Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...Physiology Dept
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
Non respiratory functions of lung ( The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Besides primary function of gaseous exchange, the respiratory tract is involved in several non respiratory functions of the body
1. OLFACTION
Olfactory receptors present in the mucous membrane of nostril are responsible for olfactory sensation.
2. VOCALIZATION
Larynx alone plays major role in the process of vocalization. Therefore, it is called sound box.
3. PREVENTION OF DUST PARTICLES
Particles, which escape the protective mechanisms
in nose and alveoli are thrown out by cough reflex and sneezing reflex.
4. DEFENSE MECHANISM
Lungs play important role in the immunological defense system of the body.
Defense functions of the lungs are performed by their own defenses and
by the presence of various types of cells in mucous
membrane lining the alveoli of lungs.
These cells are
leukocytes,
macrophages,
mast cells,
natural killer
cells
dendritic cells.
5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCE
Respiratory tract plays a role in water loss mechanism.
During expiration, water evaporates through the
expired air and some amount of body water is lost by this process.
6. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
During expiration, along with water, heat is also lost
from the body. Thus, respiratory tract plays a role in
heat loss mechanism.
5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCE
Respiratory tract plays a role in water loss mechanism.
During expiration, water evaporates through the
expired air and some amount of body water is lost by this process.
6. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
During expiration, along with water, heat is also lost
from the body. Thus, respiratory tract plays a role in
heat loss mechanism.
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...Physiology Dept
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
Non respiratory functions of lung ( The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Besides primary function of gaseous exchange, the respiratory tract is involved in several non respiratory functions of the body
1. OLFACTION
Olfactory receptors present in the mucous membrane of nostril are responsible for olfactory sensation.
2. VOCALIZATION
Larynx alone plays major role in the process of vocalization. Therefore, it is called sound box.
3. PREVENTION OF DUST PARTICLES
Particles, which escape the protective mechanisms
in nose and alveoli are thrown out by cough reflex and sneezing reflex.
4. DEFENSE MECHANISM
Lungs play important role in the immunological defense system of the body.
Defense functions of the lungs are performed by their own defenses and
by the presence of various types of cells in mucous
membrane lining the alveoli of lungs.
These cells are
leukocytes,
macrophages,
mast cells,
natural killer
cells
dendritic cells.
5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCE
Respiratory tract plays a role in water loss mechanism.
During expiration, water evaporates through the
expired air and some amount of body water is lost by this process.
6. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
During expiration, along with water, heat is also lost
from the body. Thus, respiratory tract plays a role in
heat loss mechanism.
5. MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCE
Respiratory tract plays a role in water loss mechanism.
During expiration, water evaporates through the
expired air and some amount of body water is lost by this process.
6. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
During expiration, along with water, heat is also lost
from the body. Thus, respiratory tract plays a role in
heat loss mechanism.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. Cerebral Circulation
Four main arteries:
Two internal carotid arteries
Two vertebral arteries
The clinical consequences of
vascular disease in the cerebral
circulation is depend upon which
vessels or combinations of vessels
are involved.
3. Cerebral Circulation
The Circle of Willis is a grouping
of arteries near the base of the
brain which is called the Arterial
Circle of Willis.
The vertebral arteries unite to
form Basilar artery
The basilar artery and the internal
carotid artery form the circle of
Willis
4.
5.
6.
7. Cerebral Blood Flow
Normal blood flow through the brain of the adult person averages
50 to 65 milliliters per 100 grams of brain tissue per minute.
For the entire brain, this amounts to 750 to 900 ml/min, or 15 per
cent of the resting cardiac output.
8.
9. 1. Autoregulation
Cerebral blood flow is “autoregulated” extremely well between arterial
pressure limits of 60 and 140 mm Hg.
The vascular smooth muscle is highly responsive to changes in pressure, a
process called myogenic activity, that contributes to auto-regulation of
cerebral blood flow.
Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow
12. 3. Nervous Regulation
• Strong sympathetic innervation superior cervical sympathetic ganglia
• The sympathetic nervous system constricts the large- and intermediate-
sized brain arteries enough to prevent the high pressure from reaching
the smaller brain blood vessels. This is important in preventing vascular
hemorrhages into the brain—that is, for preventing the occurrence of
“cerebral stroke.”
Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow
14. Temporary loss of consciousness,
weakness of muscles, and inability to
stand up, caused by sudden loss of
blood flow to the brain.
Fainting is a relatively common
symptom caused by a various factors
relating to changes in blood pressure.
Fainting
15.
16. When the blood supply to a part of the brain is blocked resulting in the death
of an area within the brain.
If a large vessel is blocked the outcome may be rapidly fatal or may lead to
very severe disability.
If smaller blood vessels are blocked the outcome is less severe and recovery
may be good.
Principal types of stroke:
1. Thrombotic
2. Hemorrhagic
3. Embolic
Stroke