The document discusses absorption in the large intestine. It notes that the large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes like sodium, chloride, and potassium. Short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals are also absorbed through the large intestine due to digestion by gut bacteria. Absorption is regulated by hormones like aldosterone and the autonomic nervous system. The large intestine propels contents through haustral shuttling and mass movements to facilitate absorption and storage of waste as feces.
these slides are prepared to understand digestive system IN EASY WAY
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Here is a presentation made by MBChB level 3 students for the lecture series on GIT Pathology. Hope it helps you. Few typos but better will come.It includes Hirshsprung's disease, Diveticulosis, Colitis, Colorectal Carcinoma among others
Stomach ANATOMY, FUNCTIONS AND SECRETIONS (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
ANATOMY, FUNCTIONS AND SECRETIONS
Anatomically, the stomach is usually divided in to two major parts:
1. Body 2. Antrum
Physiologically, the stomach is divided in to
1. the “ ORAD” portion, comprises of about first two thirds of the body.
2. the “CAUDAD” portion, comprises the remainder of the body plus the antrum.
The esophagus empties into the orad stomach.
primary function is to store food.
800 -1500 mL of food. Or 0.8 – 1.5 L
Little mixing occurs in the orad stomach because the contractions are weak and infrequent, so the ingested food remains in unmixed.
vagovagal reflex :
“initiated by swallowing or distention is define as,” A reflex that occurs from the stomach to the brain stem and then back to the stomach reduces the tone in the muscular wall of the body of the stomach so that the wall bulges progressively outward, accommodating greater and greater quantities of food up to a limit in the completely relaxed stomach”.
mixing
The digestive juices of the stomach are secreted by Gastric glands
|
Gastric glands are present in body of stomach except along a narrow strip on the lesser curvature of the stomach
|
As long as food is in the stomach. WEAK PERISTALIC CONSTRICTOR WAVES called Mixing waves begins in the mid portion of stomach and move towards antrum about once every 15 to 20 seconds.
|
These waves are initiated by the “BASIC ELECTRICAL RHYTHM”
|
Consisting of SLOW WAVES. That occurs from the body and providing powerful PERISTALIC ACTION POTENTIAL
|
Driven constrictor rings that force the antral contents towards pylorus.
Strong peristalsis in the body of stomach
after 12-24 hour of last meal sometimes last for 2-3 min
Reach its max. 3-4 days
Due to hypoglycemia
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
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3. ABSORPTION IN THE LARGE INTESTINE
OVERVIEW
‣ The large intestine, or colon, has several roles including water
absorption and immunity
‣ The chyme that enters the colon is already very concentrated as
most of the water has already been absorbed
‣ The large intestine is specialized to work in the environment this
produces
‣ Learning Goal
‣ To review the functions of the intestine and how they are
achieved
4. ABSORPTION IN THE LARGE INTESTINE
SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS
‣ The large intestine is lined by mucosa with crypts of Lieberkühn containing glands and
mucus-producing goblet cells
‣ These protect the intestinal wall from the plethora of anaerobic bacteria in the colon and
from the pressure exerted on the walls by the concentrated chyme (soon to become
feces)
‣ The walls also contain gastrointestinal lymphoid tissue (GALT) that contributes to the
body’s immune defences
‣ The colon helps to absorb a small volume of water from the lumen (400ml/day)
‣ As the chyme is very concentrated by the time it reaches here, the colon must work
against a larger osmotic pressure gradient than in the rest of the GIT (it must move water
against the gradient for osmosis)
‣ The colon also helps to transport ions
6. ABSORPTION IN THE LARGE INTESTINE
WATER AND ION ABSORPTION
‣ In the large intestine, there is a net absorption of sodium and chloride ions and
secretion of bicarbonate
‣ Sodium – this ion may be absorbed by various methods:
‣ Sodium-hydrogen antiporter on the luminal membrane
‣ Epithelial sodium channels
‣ Enhanced by absorption of short-chain fatty acids in the colon via
specialized symporters
‣ Chloride - the movement of sodium into the plasma produces an electrochemical
gradient to allow absorption of chloride
‣ Bicarbonate - chloride ions are exchanged for bicarbonate ions causing secretion
7. ABSORPTION IN THE LARGE INTESTINE
WATER AND ION ABSORPTION
‣ Water – the absorption of these electrolytes creates an osmotic gradient to allow further
absorption of water
‣ Potassium – absorption of water along the length of the bowel concentrates potassium in the
lumen
‣ This provides an electrochemical gradient for the movement of potassium into the plasma
‣ In the colon potassium may be absorbed or secreted depending on the remaining
concentration in the lumen and the electrochemical gradient created by the active
absorption of sodium
‣ Secretion usually occurs when the luminal concentration of potassium ions is below 25mM
‣ Vitamins and fats – short-chain fatty acids, crucial B vitamins (such as B6 and B12) and vitamin K
(required for blood clotting) are produced by the digestion of chyme by the commensal
microbial flora of the colon
8. ABSORPTION IN THE LARGE INTESTINE
REGULATION OF ABSORPTION
‣ Absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is regulated by neuroendocrine mechanisms
‣ In the colon endocrine mechanisms used include:
‣ Aldosterone – increases the net absorption of water and electrolytes by stimulating the
basolateral sodium-potassium ATP-ase
‣ This increases the electrochemical gradient and driving force for sodium absorption
‣ It also increases transcription of epithelial sodium channels
‣ Glucocorticoids and somatostatin – act to increase water and electrolyte absorption by
increasing the action of the basolateral sodium-potassium ATP-ase
‣ The intestines are innervated by the enteric nervous system whose:
‣ Parasympathetic innervation promotes net secretion from the intestines
‣ Sympathetic innervation promotes net absorption from the intestines
9. ABSORPTION IN THE LARGE INTESTINE
REVIEW QUESTIONS
‣ How is Vit K produced and what is it necessary for?
10. ABSORPTION IN THE LARGE INTESTINE
REVIEW QUESTIONS
‣ How is Vit K produced and what is it necessary for?
‣ Vitamins and fats – short-chain fatty acids, crucial B
vitamins (such as B6 and B12) and vitamin K (required
for blood clotting) are produced by the digestion of
chyme by the commensal microbial flora of the colon
12. MOTILITY OF LARGE INTESTINE
OVERVIEW
‣ The large intestine is the final section of the
gastrointestinal system before the rectum
‣ In this section of the GI tract water is reabsorbed and any
remaining waste material is stored as feces to be removed
‣ Learning Goal
‣ To consider how waste material is moved through the
large intestine and clinical conditions that are relevant
to its function
13. MOTILITY OF LARGE INTESTINE
HAUSTRAL SHUTTLING
‣ The large intestine is naturally separated into segments known as haustra
‣ Along the course of the walls are groups of cells called pacemaker cells
‣ These send signals to the smooth muscle cells on the walls of the large intestine
causing them to contract at regular intervals
‣ The contraction causes the food to be churned in the intestine exposing the gut
contents to a larger surface area of epithelium maximizing absorption
‣ Each group of cells control a certain number of haustra
‣ The pacemaker cells closer to the ileum emit signals slightly faster than those
towards the end of the length of bowel
‣ This gradient allows a gentle progression of bowel contents towards the rectum
14. MOTILITY OF LARGE INTESTINE
MASS MOVEMENT
‣ Whilst haustral shuttling occurs continuously mass movement only
occurs once or twice per day
‣ This involves a sudden, uniform peristaltic contraction of smooth
muscle of the gut which originates at the transverse colon and
rapidly moves formed feces into the rectum, which is normally
empty
‣ The result of this is feeling the urge to defecate
‣ The contraction may be stimulated by eating
‣ When this occurs it is called the gastro-colic reflex
18. LARGE INTESTINAL MOTILITY
CLINICAL SIDE NOTE: IBS VS IBD
‣ But despite having similar acronyms and symptoms, these
two conditions are very different
‣ IBS is a disorder of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
‣ IBD is inflammation or destruction of the bowel wall, which
can lead to sores and narrowing of the intestines
‣ It's possible to have both IBD and IBS
25. LARGE INTESTINAL MOTILITY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
‣ What does the blood test fecal calprotectin help
differentiate between?
‣ Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's
‣ Ulcerative colitis and IBS
‣ Crohn's and IBS
‣ IBD and IBS
26. LARGE INTESTINAL MOTILITY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
‣ What does the blood test fecal calprotectin help differentiate
between?
‣ Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's
‣ Ulcerative colitis and IBS
‣ Crohn's and IBS
‣ IBD and IBS
‣ Faecal calprotectin is a good indicator between IBD and IBS, but it
cannot differentiate between different types of inflammation seen in
Crohn's and UC
28. DEFECATION
OVERVIEW
‣ The large intestine is the final section of the
gastrointestinal system before the rectum
‣ In this section of the GI tract water is reabsorbed and any
remaining waste material is stored as feces to be removed
‣ Learning Goal
‣ To consider the physiological process of defecation
and clinical conditions that may occur during
dysfunction
29. DEFECATION
RECTUM
‣ The rectum is responsible for temporary storage of feces before
defecation
‣ As it becomes filled the rectal walls expand and stretch
receptors stimulate the desire to defecate
‣ The urge to defecate arises from contraction of rectal muscles,
relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and an initial
contraction of the external anal sphincter
‣ If the urge is not acted upon further water is absorbed and the
feces is stored until the next mass movement occurs
31. DEFECATION
DEFECATION
‣ There are two main anal sphincters: internal and external
‣ The internal anal sphincter is controlled by
parasympathetic fibres which relax involuntarily
‣ The external anal sphincter is skeletal muscle that is
controlled by somatic nerve supply
‣ Inferior anal branch of the Pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)
‣ Allows conscious control of defecation
32. DEFECATION
DEFECATION
‣ When the rectum is distended the rectosphincteric reflex is initiated
and relaxes the internal sphincter
‣ If defecation is not desired, voluntary contraction of the external
sphincter can delay it
‣ If defecation is appropriate, then a series of reflexes takes place that
leads to:
‣ Relaxation of the external sphincter
‣ Contraction of abdominal wall muscles
‣ Relaxation of pelvic wall muscles
33. DEFECATION
DEFECATION
‣ Peristaltic waves then facilitate the movement of feces
through the anal canal
‣ Defecation can also be assisted by taking a deep breath
and attempting to expel the air against a closed glottis,
this is known as the Valsalva maneuver
‣ However, if a delay in defection is needed then voluntary
contraction of the external sphincter is usually sufficient to
override the reflexes that anal distension initiates
41. References
These slide reflect a summary of the contents of
TeachMePhysiology.com and are to be used for educational
purposes only in compliance with the terms of use policy.
Specific portions referenced in this summary are as follows:
‣ https://teachmephysiology.com/gastrointestinal-system/large-intestine/
‣ https://teachmephysiology.com/gastrointestinal-system/large-intestine/
defecation/
‣ https://teachmephysiology.com/gastrointestinal-system/large-intestine/large-
intestinal-motility/
Additional sources are referenced on the slide containing
that specific content.
