This document summarizes key biological macromolecules and their structure. It discusses that amino acids combine to form proteins, monosaccharides combine to form polysaccharides like glycogen and starch, glycerol and fatty acids combine to form triglycerides, and nucleotides combine to form nucleic acids like DNA. DNA specifically is made of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four bases that combine in a double helix structure. These macromolecules are essential components of living organisms.
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 1 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 1 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
This presentation is based on the main topics dealing with chapter no 14.of chemistry.this chapter deals with the introduction ,classification,properties and functions of carbohydrates,proteins, Enzymes,vitamins,nucleic acids,lipid etc. this presentation will help students as well as teachers in the teaching learning process
These are major source of energy for living organisms.
Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions.
The structural elements in cell coat or connective tissues.
This presentation is based on the main topics dealing with chapter no 14.of chemistry.this chapter deals with the introduction ,classification,properties and functions of carbohydrates,proteins, Enzymes,vitamins,nucleic acids,lipid etc. this presentation will help students as well as teachers in the teaching learning process
These are major source of energy for living organisms.
Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions.
The structural elements in cell coat or connective tissues.
It reasonably can be argued that that most participants in the roofing, building and design trades tend to either take water for granted or lack the basic understanding of both the chemistry and physics that play such a large role in water accumulation within a building enclosure. Sure, people in the construction business fear the effects of excess water, but few have taken the time to understand why it acts the way it does.
The driving forces that cause moisture movement are fundamental properties of nature; therefore, preventing water infiltration and resulting damage at the typical building project requires close attention during the design and construction processes to all potential moisture sources and routes.
Seven fundamental aspects of water are presented in Water 101 to provide Trinity | ERD forensic personnel and our clients an essential knowledge base for the physical properties of water.
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Example
![Introduction On Earth, at least 80% of living organisms is water and most of the chemical reactions that happens takes place in an aqueous solution. Other chemicals that make up living things are mostly organic macromolecules that belongs to 4 groups: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids. These macromolecules are made up from specific monomers and they make up 93% of the dry mass of living organisms while the remaining 7% are small organic molecules e.g. vitamins. (1) Amino Acids, Glycerol and Triglyceride Amino Acids: Amino acids has a hydrogen atom, a basic amino group, an acidic carboxyl group and a variable “R” group (side chain). They are called amino acids because it has got amino and acid groups which have opposite charges. At neutral pH, the groups are ionised so there is a positive charge at one end of the molecule and a negative at the other end and so the overall charge is zero. The charge on the amino acid changes with pH; with a low pH (acid), it has a charge of +1 and with a high pH (alkali), it has a charge of -1. (4) Glycerol: Glycerol is a small and 3-carbon molecule with three alcohol groups. (4) Triglyceride: Triglyceride is made up of 3 fatty acid chain attached to a glycerol molecule. Fatty acids are chains of carbons and having an OOH group attached, making it a carboxylic group, COOH. Three of the chain becomes attached to its carbons, this is called a condensation reaction because three water molecules are formed from three OH group from the fatty acid chains and three hydrogen atoms from the glycerol. The bond between the glycerol and the fatty acid chains is called “ester linkage”. The three fatty acids may be identical or they could have different structures. The carbons in the fatty acid chains may have single bonds between them making the lipid saturated which is usually solid at room temperature and are called fats. The lipid are unsaturated if one of more bonds between the carbons are double bonds. These are usually liquid at room temperature and are called oils. (5) Ester bonds in Triglyceride Since glycerol has three alcohol functional groups, three fatty acids must react with it to make three ester functional group. The synthesis of a triglyceride is another application of the ester synthesis reaction which is the process of breaking bonds and forming ester and the byproduct; water. On the acid, the OH bond is broken and on the alcohol, the hydrogen bond is also broken. They join together to form a water molecule – H 2 0. The oxygen of the alcohol forms a bond to the acid at the carbon with double bond oxygen and it forms the ester functional group. This process is carried out three times to make three ester groups and also three water molecules. (8) The structure of Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen and Glucose Cellulose – The microfibrils are strong and are so structurally important in plant cell walls. Starch – It is insoluble and therefore it is good for storage and helix is compact. The branches mean that the compound can easily be hydrolysed to release the glucose monomers. Glycogen – The number and length of the branches means that it is extremely compact and has very fast hydrolysis. (9) Dharshinee Priya Gopee Great Barr School, AS Biology Summer Transition Work ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Glucose: Alpha and Beta Alpha Glucose: Alpha glucose is used to make starch and glycogen. In alpha glucose, the hydrogen group is at the top part of carbon one. Beta Glucose: Beta glucose is used to make cellulose. In beta glucose, the hydrogen group is at the bottom part of carbon one. The structure of beta glucose is shown below as well as alpha glucose. (6) Alpha Glucose Beta Glucose Disaccharides Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are condensed together. When one monosaccharide loses a hydrogen atom from carbon one, the other loses a hydroxide group from carbon four to form the bond. The condensation reaction involves the loss of water and the formation of carbon one and four glycosidic bond. This can be an α –1,4–glycosidic bond or a β –1,4–glycosidic bond. The formation of two monosaccharides from one disaccharide, is the reverse of the condensation reaction called a hydrolysis reaction which requires one water molecule to supply the hydrogen and hydroxide atoms to the sugars formed. (7) Peptides, Dipeptides and Polypeptides Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds. The reaction involves the formation of a water molecule in another condensation polymerisation reaction. Peptide bond forms between alpha-carbon and nitrogen. A dipeptide is formed when two amino acids is joined together, three amino acids forms a tripeptide and when many amino acids joins together, they form a polypeptide. In a protein, the polypeptide chain may be hundreds of amino acids. To form polypeptide, the amino acid polymerisation is part of protein synthesis and takes place in the ribosomes which requires an RNA template. Biological Molecules C C C C C C H OH OH H H H H OH OH OH H H O ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(2) The Basic Structure of Glucose and DNA Group Name Monomers Polymers % dry mass Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharides 15 Proteins Amino Acid Polypeptides 50 Nucleic Acid Nucleotides Polynucleotides 18 Group Name Components Largest Unit % dry mass Lipids Glycerol + Fatty Acids Triglycerides 10](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cfakepathasbiologysummertransitionwork-100905125751-phpapp01/85/Biological-Molecules-1-320.jpg)
