Cervical cancer is caused by certain strains of HPV transmitted through sexual contact. It develops from cervical dysplasia, which can range from mild to severe. If left untreated, dysplasia will become invasive cancer. Screening through Pap tests can detect dysplasia early and prevent cancer. Risk factors include early sexual activity, multiple partners, smoking, HIV/AIDS, young age of first pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, family history, and poverty.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually
transmitted infection in the United States. Although the
majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve
spontaneously, persistent infections can develop into
anogenital warts, precancers, and cervical, anogenital, or
oropharyngeal cancers in women and men. The relationship
between cervical cancer and sexual behavior was suspected
for more than 100 years and was established by epidemiologic
studies in the 1960s. In the early 1980s, cervical cancer cells
were shown to contain HPV DNA. Epidemiologic studies
demonstrating a consistent association between HPV and
cervical cancer were published in the 1990s; more recently,
HPV has been identified as a cause of certain other mucosal
cancers. A quadrivalent vaccine to prevent infection with four
types of HPV was licensed for use in the United States in 2006,
a bivalent vaccine was licensed in 2009, and a 9-valent vaccine
was licensed in 2014.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually
transmitted infection in the United States. Although the
majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve
spontaneously, persistent infections can develop into
anogenital warts, precancers, and cervical, anogenital, or
oropharyngeal cancers in women and men. The relationship
between cervical cancer and sexual behavior was suspected
for more than 100 years and was established by epidemiologic
studies in the 1960s. In the early 1980s, cervical cancer cells
were shown to contain HPV DNA. Epidemiologic studies
demonstrating a consistent association between HPV and
cervical cancer were published in the 1990s; more recently,
HPV has been identified as a cause of certain other mucosal
cancers. A quadrivalent vaccine to prevent infection with four
types of HPV was licensed for use in the United States in 2006,
a bivalent vaccine was licensed in 2009, and a 9-valent vaccine
was licensed in 2014.
The United States Congress designated January as Cervical Health Awareness Month.
CANSA places the focus on Cervical Cancer during the month of September. Cervical Cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among South African women.
Sources: http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
What Are the Key Statistics About Cervical Cancer?
The American Cancer Society's estimates for cervical cancer in the United States for 2017 are:
About 12,820 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed.
About 4,210 women will die from cervical cancer.
Cervical pre-cancers are diagnosed far more often than invasive cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer was once one of the most common causes of cancer death for American women. But over the last 40 years, the cervical cancer death rate has gone down by more than 50%. The main reason for this change was the increased use of the Pap test. This screening procedure can find changes in the cervix before cancer develops. It can also find cervical cancer early − in its most curable stage.
Cervical cancer tends to occur in midlife. Most cases are found in women younger than 50. It rarely develops in women younger than 20. Many older women do not realize that the risk of developing cervical cancer is still present as they age. More than 15% of cases of cervical cancer are found in women over 65. However these cancers rarely occur in women who have been getting regular tests to screen for cervical cancer before they were 65. See the section, " Can cervical cancer be prevented?" and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Early Detection for more information about tests used to screen for cervical cancer.
In the United States, Hispanic women are most likely to get cervical cancer, followed by African-Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and whites. American Indians and Alaskan natives have the lowest risk of cervical cancer in this country.
HPV Infection , HPV Vaccination , Cervical cancer , Cancer in India , Dr. SHA...Lifecare Centre
HPV inefection , HPV disease prevention, Cervical cancer prevention , Cervical cancer treatment, Female cancer , Female cancer prevention , Uterine cancer , Cancer in india
The United States Congress designated January as Cervical Health Awareness Month.
CANSA places the focus on Cervical Cancer during the month of September. Cervical Cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among South African women.
Sources: http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
What Are the Key Statistics About Cervical Cancer?
The American Cancer Society's estimates for cervical cancer in the United States for 2017 are:
About 12,820 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed.
About 4,210 women will die from cervical cancer.
Cervical pre-cancers are diagnosed far more often than invasive cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer was once one of the most common causes of cancer death for American women. But over the last 40 years, the cervical cancer death rate has gone down by more than 50%. The main reason for this change was the increased use of the Pap test. This screening procedure can find changes in the cervix before cancer develops. It can also find cervical cancer early − in its most curable stage.
Cervical cancer tends to occur in midlife. Most cases are found in women younger than 50. It rarely develops in women younger than 20. Many older women do not realize that the risk of developing cervical cancer is still present as they age. More than 15% of cases of cervical cancer are found in women over 65. However these cancers rarely occur in women who have been getting regular tests to screen for cervical cancer before they were 65. See the section, " Can cervical cancer be prevented?" and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Early Detection for more information about tests used to screen for cervical cancer.
In the United States, Hispanic women are most likely to get cervical cancer, followed by African-Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and whites. American Indians and Alaskan natives have the lowest risk of cervical cancer in this country.
HPV Infection , HPV Vaccination , Cervical cancer , Cancer in India , Dr. SHA...Lifecare Centre
HPV inefection , HPV disease prevention, Cervical cancer prevention , Cervical cancer treatment, Female cancer , Female cancer prevention , Uterine cancer , Cancer in india
science has an evolving nature. what happened today may not be tomorrow, what is not today may happen tomorrow.
No one is complete so reading and thinking may open the door to the hidden ground.
Cervical Cancer is common worldwide , ranking 3rd among all malignancies for women.
Second leading cause of cancer death.
Most of these cancers stem from infection with the Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV).
Wondering facts hpv vaccines are reducing infections, warts and probably cancer.Root India Healthcare
Wondering facts hpv vaccines are reducing infections, warts and probably cancer. Top OPD Health card for you available at www.rihl.in and medsill.com, Buy it Today !!!
Myths And Facts About Breast Cancer.
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Breast cancer occurs when a pre-cancerous tumour progresses to a malignant tumour in a multi-stage process that is triggered by abnormal and uncontrolled growth of normal cells. These abnormalities are brought on by physical carcinogens (ultraviolet and ionising radiation), chemical carcinogens (alcohol, aflatoxin, tobacco smoke), and biological carcinogens (viral infections, bacteria, or parasites). Breast cancer risk is also increased by genetic factors. 5 to 10% of breast cancer instances are caused by genetic abnormalities passed down through a family’s generations.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Cervical screening
1. Don’t Fear the Pap Smear
What You Should Know About Cervical Cancer
By: Irina Frenkel, Hannah Holmes, and Jennifer
Zuckerman
2. Cancer of the cervix typically originates from a dysplastic or
premalignant lesion that is previously present.
Precursor cells (cervical dysplasia, CIN) develop into invasive
cancer, slowly within several years. CIN grades I,II, and III
correspond to mild, moderate, or severe cervical dysplasia.
The more severe the cervical dysplasia, the more unlikely that it
will regress on it’s own. And if left untreated will become
invasive carcinoma.
Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 80 to 85% of all cervical
cancers. Adenocarcinomas account for most of the rest.
Cervical Cancer
3. Cervical cancer results from a genital infection called
Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which is a known human
carcinogen. Although HPV infections can be transmitted
via nonsexual routes, the majority result from sexual
contact.
To date, more than 115 different genotypes of HPV have
been identified and cloned. A large multinational cervical
cancer study found that more than 90% of all cervical
cancers worldwide are caused by 8 HPV types:
16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, and 58. Three types—16, 18, and
45—cause 94% of cervical adenocarcinomas.
Cervical Cancer
4. Cervical cancer is the third most common gynecologic
malignancy and the eighth most common malignancy
among women in the USA. The mean age for developing
cervical cancer is 50yrs.
Cervical cancer is the third most common malignancy in
women worldwide. Cervical cancer is the second most
common cancer in developing countries, but only the tenth
most common in developed countries.
The American Cancer Society's estimates for cervical
cancer in the United States are for 2013:About 12,340 new
cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed. About
4,030 women will die from cervical cancer.
Epidemiology
5. Of all the women diagnosed with cancer of the cervix, about 67
out of every 100 (67%) will live for at least 5 years. About 63
women out of every 100 (63%) will live for more than 10 years
after diagnosis. Younger women have a better survival rate than
older women. This is at least partly because in younger women
the disease tends to be diagnosed at an earlier stage.
In the U.S., Hispanic women have the highest rate of cervical
cancer, followed by African Americans, Caucasians, American
Indian/Alaska Natives, and Asian American/Pacific Islanders.
Mortality rates are highest for African American women.
When detected at its earliest stage, cervical cancer has a 5-year
relative survival rate of approximately 91%. For regional
disease, it is nearly 57%. If cancer has spread to distant organs, 5-
year survival drops to approximately 16%.4 In general, the
prognosis is affected by the extent of disease at the time of
diagnosis.
Incidence and Mortality
6. Sexual activity: The main risk factors for HPV infection through sexual activity are early
onset of sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, high-risk sexual partners, and failure
to use a condom.
Smoking: The risk of squamous cell cervical cancer is increased for women who
smoke. Smoking not only exposes the body to cancer-causing chemicals but also
weakens the immune system
Immunosuppression: A weakened immune system, such as that caused by HIV or by
drugs used for suppressing immune response, places women at higher risk for HPV
infection and also for cervical cancer
First full-term pregnancy at a young age: A first full-term pregnancy in women
younger than age 17 nearly doubles the risk of developing cervical cancer later in
life, as compared with women who had their first full-term pregnancy at age 25 and
older
Multiple full-term pregnancies: Women with 3 or more full-term pregnancies have an
increased risk of developing cervical cancer. Hormonal changes or weaker immune
systems during pregnancy are possible reasons
Family history: A women with a mother or sister with cervical cancer has 2 to 3 times
the risk of women without this family history
Poverty: Less access to health care
Diet: overweight, may place women at increased risk for developing cervical cancer.
Risk Factors
7. Tobacco prevention and cessation: Smoking cigarettes and breathing in secondhand smoke
increase the risk of cervical cancer. Among women infected with HPV, dysplasia and invasive cancer
occur 2 to 3 times more often in current and former smokers. Secondhand smoke causes a smaller
increase in risk.
Physical activity
Weight control and obesity prevention
Dietary improvements: Diets high in fruits and vegetables may have a protective effect against
many cancers. Conversely, excess consumption of red and preserved meat may be associated with
an increased risk of cervical cancer.
Safer sex: One study found that when condoms are used correctly they can lower the HPV infection
rate in women by about 70% if they are used every time they have sex.
Screening: Vaccination is not a substitute for screening with Pap tests. Even in women who have
been vaccinated, cervical cancer can still occur. Screening is the most effective means for finding
changes in the cervix before cancer has a chance to develop.
HPV Vaccines: Two FDA-approved vaccines (brand names, Gardasil and Cervarix) are highly effective
in preventing infection with the types of HPV they targe
Modifiable Risk Factors