measurement has evolved significantly from early thermometers using expansion of liquids to modern precise sensors based on electrical and electronic effects.
This document discusses electrical and electronics measurements. It describes the process of measurement by comparing unknown values to known standards. It then discusses key characteristics of instruments used for measurement, including calibration, accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, drift, span, sensitivity, resolution, and dead zone. The document also covers types of errors in measurement, including static, mistakes, systematic, and random errors. It lists sources of error and types of instruments, including absolute, secondary, indicating, recording, and integrating instruments. Finally, it provides details on permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) and moving iron (MI) types of indicating instruments.
This document provides an overview of electrical measurement and measuring instruments. It discusses the essential requirements of indicating instruments, which are deflecting torque, controlling torque, and damping torque. Controlling torque methods include spring control and gravity control. Damping torque is achieved through air friction or eddy current damping. Moving iron, permanent magnet moving coil, and electrodynamic instruments are described in terms of their construction and working principles. DC ammeters and voltmeters are also briefly discussed.
The document discusses different types of sensors and transducers used to measure important process parameters such as flow, temperature, pressure, and level. It describes transducers as devices that convert one form of energy into another. It then provides details on various sensors used to measure temperature, including thermocouples, thermistors, RTDs, and pyrometers. It also discusses common pressure measurement techniques like manometric and elastic pressure transducers using devices like Bourdon tubes, bellows, and diaphragms.
This document provides an introduction to sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that receives and responds to a signal or stimulus, and a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another. The document then discusses different types of sensors classified by their energy form, including displacement, force, pressure, velocity, and level sensors. It provides examples of common sensor types like potentiometers, strain gauges, LVDTs, optical encoders, and piezoelectric sensors. Finally, it covers the topic of signal conditioning, where the signal from the sensor is prepared for use in other parts of a system.
1) The document discusses measurement systems and provides definitions for key terms like accuracy, sensitivity, hysteresis, and resolution. It describes analog and digital measurement systems and the components that make them up, including sensors, signal conditioning, and controllers.
2) Common units for physical quantities like length, time, mass and current are discussed as well as standards for measurement. Analog signals like 4-20 mA and 3-15 psi are described for representing variable ranges.
3) Drawings like P&IDs (piping and instrumentation diagrams) and electrical schematics are addressed along with the standards that define their symbols. Sensor response curves are examined, including first-order exponential curves. Tutorial problems are presented at the
The document discusses key concepts related to instrumentation and measurement systems. It defines a system as an arrangement of components within a boundary that receives inputs and produces outputs. Measurement systems take a true value as input and provide a measured output value that may not be exact. Key components of a measurement system include sensors that detect inputs, signal processors that condition the sensor output, and data presentation elements that display the measured value. The document also discusses performance characteristics of measurement systems such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and reliability.
nstrumentation is the art of science of measurement and control. It is an applied
science that deals with analysis and design of systems for measurement purposes such as
quantify or expressing a variable numerically, determine or ascertain the value
(magnitude) of some particular phenomena, indicate record, register, signal, or perform
some operation on the value it has determined. Measurement is the process of quantifying
input quantity.
The role of measurement in ones country development particularly in the
advancement of science and technology is huge; this is because of the need or eagerness
for understanding of events or physical phenomenon.
1. Force can be measured using several principles including balancing against gravitational force, translating to fluid pressure, applying to an elastic member, or applying to a known mass and measuring acceleration.
2. Scales and balances measure force by balancing the unknown force against a known gravitational force on a standard mass. Multi-lever scales use a system of levers and counterweights to indirectly measure the applied force.
3. Elastic force meters like proving rings, beams, and springs measure the deflection or strain caused by an applied force. The deflection or strain is then related to the magnitude of the applied force.
Introduction to Mechatronics, Sensors and Transducerstaruian
Introduction: Definition, Multidisciplinary Scenario, Evolution of Mechatronics, Design of Mechatronics system, Objectives, advantages and disadvantages of Mechatronics
Transducers and sensors: Definition and classification of transducers, Difference between transducer and sensor, Definition and classification of sensors, Principle of working and applications of light sensors, proximity switches and Hall Effect sensors.
basic of measurement and instrumentation.SACHINNikam39
This document discusses instrumentation systems and measurement fundamentals. It begins by classifying instrument systems, such as absolute versus secondary instruments, analog versus digital, and mechanical versus electrical versus electronic. It then describes the functional elements of a generalized measurement system, including the primary sensing element, variable conversion element, variable manipulation element, data processing element, data transmission system, and data presentation element. Finally, it discusses standards used for calibration and measurement, categorizing them from primary reference standards to secondary, tertiary, and working standards used in inspection and workshops.
Ee2201 measurement-and-instrumentation-lecture-notesJayakumar T
This document provides an overview of electrical and electronic instruments. It discusses analog instruments and how they are classified based on the measured quantity, operating current, effects used, and measurement method. The principal of operation of common instruments is described, including magnetic, thermal, and induction effects. Specific instrument types are examined like permanent magnet moving coil meters, moving iron meters, and electrodynamometer meters. The document also covers power measurement instruments like wattmeters and energy meters for single and polyphase systems.
This lecture introduces measurement and instrumentation. It defines measurement and instrumentation, discusses types of measurements and instruments. It reviews units of measurement, standards of measurement, and calibration. Measurement and instrumentation are used in various applications including home appliances, vehicles, and industrial processes to monitor and control parameters and improve operations.
LINEAR POTENTIOMETER Potentiometers are electrical devices which are a form of variable resistance.
It consists of a sliding contact which moves over the length of a resistance element. This sliding contact connects to a plunger, which links to the object whose displacement is to be measured.
Referring to the electrical circuit shown here, An input voltage Xt is applied across the whole resistance element, at points A and C. The output voltage, Xi , is measured between the sliding contact at point B and the end of the resistance element at point C. A linear relationship exists between the input voltage Xt, output voltage Xi and the distance BC.
ANGULAR POTENTIOMETER Rotary or angular potentiometers measure angular displacement .
The document discusses several common types of temperature sensors, including thermocouples, thermistors, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), liquid in glass thermometers, and bimetallic sensors. It provides details on the basic operating principles, advantages, disadvantages and applications of each sensor type. Thermocouples measure temperature differences using dissimilar metals and the Seebeck effect. Thermistors have a resistance that varies with temperature. RTDs use platinum wire whose resistance changes predictably with temperature. Liquid in glass thermometers use expansion of liquid along a glass tube. Bimetallic sensors use strips of two metals with different expansion rates.
Sensors and transducers convert one form of energy into another. A sensor receives and responds to a signal, a transducer converts one form of energy to another, and an actuator converts an electrical signal to physical output. Transducers can be classified as active or passive depending on whether they require an external power source. Common transducers include resistance, capacitive, piezoelectric, hall effect, and photoelectric transducers. Key parameters for transducers include linearity, repeatability, resolution, and reliability.
The document discusses displacement transducers used for measuring physical quantities like force, pressure, velocity and acceleration. It describes different types of displacement including linear and angular, and factors to consider when selecting a displacement sensor like required range, resolution and cost. Common displacement transducer types are described as contact types like potentiometers and LVDTs, and non-contact types like ultrasonic and IR sensors. Resistive, capacitive and inductive transducers are compared in terms of their measurement capabilities, sensitivities, resolutions and limitations.
Please refer this file just as reference material. More concentration should on class room work and text book methodology.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurement
Generalized Measurement System is a measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being measured. In this presentation, generalized measurement system, its elements, classification of instruments, classification of measurement methods, difference between mechanical and electrical measurement systems, input output characteristics are described.
This document discusses different types of basic electrical measuring instruments. It describes absolute instruments, like tangent galvanometers, which directly measure electrical quantities without needing calibration. Secondary instruments require calibration against a standard, examples being multimeters, clamp meters, ammeters and voltmeters. Multimeters are described in detail, including their display, selection knob and ports. The document explains how to use a multimeter to measure AC voltage, DC voltage, resistance, current and test continuity. Clamp meters and the working of ammeters and voltmeters are also briefly covered.
The document discusses various resistance measurement techniques including the Wheatstone bridge, Kelvin bridge, and AC bridges. The Wheatstone bridge is based on balancing two voltage ratios and can measure resistances from 1 ohm to 10 megohms. The Kelvin bridge is a more precise version that eliminates errors from lead resistance and can measure down to 0.00001 ohms. AC bridges can measure impedances that include resistance, inductance, and capacitance components.
This document provides an overview of temperature sensors and their history. It discusses various types of temperature sensors including thermoresistive sensors like RTDs and thermistors, thermoelectric sensors like thermocouples, and semiconductor junction sensors. It describes the operating principles, construction details, properties, and applications of these different temperature sensor technologies. Temperature measurement has evolved significantly from early thermometers using expansion of liquids to modern precise sensors based on electrical and electronic effects.
This document discusses electrical and electronics measurements. It describes the process of measurement by comparing unknown values to known standards. It then discusses key characteristics of instruments used for measurement, including calibration, accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, drift, span, sensitivity, resolution, and dead zone. The document also covers types of errors in measurement, including static, mistakes, systematic, and random errors. It lists sources of error and types of instruments, including absolute, secondary, indicating, recording, and integrating instruments. Finally, it provides details on permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) and moving iron (MI) types of indicating instruments.
This document provides an overview of electrical measurement and measuring instruments. It discusses the essential requirements of indicating instruments, which are deflecting torque, controlling torque, and damping torque. Controlling torque methods include spring control and gravity control. Damping torque is achieved through air friction or eddy current damping. Moving iron, permanent magnet moving coil, and electrodynamic instruments are described in terms of their construction and working principles. DC ammeters and voltmeters are also briefly discussed.
The document discusses different types of sensors and transducers used to measure important process parameters such as flow, temperature, pressure, and level. It describes transducers as devices that convert one form of energy into another. It then provides details on various sensors used to measure temperature, including thermocouples, thermistors, RTDs, and pyrometers. It also discusses common pressure measurement techniques like manometric and elastic pressure transducers using devices like Bourdon tubes, bellows, and diaphragms.
This document provides an introduction to sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that receives and responds to a signal or stimulus, and a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another. The document then discusses different types of sensors classified by their energy form, including displacement, force, pressure, velocity, and level sensors. It provides examples of common sensor types like potentiometers, strain gauges, LVDTs, optical encoders, and piezoelectric sensors. Finally, it covers the topic of signal conditioning, where the signal from the sensor is prepared for use in other parts of a system.
1) The document discusses measurement systems and provides definitions for key terms like accuracy, sensitivity, hysteresis, and resolution. It describes analog and digital measurement systems and the components that make them up, including sensors, signal conditioning, and controllers.
2) Common units for physical quantities like length, time, mass and current are discussed as well as standards for measurement. Analog signals like 4-20 mA and 3-15 psi are described for representing variable ranges.
3) Drawings like P&IDs (piping and instrumentation diagrams) and electrical schematics are addressed along with the standards that define their symbols. Sensor response curves are examined, including first-order exponential curves. Tutorial problems are presented at the
The document discusses key concepts related to instrumentation and measurement systems. It defines a system as an arrangement of components within a boundary that receives inputs and produces outputs. Measurement systems take a true value as input and provide a measured output value that may not be exact. Key components of a measurement system include sensors that detect inputs, signal processors that condition the sensor output, and data presentation elements that display the measured value. The document also discusses performance characteristics of measurement systems such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and reliability.
nstrumentation is the art of science of measurement and control. It is an applied
science that deals with analysis and design of systems for measurement purposes such as
quantify or expressing a variable numerically, determine or ascertain the value
(magnitude) of some particular phenomena, indicate record, register, signal, or perform
some operation on the value it has determined. Measurement is the process of quantifying
input quantity.
The role of measurement in ones country development particularly in the
advancement of science and technology is huge; this is because of the need or eagerness
for understanding of events or physical phenomenon.
The document discusses measurement systems and sensors used in manufacturing. It describes how sensors are employed to automate production and monitor processes. Sensor technology transforms conventional manufacturing by alerting operators to failures, reducing downtime, and allowing for ultra-precision and reduced labor. Sensors measure physical quantities and produce electrical outputs, while transducers convert one type of energy to another. Measurement systems have components like sensors, transducers, and signal processing devices. Sensors are classified based on their measuring functions and applications in manufacturing like displacement, velocity, force, pressure, flow, level, and temperature.
This document discusses units, standards, and definitions used in instrumentation. It covers the International System of Units (SI) which defines seven base units and two supplementary units. It also discusses analog and digital representations of data, common units like current and pressure used to transmit analog signals, conversions between analog and digital formats, and different types of control systems from simple on/off control to networked digital control and programmable logic controllers. Finally, it examines sensor time response and how the output of a sensor may lag behind rapid changes in its input due to its finite response time.
This document discusses the characteristics of transducers and instrumentation. It describes both static and dynamic characteristics. Static characteristics refer to the instrument output compared to the ideal output when the input is constant, and include accuracy, precision, tolerance, range, bias, linearity, sensitivity, dead space, resolution, and threshold. Dynamic characteristics refer to the instrument output compared to the ideal output when the input changes over time, and examine the response to step, ramp, and sine wave inputs as well as response time and settling time. Key dynamic characteristics include rise time and settling time.
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in measurement methods. It defines key terms like measurement, instrument, transducer, and static and dynamic characteristics. It describes different types of measurement systems and classifications like active/passive, null/deflection, analog/digital. It also covers topics like calibration, accuracy, precision, resolution, hysteresis, linearity, and environmental effects on sensor performance. An example is provided to calculate error sources in a pressure sensor measurement based on its specifications.
Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary field that combines mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science. It involves integrating mechanical and electrical systems with software to create intelligent machines and systems. A mechatronics system typically includes mechanical components, electrical components like sensors and actuators, electronic components, and software/control systems to monitor and control the system. Examples of mechatronics systems include digital cameras, washing machines, ATMs, anti-lock braking systems, and CNC machine tools. Key elements of mechatronics systems are sensors, actuators, signal conditioning devices, digital logic systems, software/data acquisition systems, and computers/displays.
The document defines key terms related to measurement and instrumentation. It discusses measurement concepts including physical quantities, data, information, parameters and measurands. It also describes instrumentation components like transducers, sensors and actuators. Measurement systems involve detection, signal conditioning and readout stages. The document reviews calibration procedures, measurement errors, and static and dynamic instrument characteristics.
This document provides an overview of instrumentation systems and measurement concepts. It discusses key elements of measurement systems including primary sensing elements, variable conversion elements, and signal processing elements. It also defines important measurement terms like range, accuracy, sensitivity and resolution. Measurement techniques are classified as analog or digital systems. The roles of instrumentation systems in process monitoring and automatic control are introduced.
Sensors are devices that receive and respond to external stimuli. They can be classified as passive or active, absolute or relative, based on their operating principles and energy requirements. Sensors have characteristics like transfer function, span, accuracy, calibration, hysteresis, nonlinearity, repeatability, and resolution that describe their performance. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity can affect sensor stability and accuracy over time. An example temperature sensing application using a thermistor sensor interfaced with an analog to digital converter is provided.
Introduction to Instrumentation p point presentation.pptxDerejeGizaw2
This document provides an overview of an introduction to instrumentation course, including its objectives, contents, and key concepts. The course aims to discuss measurement systems, sensors, signal conditioning circuits, conversion elements, and output devices. It covers general principles like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and dynamic characteristics. Measurement systems have sensing elements, conditioning circuits, processing elements, and presentation outputs. Sensors convert non-electrical quantities into electrical signals based on physical principles like resistance, induction, thermoelectric effects, and more.
Introduction to Measurement Transducers.pptPratheepVGMTS
Mechanical measurements involve determining unknown quantities by comparing them to known standards. There are three main stages in a measurement system: the detector-transducer stage senses the input signal, the intermediate modifying stage conditions the signal, and the terminating stage provides an output reading. Accuracy and precision are important metrics, with accurate referring to closeness to the true value and precise referring to reproducibility of readings. Many factors like calibration, environmental disturbances, and human errors can introduce inaccuracies and uncertainties into measurements. Proper measurement techniques and validated measurement systems are needed to obtain reliable experimental data.
The document discusses the static and dynamic performance characteristics of measuring instruments. It describes how instruments can be modeled as zero-order, first-order, or second-order systems depending on how their output responds to changes in input over time. Zero-order instruments have an immediate output response, while first-order instruments exhibit a lag due to a time constant. Second-order instruments may also oscillate before reaching steady-state. Examples are given like thermometers and potentiometers to illustrate different order responses. Dynamic inputs like step, ramp and periodic signals are also discussed to analyze instrument behavior under transient and steady-state conditions.
Lecture Notes: EEEC6430312 Measurements And Instrumentation - Errors During ...AIMST University
Errors during the measurement process can be divided into two groups: systematic errors and random errors. Systematic errors consistently read higher or lower than the true value, while random errors vary above and below the true value. Sources of systematic error include instrument calibration, environmental changes, and system disturbances during measurement. Random errors can be reduced by taking multiple measurements and calculating an average. Intelligent instruments can automatically compensate for systematic errors using additional sensors.
The document outlines the syllabus for a course on Mechatronics. It is divided into 5 units that will be covered over 45 class periods. Unit I introduces mechatronics concepts and various sensor types. Unit II covers microprocessors and microcontrollers. Unit III discusses programmable interface and interfacing various devices. Unit IV introduces programmable logic controllers. Unit V covers actuators, stepper motors, and the mechatronic system design process. The syllabus also lists two textbooks and four references that will be used.
This document provides information about basic electrical and instrumentation engineering. It discusses measurement systems and their components. It describes static characteristics such as accuracy, precision, tolerance, range, bias, linearity, sensitivity, dead space, resolution, and threshold. Dynamic characteristics like response time are also covered. Types of errors in measurements like gross errors, systematic errors, and random errors are defined. Transducers that convert one form of energy to another are explained, including variable resistive transducers like strain gauges, thermistors, and RTDs. Their applications are also summarized.
1. This document discusses instrumentation and measurement systems. It defines instrumentation as the science of measurement and control.
2. A measurement system consists of four main functional blocks - a sensing element, signal conditioning, signal processing, and data presentation. The sensing element detects the input quantity and produces a corresponding output. Signal conditioning prepares the output for further processing.
3. The performance of a sensing element is characterized by its static and dynamic characteristics. Static characteristics describe the sensor's performance when the input is constant or changing slowly, and include properties like range, sensitivity, linearity, and accuracy.
Introduction to Emi static &dynamic measurementsGopalakrishnaU
This document discusses electronic measurements and instrumentation. It begins with a typical block diagram of a measurement system including sensors, signal conditioners, analog-to-digital converters, and data storage. It then introduces instrumentation and defines measurement. Electronic instruments are based on electrical or electronic principles for measurement functions. The three basic functions of instrumentation are indicating, recording, and controlling. Electronic measurements provide advantages like high sensitivity and ability to monitor remote signals. Performance characteristics like accuracy, resolution, sensitivity allow selection of suitable instruments. Sources of error in measurement are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of a course on measurements and instrumentation. It outlines the course outcomes, which include understanding different types of instruments, operating principles of common meters, transducers, and choosing suitable meters. It describes the exam format which tests knowledge across six modules. Module 1 covers general measurement principles, standards, errors, instrument classification, operating principles of moving coil and moving iron meters, and use of shunts and multipliers.
The document discusses sensors and microcontrollers. It defines sensors as devices that sense physical changes and convert them to electrical signals. Microcontrollers read inputs from sensors, process the data, and control outputs to actuators. Common sensors are digital buttons/switches and analog sensors that produce a continuous output like light or temperature sensors. Sensor characteristics like sensitivity, offset, linearity, and resolution are described. The document also discusses how to interface sensors to microcontrollers using voltage dividers and explains how different sensor types like resistive, capacitive, and inductive sensors operate.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
4. Interconnected Systems
A B
Input to A
Final
Output
Output from A is
input to B
Linked systems
Arrows generally represent physical connection
Arrows might represent flow of information instead
of physical connection
5. Case Study of Interconnected Systems:
Processing Sequence for Frutika Fruit Drink
6. Measurement System
Measurement
System
Input:
True value
of a variable
Output:
Measured value
of the variable
Give the user a numerical value corresponding to
the variable being measured
The numerical value may not actually be the true
value of the variable.
7. Example of Measurement System
Anemometer
Input:
Wind
(speed)
Output:
Value for
wind speed
8.
9. The Constituent Elements of an
Instrumentation System
A C
B
Temperature
Signal
Resistance
Change
Current
Change
Movement of
pointer
across a
scale
Fig: System Elements of a Resistance Thermometer
10. The Constituent Elements of an
Instrumentation System
1.Sensor
Detects events or changes in its environment
Provide a corresponding output
The output depends in some way on the value of the
input variable
This output is used by the rest of the measurement
system to give a value to it
Example: Thermocouple
11. 2.Signal Processor
Takes the output from the sensor
Converts the output into a form which is suitable
for display
Example: Amplifier
The Constituent Elements of an
Instrumentation System
12. 3.Data Presentation
Presents the measured
value in a form which
enables an observer to
recognize it
Example: Display
The Constituent Elements of an
Instrumentation System
13. Transducers
Converts a change in some physical variable into a related
change in some other physical variable
It is generally used for an element that converts a
change in some physical variable into an electrical signal
change
Example: Galvanometer, Electrical Motor
Are sensors TRANSDUCERS?
The Constituent Elements of an
Instrumentation System
14. Performance Terms
Accuracy:
Maximum overall error to be expected from a measurement
system
Accuracy is expressed as the inaccuracy and appears in
several forms.
(1) Measured variable
(2) Percentage of the instrument full-scale (FS)
(3) Percentage of instrument range or span
(4) Percentage of the actual reading
*FS=maximum value of the span or Reference
15. Example: A temperature sensor has a span of 10°-300°C. A
measurement results in a value of 100°C for the temperature. Specify the
error if the accuracy is (a) ± 4°C of measured value, (b) ± 0.5% FS, (c) ±
0.75% of span, and (d) ± 0.8% of reading.
Solution:
(a) Error = ± 4°C
(b) Error = ± (0.5% of 300°C) = ± 1.5°C
(c) Error = ± {0.75% of (300 ˗ 10)°C} = ± 2.175°C
(d) Error = ± (0.8% of 100°C) = ± 0.8°C
Magnitude of Error = |Measured Value – True Value|
16. Errors in Specifications of
Instrumentation Systems
Hysteresis Error:
Value Measured
Instrument
Reading
Increasing
Decreasing
Hysteresis Error
17. Errors in Instrumentation Systems
Non-linearity Error:
Input
Output
Assumed Linearity
Actual Relationship
Non-linearity Error
18. Errors in Instrumentation Systems
Insertion Error:
Most of the time the act of attempting to make the
measurement modified the value of the variable being
measured. This effect is called loading and the consequence
as an insertion error.
Example:
Cold thermometer in a hot liquid
Ammeter inserted into a circuit
Voltmeter connected across a resistor
19. Errors in Instrumentation Systems
Problem:
Two voltmeters are available, one with a resistance of 1 kΩ
and the other 1 MΩ. Which instrument should be selected
if the indicated value is to be closest to the voltage value
that existed across a 2 kΩ resistor before the voltmeter
was connected across it?
20. Performance Terms
Dead Band or Dead Space:
Output
Input
Dead Band
A range of input values
for which there is no
output
21. Performance Terms
Precision:
Describes the degree of freedom of a measurement system
from random errors
High precision measurement instrument will give only a small
spread of readings if repeated readings are taken of the same
quantity.
A low precision measurement system will give a large spread of
readings.
Example:
Readings from instrument 1: 17.5, 18.3, 19, 18.5, 20.2
Readings from instrument 2: 18.2, 18.3, 18.5, 18.5, 18.2
22. Performance Terms
Repeatability:
The ability of a measurement system to give the same value for
repeated measurements of the same value of a variable.
Cause of non-repeatability: Random fluctuations in the
environment, e.g. changes in temperature, humidity etc.
Reproducibility:
Ability of the system to give the same output when it and/or
elements of the system are disconnected from the input and then
reinstalled.
The resulting error (from both repeatability and
reproducibility) is usually expressed as a percentage of the
full range output.
24. Performance Terms
Sensitivity:
Indicates how much the output of an instrument system
or system element changes when the quantity being
measured changes by a given amount.
Example: A thermocouple having a sensitivity of 20 µV/°C
gives an output of 20 µV for each 1°C change in
temperature.
Also used to indicate the sensitivity to inputs other than
that being measured.
A pressure measurement sensor might be quoted as having
a temperature sensitivity of ±0.1% of the reading per °C
change in temperature.
25. Performance Terms
A pressure measurement system is stated as having the
following characteristics. Explain the significance of the
terms:
Range: 0 to 125 kPa and 0 to 2500 kPa
Accuracy: ±1% of the displayed reading
Temperature sensitivity: ±0.1% of the reading per °C
26. Reliability
Reliability of a measurement system:
The probability that the system will operate to an
agreed level of performance, for a specified period,
subject to specified environmental conditions.
The reliability is likely to change with time.
A high reliability system will have a low failure rate.
Failure rate is the number of times during some period of
time that the system fails to meet the required level of
performance.
27. Requirements
Requirements of a measurement system:
The main requirement is fitness for purpose.
In order to deliver the required accuracy, the measurement
system must have been calibrated to give that accuracy.
Calibration is the process of comparing the output of a
measurement system against output from a standard
measurement system of known accuracy.
Standard measurement systems are kept specially for
calibration duties or some means of defining standard values.