The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information about postero-anterior cephalometric analysis, including its history, setup, landmarks, and purposes. Some key points:
- Postero-anterior cephalograms can provide important qualitative and quantitative skeletal and dentofacial data as a supplement to lateral cephalograms.
- Broadbent and Hofrath pioneered the methodology in 1931. Modern setup involves a headholder that can rotate 90 degrees from lateral to postero-anterior position.
- Analysis involves identifying landmarks like zygomatic arches, maxillary molars, and measuring widths, ratios, and angles to evaluate symmetry and proportions.
- Postero-anterior views have limitations due to superimposition
Airway analysis and its relevance in orthodonticsMiliya Parveen
Introduction
Anatomy
Naso – respiratory function and craniofacial growth
Methods of analysis
Clinical examination
Otorhinolaryngology tests for upper airway
Supplementary examinations
LC
CBCT
Airway and skeletal patterns
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
Mouth breathing
Effect of orthodontics on airway
Extraction cases
Expansion
Mandibular advancement
Orthognathic surgery
Adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy
Role of orthodontist
Conclusion
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms, which provide an effective tool for evaluating craniofacial structures. Key information that can be assessed from PA cephalograms includes facial asymmetries, widths of dental arches, and cant of the occlusal plane. Landmarks are identified and traced on the radiograph to perform analyses. The Grummons analysis is a quantitative method using planes and volumes to assess asymmetries. Overall, PA cephalograms allow for detailed evaluation of the dentofacial and craniofacial structures in the transverse and vertical dimensions.
This document discusses cephalometrics, which uses oriented radiographs to make head measurements. Cephalometrics is used to study craniofacial growth, diagnose orthodontic issues, and plan and evaluate orthodontic treatment. Key measurements taken from cephalometric radiographs and tracings include assessments of the skeletal classification, dental angulation, soft tissues, and airway.
Dr. Viken Sassouni developed a cephalometric analysis method based on craniofacial x-rays of 100 children. He identified planes, arcs, and points to analyze facial proportions and classify facial patterns. A well-proportioned face has four planes intersecting at point O and equal upper/lower anterior and posterior facial heights. Sassouni found most faces were Type II patterns. His analysis considered vertical and horizontal relationships and classified occlusions, palates, profiles, and dental axes. He concluded that "normal" is relative and proportions are more important than absolute measurements.
Cephalometric Analysis of discrepancy in Vertical planeDr. Shriya Murarka
Cephalometric is the key ingredient to the serving of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. However, compilation of all parameters, that would give the accountability of all vertical problems of a given malocclusion is rarely found. This presentation is an attempt to help students to go through all existing problems in a orthodontic patient in vertical plane at one go.
This document provides information about postero-anterior cephalometric analysis, including its history, setup, landmarks, and purposes. Some key points:
- Postero-anterior cephalograms can provide important qualitative and quantitative skeletal and dentofacial data as a supplement to lateral cephalograms.
- Broadbent and Hofrath pioneered the methodology in 1931. Modern setup involves a headholder that can rotate 90 degrees from lateral to postero-anterior position.
- Analysis involves identifying landmarks like zygomatic arches, maxillary molars, and measuring widths, ratios, and angles to evaluate symmetry and proportions.
- Postero-anterior views have limitations due to superimposition
Airway analysis and its relevance in orthodonticsMiliya Parveen
Introduction
Anatomy
Naso – respiratory function and craniofacial growth
Methods of analysis
Clinical examination
Otorhinolaryngology tests for upper airway
Supplementary examinations
LC
CBCT
Airway and skeletal patterns
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
Mouth breathing
Effect of orthodontics on airway
Extraction cases
Expansion
Mandibular advancement
Orthognathic surgery
Adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy
Role of orthodontist
Conclusion
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms, which provide an effective tool for evaluating craniofacial structures. Key information that can be assessed from PA cephalograms includes facial asymmetries, widths of dental arches, and cant of the occlusal plane. Landmarks are identified and traced on the radiograph to perform analyses. The Grummons analysis is a quantitative method using planes and volumes to assess asymmetries. Overall, PA cephalograms allow for detailed evaluation of the dentofacial and craniofacial structures in the transverse and vertical dimensions.
This document discusses cephalometrics, which uses oriented radiographs to make head measurements. Cephalometrics is used to study craniofacial growth, diagnose orthodontic issues, and plan and evaluate orthodontic treatment. Key measurements taken from cephalometric radiographs and tracings include assessments of the skeletal classification, dental angulation, soft tissues, and airway.
Dr. Viken Sassouni developed a cephalometric analysis method based on craniofacial x-rays of 100 children. He identified planes, arcs, and points to analyze facial proportions and classify facial patterns. A well-proportioned face has four planes intersecting at point O and equal upper/lower anterior and posterior facial heights. Sassouni found most faces were Type II patterns. His analysis considered vertical and horizontal relationships and classified occlusions, palates, profiles, and dental axes. He concluded that "normal" is relative and proportions are more important than absolute measurements.
Cephalometric Analysis of discrepancy in Vertical planeDr. Shriya Murarka
Cephalometric is the key ingredient to the serving of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. However, compilation of all parameters, that would give the accountability of all vertical problems of a given malocclusion is rarely found. This presentation is an attempt to help students to go through all existing problems in a orthodontic patient in vertical plane at one go.
This document provides information on various methods for analyzing dental models and casts, including Pont's analysis, Linder Harth index, Chadda index, Korkhaus analysis, Korbitz estimate, Ashley Howe's analysis, Nance and Carey's analysis, Lundstorm segmental analysis, and Peck and Peck index. It describes how each method is used to assess characteristics like arch width, length, symmetry, tooth size, relationships, and space analysis to aid in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Mixed dentition analysis is also summarized as a way to evaluate space for permanent teeth.
This document describes Dr. Duane Grummons' posteroanterior (PA) cephalometric analysis for evaluating facial asymmetry. The analysis involves constructing reference lines and planes to compare bilateral landmarks and structures. Measurements are made of linear distances, angles, ratios and volumetric comparisons. The comprehensive analysis evaluates multiple structures and parameters while the summary analysis focuses on key dental and skeletal factors. The analysis is useful for orthodontic/surgical treatment planning by identifying asymmetries and extent of movements needed for symmetry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This cephalometric analysis gives an idea about the planes ,facial types, arch and axis this slide includes Introduction
Planes,Classification of facial types,Archs,Axis,Dental axis
Conclusion,Ceph tracing
This document discusses the etiology and diagnosis of facial asymmetry. It begins by defining facial symmetry and asymmetry, and notes that some degree of asymmetry is normal. It then explores various causes of facial asymmetry, including genetic factors, environmental influences, trauma, infection, and muscle dysfunction. The document classifies asymmetries based on location, structure involved, and timing of development. It concludes with an overview of the diagnostic process for facial asymmetry, which involves detailed patient evaluation, clinical examination, radiographs, photographs, and dental casts.
This document discusses various diagnostic imaging techniques for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including transcranial, transpharyngeal, transorbital, and reverse Towne's views. It provides details on positioning the patient, directing the central ray, and exposure parameters for each view. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are also summarized as they allow visualization of bony structures and soft tissues like the disc. The advantages and disadvantages of CT and MRI are compared. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders that can be evaluated with these imaging techniques are listed at the end.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on performing a functional examination as part of an orthodontic diagnosis. It discusses examining the postural rest position and maximum intercuspation, as well as the temporomandibular joint, orofacial dysfunction, and various functional movements. Methods for determining and registering the postural rest position are described. Examination of swallowing, tongue posture, speech, lips, respiration, and craniofacial skeletal relationships are also covered to evaluate orofacial dysfunction. The document emphasizes that a functional examination is important for a complete orthodontic diagnosis beyond just a static evaluation of dental relationships.
1. The McNamara analysis method relates craniofacial structures including teeth, jaws, and cranial base to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships.
2. For the patient, the analysis found a retrusive maxilla, decreased mandibular length and anteroposterior differential, reduced vertical proportions, and protrusive incisors.
3. The airway measurements were within normal limits, but other findings indicate the patient has a skeletal Class II malocclusion with a vertical growth pattern.
Diagnostic records /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses myofunctional appliances and the basic principles of myofunctional therapy. It covers topics like normal growth and development of bones, TMJ, muscles and hormones. It describes principles of functional appliances and their role in correcting malocclusion. Different types of functional appliances are listed along with bonding procedures in orthodontics. The document also discusses theories of growth, development of cranial and facial bones, muscles of mastication, TMJ and the effect of muscular force.
Rotated teeth can be corrected using fixed or removable appliances. With fixed appliances, various ligation techniques can be used to apply rotational forces, including double ligation which ties one bracket loosely and the other firmly. NiTi wires or loops can also be used to derotate teeth around their long axis. Removable appliances are generally not suitable for correcting severe rotations of teeth with rounded crowns like premolars and canines due to the inability to apply proper rotational forces. Early correction of rotations is preferable before root completion to aid retention.
The document discusses the Wits appraisal method for assessing sagittal jaw disharmony. It describes how the Wits appraisal aims to eliminate variations caused by rotations and vertical dimensions seen in measurements like ANB. The Wits appraisal involves drawing perpendiculars from points A and B on the maxilla and mandible to the occlusal plane, and measuring the distance between where they intersect. Studies have found the average distance in males to be 1mm forward for B point, and in females the points generally coincide. The Wits appraisal is said to better reflect the severity of class II and III malocclusions compared to ANB alone. It is influenced less by variations in the cranial base and rotations.
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics including:
1. A brief history noting its development from craniometry and introduction in the early 20th century.
2. A description of common cephalometric equipment including the Broadbent bolton type and highleys type.
3. An explanation of landmarks and planes used in cephalometric analysis including horizontal planes like SN plane and vertical planes like A-Pog line.
4. A summary of common cephalometric analyses like Downs analysis, Steiner's analysis, and Wits appraisal which are used to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships.
1) The document discusses various types of radiographs used in orthodontics including panoramic, cephalometric, intraoral, and CBCT radiographs.
2) It provides details on the uses, advantages, disadvantages and proper patient positioning for panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs.
3) CBCT is described as having specific indications for impacted teeth, orthognathic evaluation, pathology, TMD, and craniofacial cases. Hand wrist radiographs are noted to evaluate growth stage.
Cephalometrics is the scientific study of head measurements using standardized cephalometric radiography. In the 1930s, Hofrath and Boardbent developed the cephalometric technique using a high-power x-ray machine and head holder called a cephalostat. Cephalograms provide lateral and frontal views and aid in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluating treatment results by enabling the study of craniofacial structures and their relationships. Key landmarks are identified and linear and angular measurements are made between landmarks using horizontal and vertical reference planes to analyze skeletal, dental, and soft tissue relationships.
Cephalometrics (hard and soft tissue ) - in detailBhanu Singh
This document provides an overview of cephalometric analysis. It defines cephalometry as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs. Various cephalometric analyses are described including Downs analysis, Steiner analysis, and their skeletal, dental, and soft tissue measurements. The document also covers cephalometric landmarks, planes, tracing technique, imaging systems, uses of cephalograms, and limitations. The principal goal of cephalometric analysis is to evaluate dentofacial relationships and compare patients to normal reference groups.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on various methods for analyzing dental models and casts, including Pont's analysis, Linder Harth index, Chadda index, Korkhaus analysis, Korbitz estimate, Ashley Howe's analysis, Nance and Carey's analysis, Lundstorm segmental analysis, and Peck and Peck index. It describes how each method is used to assess characteristics like arch width, length, symmetry, tooth size, relationships, and space analysis to aid in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Mixed dentition analysis is also summarized as a way to evaluate space for permanent teeth.
This document describes Dr. Duane Grummons' posteroanterior (PA) cephalometric analysis for evaluating facial asymmetry. The analysis involves constructing reference lines and planes to compare bilateral landmarks and structures. Measurements are made of linear distances, angles, ratios and volumetric comparisons. The comprehensive analysis evaluates multiple structures and parameters while the summary analysis focuses on key dental and skeletal factors. The analysis is useful for orthodontic/surgical treatment planning by identifying asymmetries and extent of movements needed for symmetry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This cephalometric analysis gives an idea about the planes ,facial types, arch and axis this slide includes Introduction
Planes,Classification of facial types,Archs,Axis,Dental axis
Conclusion,Ceph tracing
This document discusses the etiology and diagnosis of facial asymmetry. It begins by defining facial symmetry and asymmetry, and notes that some degree of asymmetry is normal. It then explores various causes of facial asymmetry, including genetic factors, environmental influences, trauma, infection, and muscle dysfunction. The document classifies asymmetries based on location, structure involved, and timing of development. It concludes with an overview of the diagnostic process for facial asymmetry, which involves detailed patient evaluation, clinical examination, radiographs, photographs, and dental casts.
This document discusses various diagnostic imaging techniques for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including transcranial, transpharyngeal, transorbital, and reverse Towne's views. It provides details on positioning the patient, directing the central ray, and exposure parameters for each view. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are also summarized as they allow visualization of bony structures and soft tissues like the disc. The advantages and disadvantages of CT and MRI are compared. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders that can be evaluated with these imaging techniques are listed at the end.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on performing a functional examination as part of an orthodontic diagnosis. It discusses examining the postural rest position and maximum intercuspation, as well as the temporomandibular joint, orofacial dysfunction, and various functional movements. Methods for determining and registering the postural rest position are described. Examination of swallowing, tongue posture, speech, lips, respiration, and craniofacial skeletal relationships are also covered to evaluate orofacial dysfunction. The document emphasizes that a functional examination is important for a complete orthodontic diagnosis beyond just a static evaluation of dental relationships.
1. The McNamara analysis method relates craniofacial structures including teeth, jaws, and cranial base to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships.
2. For the patient, the analysis found a retrusive maxilla, decreased mandibular length and anteroposterior differential, reduced vertical proportions, and protrusive incisors.
3. The airway measurements were within normal limits, but other findings indicate the patient has a skeletal Class II malocclusion with a vertical growth pattern.
Diagnostic records /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses myofunctional appliances and the basic principles of myofunctional therapy. It covers topics like normal growth and development of bones, TMJ, muscles and hormones. It describes principles of functional appliances and their role in correcting malocclusion. Different types of functional appliances are listed along with bonding procedures in orthodontics. The document also discusses theories of growth, development of cranial and facial bones, muscles of mastication, TMJ and the effect of muscular force.
Rotated teeth can be corrected using fixed or removable appliances. With fixed appliances, various ligation techniques can be used to apply rotational forces, including double ligation which ties one bracket loosely and the other firmly. NiTi wires or loops can also be used to derotate teeth around their long axis. Removable appliances are generally not suitable for correcting severe rotations of teeth with rounded crowns like premolars and canines due to the inability to apply proper rotational forces. Early correction of rotations is preferable before root completion to aid retention.
The document discusses the Wits appraisal method for assessing sagittal jaw disharmony. It describes how the Wits appraisal aims to eliminate variations caused by rotations and vertical dimensions seen in measurements like ANB. The Wits appraisal involves drawing perpendiculars from points A and B on the maxilla and mandible to the occlusal plane, and measuring the distance between where they intersect. Studies have found the average distance in males to be 1mm forward for B point, and in females the points generally coincide. The Wits appraisal is said to better reflect the severity of class II and III malocclusions compared to ANB alone. It is influenced less by variations in the cranial base and rotations.
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics including:
1. A brief history noting its development from craniometry and introduction in the early 20th century.
2. A description of common cephalometric equipment including the Broadbent bolton type and highleys type.
3. An explanation of landmarks and planes used in cephalometric analysis including horizontal planes like SN plane and vertical planes like A-Pog line.
4. A summary of common cephalometric analyses like Downs analysis, Steiner's analysis, and Wits appraisal which are used to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships.
1) The document discusses various types of radiographs used in orthodontics including panoramic, cephalometric, intraoral, and CBCT radiographs.
2) It provides details on the uses, advantages, disadvantages and proper patient positioning for panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs.
3) CBCT is described as having specific indications for impacted teeth, orthognathic evaluation, pathology, TMD, and craniofacial cases. Hand wrist radiographs are noted to evaluate growth stage.
Cephalometrics is the scientific study of head measurements using standardized cephalometric radiography. In the 1930s, Hofrath and Boardbent developed the cephalometric technique using a high-power x-ray machine and head holder called a cephalostat. Cephalograms provide lateral and frontal views and aid in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluating treatment results by enabling the study of craniofacial structures and their relationships. Key landmarks are identified and linear and angular measurements are made between landmarks using horizontal and vertical reference planes to analyze skeletal, dental, and soft tissue relationships.
Cephalometrics (hard and soft tissue ) - in detailBhanu Singh
This document provides an overview of cephalometric analysis. It defines cephalometry as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs. Various cephalometric analyses are described including Downs analysis, Steiner analysis, and their skeletal, dental, and soft tissue measurements. The document also covers cephalometric landmarks, planes, tracing technique, imaging systems, uses of cephalograms, and limitations. The principal goal of cephalometric analysis is to evaluate dentofacial relationships and compare patients to normal reference groups.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics, which involves the scientific measurement of the head. It discusses the definition, history, techniques, landmarks, and analysis involved in cephalometric radiography and tracings. Some key points covered include:
- Cephalometrics allows evaluation of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue relationships through standardized lateral head radiographs and tracings of cephalometric landmarks.
- Broadbent introduced standardized cephalometric radiography techniques in the 1930s that are still used today.
- Lateral and posterioanterior radiographs are taken using a cephalostat to maintain a fixed spatial relationship between the patient and x-ray source.
- Tracings of radiographs
The document discusses various radiographic techniques used in orthodontic diagnosis. It begins with a brief history of x-rays and their discovery by Roentgen. It then summarizes several intraoral and extraoral radiographs used in orthodontics including panoramic radiographs, lateral cephalograms, posterior anterior views, and temporomandibular joint tomograms. It highlights the structures visualized and diagnostic information provided by each technique. The document also discusses digital radiography and its advantages over conventional radiography.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses skull radiography techniques. It outlines the objectives of skull radiography, the composition and structures of the skull, important lines, planes and landmarks used for positioning. It describes the exposure factors and patient preparation required for different skull views, including the lateral, occipitofrontal and Townes views. Clinical indications for skull radiography and supplementary views like the submentovertex view are also covered.
This document discusses skull radiography techniques. It outlines the objectives of skull radiography, the composition and structures of the skull, important lines, planes and landmarks used for positioning. It describes the exposure factors and patient preparation required for different skull views, including the lateral, occipitofrontal and Townes views. Clinical indications for skull radiography and supplementary views like the submentovertex view are also covered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics and its history. It discusses how cephalometrics is used to measure and analyze the skull. It outlines the typical radiographic technique used, including positioning the patient and capturing lateral cephalograms. The document identifies numerous craniofacial landmarks that are measured and analyzed, as well as common reference lines and planes used in cephalometric analysis. It also discusses the importance of standardizing the cephalometric technique and measurements.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Posterio anterior cephalometrics / dental implant courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometrics (3) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
This document provides information about cephalometrics, which is the measurement of the head and face using radiographs. It discusses the history and development of cephalometrics beginning with the measurement of dry skulls by anthropologists. The discovery of x-rays allowed for the measurement of living subjects. Broadbent is credited with standardizing the cephalometric technique using a cephalostat and high-powered x-ray machine in the 1930s. The document outlines the technical aspects of producing lateral cephalograms including the x-ray apparatus, image receptor system, and cephalostat. It also discusses cephalometric analysis, landmark identification, and tracing techniques.
Cephalometrics in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
CEPHALOMETRICS.ppt A Scientific approach to the scrutiny of human craniofacia...SadhuAbhijeet
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics, which is the scientific measurement and analysis of the human craniofacial structures through radiographs. It discusses the history and development of cephalometrics beginning with measurements of dry skulls and its application to living subjects. The key components and technical aspects of producing lateral cephalograms are described, including the x-ray apparatus, image receptor system, cephalostat, and landmarks. The process of tracing cephalograms and developing cephalometric analyses is also outlined.
This document provides an overview of cephalometric radiography. It defines cephalometrics as the measurement of the head from radiographic images. It describes the basic components and techniques of traditional cephalometric radiography using film, as well as newer digital equipment. The document outlines the main radiographic projections used, including the true lateral cephalometric and outlines some of the key anatomical points that are traced and measured in a cephalometric analysis.
The document provides an overview of cephalometrics, including:
- Its origins in the early 20th century with Broadbent and Hofrath developing the use of X-rays and head position devices.
- Key technical aspects like the cephalostat and image receptors that are used.
- The importance of reference planes like the Frankfort Horizontal plane for orientation.
- How cephalometric analysis involves both objective measurements and subjective evaluation of spatial relationships over time.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
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Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. WHAT IS……
Cephalometrics is the interpretation of
lateral skull radiographs taken under
standardized conditions.
A collection of numbers intended to
summarize information from a cephalogram.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Purpose of Cephalometrics
Virtually indispensable to orthodontics.
Study craniofacial growth (comparing to the
same individual)
Diagnosis (comparing to standards)
Planning orthodontic treatment
Evaluation of treated cases
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4. TWENTY CENTURIES OF
CEPHALOMETRY
THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO SCRUTINY THE
HUMAN CRANIOFACIAL PATTERNS WAS DONE
FIRST BY ANTHROPOLOGISTS AND ANATOMISTS
ON DRY SKULLS.
THE MEASUREMENT OF DRY SKULL FROM
OSTEOLOGICAL LANDMARKS IS CALLED
CRANIOMETRY.
THE MEASUREMENT OF HEAD OF LIVING
SUBJECTS FROM BONY LANDMARKS LOCATED BY
PALPATION AND PRESSING THROUGH
SUPRAADJASCENT STRUCTURES IS CALLED
CEPHALOMETRY
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. TWENTY CENTURIES OF
CEPHALOMETRY(CONTD..)
HUMAN FORM HAS BEEN STUDIED FOR MANY
REASONS, HISTORICALLY
1. AS AN AID IN SELF PORTRAYAL IN
SCULPTURES,DRAWING,AND PAINTING
2. TO TEST THE RELATION OF PHYSIQUE TO
HEALTH, TEMPERAMENT, AND BEHAVIOUR
TRAITS.
HIPPOCRATES(500BC) DESIGNATED TWO FORMS
HABITUS PHTHISICUS(LONG THIN BODY)
HABITUS APOPLETICUS(SHORT THICK BODY)
ARISTOTLE(400BC),GALEN(200AD),
ROSTAN(1828) CARRIED ON WITH THE
RESEARCH
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6. TWENTY CENTURIES OF
CEPHALOMETRY(CONTD..)
KRETSCHMER(1921) ADHERED TO THREE GREEK
FORMS
1. PYKNIC(COMPACT)
2. ASTHENIC( WITHOUT STRENGTH)
3. ATHLETIC
LATER HE INCLUDED DYSPLASTIC PHYSIQUE
MEASUREMENT AND PROPORTION
EGYPTIANS DEVELOPED A PROPORTIONATE
SYSTEM OF HUMAN BODY, KNOWN AS CANONS.
IT WAS ENCLOSED INTO A GRID WITH 18
HORIZONTAL LINES,LATER CHANGED INTO 22
LINE GRID SYSTEM.THE TOP THREE SQUARES
WERE DIVIDED INTO FIVE PARTS TO DRAW FACE
INTO ACCURATE DETAIL.
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7. TWENTY CENTURIES OF
CEPHALOMETRY(CONTD..)
GREEK SYSTEM WAS NOT AS RIGID AS EGYPTIAN.
INDIAN ICONOMETRY – TWO PROPORTIONAL
SYSTEM WERE USED
1. SARIPUTRA
2.ALEKHYALAKSANA
FACE HEIGHT WAS USED AS MODULE FOR
BOTH. UNITS USED TO MEASURE
WERE
ANGULA. 1 ANGULA =8mm
IN BYZANTINE EMPIRE, RECTANGULAR GRID WAS
REPLACED BY SCHEME OF THREE CONCENTRIC
CIRCLES,WITH NOSE LENGTH AS RADIUS OF
CIRCLES.
LEONARDO DA VINCI,DRAWINGS SHOWED STUDY
OF PROPORTIONAL SYSTEM AND COORDINATEwww.indiandentalacademy.com
8. TWENTY CENTURIES OF
CEPHALOMETRY(CONTD..)
DURER WAS MOST OUTSTANDING, PROVIDED A
PROPORTIONATE ANALYSIS OF THE
LEPTOPROSOPIC AND EURYPROSOPIC FACE IN A
COORDINATE SYSTEM.
HE ALSO MADE USE OF TWO LINES TO GIVE
FACIAL ANGLE, SHOWED ABOUT THE VARIATION
IN FACIAL MORPHOLOGY.
PETRUS CAMPER GAVE REFERENCE PLANRE
CALLED CAMPERS HORIZONTAL LINE
VAN LOON 1915 ADVOCATED PROPER
ORIENTATION OF CAST ACCORDING TO FACE
PACINI1922 INTRODUCED A METHOD
STANDARDISED HEAD RADIOGRAPHY
IN 1931 CEPHALOMETRY RADIOGRAPHY CAME TO
FULL VERSION WHEN BROADBENT IN US AND
HOFRATH IN GERMANY SIMULTANEOUSLY
PUBLISHED METHOD OF STANDARDISED HEAD
RADIOGRAPHY.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. RADIOGRAPHIC
CEPHALOMETRIC TECHNIQUE
BASIC EQUIPMENT FOR PRODUCING A LATERAL
CEPHALOGRAM ARE
AN X-RAY APPARATUS COMPRISES OF
AN X-RAY TUBE, A VACUUM TUBE SERVES AS
SOURCE OF X RAYS.
HAS 1. CATHODE, TUNGSTEN FILAMENT
SORROUNDED BY MOLYBDENUM FOCUSING
CUP, ACTS AS SOURCE OF ELECTRONS.
2. ANODE, SMALL TUNGSTEN BLOCK
EMBEDDED IN COPPER STEM, WHICH STOPS THE
ACCELERATED ELECTRONS AND TRANSFER
LESS THAN 1% INTO X RAY PHOTONS.
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11. TRANSFORMERS, STEP DOWN PROVIDE LOW
VOLTAGE,10V AND HIGH CURRENT TO CATHODE
AND STEP UP, TO PROVIDE HIGH POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE FOR GENERATION AND
ACCELARATION OF ELECTRON CLOUD.
FILTERS, MADE OF ALUMINIUM, FILTERS OUT
THE LOW ENERGY X RAYS.
COLLIMATORS,MADE OF LEAD, GIVES SHAPE TO
THE BEAM,SO THAT ONLY HIGH ENERGY BEAM
REACHES PATIENT
COOLANT SYSTEM, TO COOL THE ANODE BY
DISSIPATING ENERGY INTO OIL SORROUNDING
TUBE
2. IMAGE RECEPTOR SYSTEM, RECORDS THE FINAL
PRODUCT OF X RAYS AFTER THEY PASS
THROUGH SUBJECT. CONSISTS OF
AN EXTRA ORAL FILM,EITHER 8 INCHES INTO
10 INCHES OR 10 INTO 12 INCHES, SENSITIVE TO
FLOUROSCENT LIGHT RADIATED FROM
INTENSIFYING SCREENS.
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13. CEPHALOSTAT
TWO EAR RODS PATIENT HEAD IS FIXED BY INSERTED
THEM INTO EAR HOLES.
HAS INFRAORBITAL POINTER TO STANDARDIZE THE
POSITION
FORE HEAD CLAMP TO SUPPORT THE FACE,POSITIONED
AT NASION
PROPER ALLIGNMENT IS CHECKED IF RADIOPAQUE CIRCLE
OF FILM SIDE EAR ROD IS REASONABLY CENTERED IN
BEAM SIDE ROD.
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14. PATIENT POSITIONING IN LATERAL
CEPHALOGRAM
F-H PLANE IS KEPT PARALLEL TO THE FLOOR AND
MID SAGITTAL PLANE PARALLEL TO CASSETTE
AND PERPENDICULAR TO THE FLOOR. SOME
PREFER CANTHOMEATEL LINE AT 10DEGREE TO
FLOOR www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. •THE STANDARDISED F-H PLANE IS ACHIEVED BY
PLACING THE ORBITAL POINTER BELOW THE ORBIT
TILL POINTER AND EAR RODS ARE PARALLEL
•NASAL POSITIONER IS PLACED.
•USUALLY LEFT SIDE FACES CASSETTE.
•THE PATIENT CLOSES IN CENTRIC OCCLUSION WITH
TONGUE PLACED IN POSTERIOR AREA OF SOFT
PALATE. www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. NATURAL HEAD POSITION..WHY?
•NATURAL HEAD POSITION IS A STANDARDISED
AND REPRODUCIBLE POSITION OF THE HEAD IN AN
UPRIGHT POSTURE WHEN PERSON IS FOCUSSING
ON DISTANT OBJECT AT EYE LEVEL.(MOORREES)
•IN 1884 FRANKFORT AGREEMENT. FH PLANE WAS
CONSIDERED AS STANDARD PLANE FOR ALL
CRANIOMETRIC RESEARCH.
•BUT DOWNS SHOWED THE VARIATION IN CANT OF
F-H PLANE(1956)
•BJORK(1951) ALSO SHOWED IN TWO ADULT BANTU
MEN THE VARIATION IN S-N PLANE WHEN BOTH
WERE SHOWN TO HAVE SAME PROFILE WHEN
ALLIGNED IN IN NATURAL HEAD POSITION
•VERY FREQUENTLY LEFT AND RIGHT EARS ARE
ASSYMETRICALIN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
DIRECTION www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. ORIENTATION OF NATURAL
HEAD POSITION
VARIOUS METHODS
•SOME ACCEPT MOST RELAXED POSITION OF THE
HEAD (SELF BALANCE POSITION)
•ORHAN PROPOSED “TARGET ON THE MIRROR
TECHNIQUE”
•SERDAR USUMEZ(2001) DEVICED AN INCLINOMETER
WHICH WAS VERY USE FUL IN REPRODUCING THE
NATURAL HEAD POSITION
•NATURAL HEAD POSTURE
IT’S THE ORTHOPOSITION OF THE
SUBJECTS NAMELY MOMENTARY INTERIM POSITION
WHEN TAKING THE FIRST STEP FROM STANDING TO
WALKING POSTURE.
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21. NATURAL HEAD POSITION VS
NATURAL HEAD POSTURE
NOT INTERCHANGEABLE AS POSTURE IS
RECORDED IN DYNAMIC MOTION AND MORE
PHYSIOLOGIC IN CHARACTER AND
CHARCTERISTIC OF AN INDIVIDUAL WHERE AS
POSITION IS A STATIC AND IS MEASURED BY
STANDARDISED PROCEDURE APPLIED TO ALL
INDIVIDUALS.
MOORREES PROPOSES LATERAL CEPH TO BE
TAKEN IN STANDARDISED NATURAL HEAD
POSITION.
NATURAL HEAD POSTURE IS THE ONE IN WHICH
PATIENT PRESENTS HIMSELF TO THE WORLD SO
WHY NOT TO USE IT.
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22. TRACING OF CEPHALOGRAM
ITEMS REQUIRED 1.A
1.LATERAL CEPHALOGRAM
2.ACETATE MATTE TRACING PAPER
3.SHARP 3H PENCIL
4.MASKING TAPE
5. A PROTRACTOR
6.SHEETS OF CARD BOARD
7. VIEW BOX
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. TRACING TECHNIQUE
Cephalogram is placed on
the view box and taped
and fixed
Place the matte acetate
film over the radiograph
and tape it securely.
The shining slide is placed
down.
Trace the three
registration crosses.
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24. Now the
bilateral
structures are
first traced
independently
and average is
drawn by visual
approximation,
represented by
broken line.
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25. Stepwise Tracing Technique
Section 1; Soft tissue profile, external
cranium and vertebra
1. Draw three registration crosses
2Trace Soft Tissue Profile
3.Trace external contour of cranium
4. Trace outline of atlas and axis
vertebra
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. Landmarks and reference points
CEPHALOMATRIC LANDMARKS
TYPES
ANATOMIC REPRESENT ANATOMIC STRUCTURES
OF SKULL (ANTHROPOLOGICAL )
DERIVED LAND MARKS THAT HAVE BEEN OBTAIN
SECONDARILY FROM ANATOMIC STRUCTURES
(CONSTRUCTED)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. PROPERTIES OF REFERENCE
POINTS
EASE OF LOCATION
ACCORDING TO MOYERS : IT DEPENDS UPON,
QUALITY OF THE RADIOGRAPHS
OVERLAPPING ANATOMICAL CONTOURS
OBSERVER EXPERIENCE
CONSTANCY OF CONTOURS
THIS STRUCTURES OF SKULL SHOWS DEPENDENCE ON AGE,
SEX, RACE, GROWTH ETC. THUS CONSTANCY IS NOT
RELIABLE IN CONTRA DISTINCTION TO THE POINTS
LOCATED CLOSE TO THE BASE OF SKULL, WHERE
VARIATION IS MINIMAL.
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35. REQUIREMENTS OF REFERENCE
POINTS
EASILY SEEN
UNIFORM IN OUTLINE AND SHOULD BE
REPRODUCIBLE
LAND MARKS SHOULD PERMIT VALID
QUANTITATIVES MEASUREMENT OF LINE AND
ANGLE PROJECTED FROM THEM
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36. No. Code Definition
1 N Nasion. The most
anterior point of the nasofrontal suture in
the median plane. The skin nasion (N1
) is
located at the point of maximum convexity
between nose and forehead.
2 S Sella. The sella point
(S) is defined as the midpoint of the hypohysial
fossa. It is a constructed (radiological) point in
the median plane.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. 3 Se Midpoint of the entrance
to the sella, according to A.M.Schwarz at the
same level as the jugum
sphenoidale,independent of the depth of the
sella. This point represents the midpoint of the
line connecting the posterior clinoid process and
the anterior opening of the sella turcica.
4 Sn Subnasale, A skin point;
the point at which the nasalseptum merges
mesially with the integument of the upper lip
• 5 A Point A, subspinale. The
deepest midline point in the curved bony outline
from the base to the alveolar process of the
maxilla, i.e. at the deepest point between the
anterior nasal spine and prosthion. In
anthropology, it is known as subspinale
•
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. 6 APMax The anterior landmark for
determining the length of the maxilla. It is
constructed by dropping a perpendicular
from point A to the palatal plane.
7 Pr Prosthion. Alveolar rim of the
maxilla; the lowest most anterior point on
the alveolar portion of the premaxilla, in the
median plane, between the upper central
incisors.
8 Is (or Is⊥) Incisor superius. Tip of
the crown of the most anterior maxillary
centrals.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39.
9 AP⊥ Apicale ⊥. Root apex of the
most anterior maxillary central incisor.
10 Ii (or IsT) Incisor inferius. Tip of the
crown of the most anterior mandibular
central incisor.
11 AP T Apicale T. Root apex of the most
anterior mandibular central incisor.
12 Id Infradentale. Alveolar ridge of the
mandible; the highest, most anterior point
on the alveolar process, in the median plane,
between the mandibular central incisors.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. 13 B PointB, supramentale. Most
anterior part of the mandibular base. It is the
most posterior point in the outer contour of the
mondibular alveolar process, in the median
plane. In anthropology, it is known as
supramentale, between infradentale and
pogonion.
14 Pog Pogonion, Most anterior point
of the bony chin, in the median plane.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. 15 Gn Gnathion. This point is
defined in a number of ways.
According to Martin and Saller (1956),
it is located in the median plane of the
mandible, where the anterior curve in
the outline of he chin merges into the
body of the mandible. Many authors
have located gnathion between the
most anterior and the most inferior
point of the chin. Graig defines it with
the aid of the facial and the mondibular
plane; according to Graig, gnathion is
the point of intesectin of these two
planes. Muzi and May give it as the
lowest point of the chin (A.M.Schwarz
uses the same definition) and therefore
synonymous with Menton
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. 16 Go Gonion. A constructed point, the
intersection of the lines tangent to the posterior
margin of the ascending ramus and the mandibular
base.
• 17 Me Menton. According to Krogman and
Sassouni, Menton is the most caudal point in the
outline of the symphysis; it is regarded as the lowest
point of the mandible and corresponds to the
anthropological gnation.
•
• 18 APMan The anterior landmark for determining the
length of the mandible. It is defined as the
perpendicular dropped from Pog to the mandibular
plane.
•
•
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. 19 Ar Articulare. This point was
introduced by Bjork (1947). It provides
radiological orientation, being the point of
intersection of the posterior margin of the
ascending ramus and the outer margin of
the cranial base.
20 Cd Condylion. Most
superior point on the head of the condyle
21 Or Orbitale. Lowermost point of
the orbit in the radiograph
22 Pn/2 A constructed point. It
is obtained by bisecting the Pn vertical,
between its intersectin with the palatal
plane and point N’.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. 23 Int.FH/ Intersection of the ideal
Frankfurt horizontal and the
R.asc. posterior margin of the
ascending ramus.
24 ANS Anterior nasal spine. Point ANS is
the tip of the bony anterior nasal spine, in
the median plane.
It corresponds to the
anthropological acanthion.
25 PNS Posterior nasal spine. This is a
constructed radiological point, the
intersection of a continuation of the
anterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa
and the floor of the nose. It marks the
dorsal limit of the maxilla.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
51. 26 S’ Landmark for assessing the length of the
maxillary base, in the posterior section. It is defined as
a perpendicular dropped from point S to a line
extending the palatal plane.
27 APOcc Anterior point for the occlusal plane.
A constructed point, the midpoint in the incisor
overbite in occlusion.
28 PPOccPosterior point for the occlusal plane. The
most distal point of contact between the most posterior
molars in occlusion.
29 Ba Basion. Lowest point on the anterior
margin of the foramen magnum in the median
plane.
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52. 3 30 Ptm Pterygomaxillary fissure.
The contour of the fissure projected onto the palatal
plane. The anterior wall represents the maxillary
tuberosity outline, the posterior wall the anterior curve of
the pterygoid process.
This point corresponds to PN
www.indiandentalacademy.com
53. SOFT TISSUE PROFILE
ANATOMY
The visible surface of the soft tissue facial
profile extends from the hairline (trichion) (1)
to the superior cervical crease (2)
The three superposed level may be
differentiated:
The upper, frontal level, which belongs to
the cranium and is located between the
hairline (1) and the supraorbital ridge(3);
The middle, maxillary level, which is
situated between the supraorbital ridge (3)
and the occlusal plane; and
· The inferior, mandibular level, which is
located between the occlusal plane and the
superior cervical crease.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. Cephalometric landmarks
G – glabella – the most prominent point in the
midsagittal plane of forehead;
• Ils- inferior labial sulcus-the point of greatest than
cavity in the midline of the low lip between labrale
inferius and mention;
• Li – Labrale inferius –the median point in the
lower margin of he lower membranous lip;
• Ls – labrale superius – the median point in the
lower margin of the upper margin of the upper
membranous lip;
• Ms – menton soft tissue – the constructed point
of intersection of a vertical co-ordinate from menton
and the inferior soft tissue contour of the chin;
•
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56. Ns- nasion soft tissue-the point of deepest
con-cavity of the soft tissue contour of the root of
the root of the nose;
· Pn – pronasale – the most prominent point of
the nose;
· Pos – pogonion soft tissue – the most
prominent point o n the soft tissue contour of the
chin;
Ns- nasion soft tissue-the point of deepest con-
cavity of the soft tissue contour of the root of the
root of the nose;
· Pn – pronasale – the most prominent point of
the nose;
· Pos – pogonion soft tissue – the most
prominent point o n the soft tissue contour of the
chin; www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. Sls – superior labial sulcus – the point of
greatest concavity in the midline of the upper lip
between subnasale and labrale superius;
· Sn –subnasale – the point where the lower
border of the nose meets the out contour of the
upper lip;
· St – stomion – the midpoint between stomion
superius and stomion inferius;
· Sti – stomion inferius – the highest point of
the lower lip;
· Sts – stomion superius – the lowest point of
the upper lip
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59. DENTITION (Cephalometric landmarks)
APOcc – anterior point for the occlusal plane – a
constructed point, the midpoint of the incisor
overbite in occlusion;
· Iia – incision inferius apicalis – the root apex
of the most anterior mondibular central incisor; if
this point is needed only for defining the long axis
of the tooth, the midpoint on the bisection of the
apical root width can be used;
· Iii – incision inferius incisalis – the incisal
edge of the most prominent mandibular central
incisior;
Isa – incision superius apicalis – the root
apex of themost anterior maxillary central incisor;
if this point is needed only for defining the long
axis of the tooth, the midpoint on the bisection of
the apical root width can be used;www.indiandentalacademy.com
61. • Isi – incision superrius incisalis –the incisal
edge of the maxillary central incisor;
· L1 – mandibular central incisor – the most
labial point on the crown of the mandibular
central incisor;
· L6 – mondibular first molar – the tip of the
mesiobuccal cusp of the mandibular first
permanent molar;
· PPOcc – posterior point for the occlusal
plane – the most distal point of contact between
the most posterior molars in occlusion (Rakosi);
· U1 – maxillary central incisor – the most
labial point on the crown of the maxillary central
incisor;
U6 – maxillary first molar – the tip of the
mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first
www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. PHARYNX
Cephalometric landmarks
• ans – anterior nasal spine;
· apw – anterior pharyngeal wall;
· hy – hyoid;
· pns – posterior nasal spine;
· ppw – posterior pharyngeal wall;
· pt – posterior point of tongue
· ptm – pterygomaxillary fissure;
· spw – superior pharyngeal wall;
· U – tip of uvula;
· Uo- point on the oral side of the soft
palate;
· Up – point on the pharyngeal side of the
soft palate;
· Ut – upper point of tongue.www.indiandentalacademy.com
64.
cervical vertebrae
The cervical vertebrae make up the upper
part of the vertebral column. There are seven
cervical vertebrae. A typical cervical
vertebra consists of a body and a vertebral
arch.
Cephalometric landmarks
· cv2ap – the apex of the odontoid
process of the second cervical
vertebra;
· cv2ip – the most inferoposterior point on
the body of the second cervical
vertebra;
· cv2ia – the most inferoanterior point on
the body of the second;d
vertical vertebra;
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65. · cv3sp - the most superopostrior point on the
body of the third
cervical vertebra;
· cv3ip – the most inferoposterior point on the
body of the third cervical
vertebra;
· cv3sa – the most superoanterior point on the
body of the third cervical
vertebra;
· cv3ia – the most inferoanterior point on the body
of the third cervical
vertebra;
· cv4sp – the most suproposterior point on the
body of the fourth cervical
vertebra;
· cv4ip – the moswt inferoposterior point on the
body of the fourth cervical
vertebra;
· cv4sa – the most superoanterior poijnt on the
body of the fourth cervical
vertebra;
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67. cv4ia – the most inferoanterior point on the
body of the fourth cervical·
cv5sp – the most suproposterior point on
the body of the fifth cervical
vertebra
cv5ip - the most inferoposterior point on
the body of the fifth cervical
vertebra;
· cv5sa – the most superoanterior point
on the body of the fifth cervical
vertebra;
· cv5ia – the most inferoanterior point on
the body of the fifth cervical vertebra;
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68. • cv6sp – the most superoposterior point
on the body of the sixth cervical
vertebra;
· cv6ip – the most inferoposterior point
on the body of the sixth cervical
vertebra;
· cv6sa – the most superoanterior poijnt
on the body of the sixth cervical
vertebra;
· cv6ia – the most inferoanterior point on
the body of the sixth cervical
vertebra;
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69. LINES AND PLANES IN
CEPHALOMETRICS
CAN BE OBTAINED BY CONNECTING
TWO LAND MARKS
BASED ON ORIENTATION, THEY CAN
BE
VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL
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70. HORIZONTAL PLANES
S.N. PLANE
IT IS THE CRANIAL LINE BETWEEN THE CENTER OF SELLA
TURSICA (SELLA) AND THE ANTERIOR POINT OF THE
FRONTO-NASAL SUTURE (NASION). IT REPRESENTS THE
ANTERIOR CRANIAL BASE.
FRANKFORT HORIZONTAL PLANE
THIS PLANE CONNECTS THE LOWEST POINT OF TE ORBIT
(ORBITALE) AND THE SUPERIOR POINT OF THE EXTERNAL
AUDITORY MEATUS (PORTION).
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71. PALATAL PLANE
IT IS A LINE LINKING THE ANTERIOR
NASAL SPINE OF THE MAXILLA AND THE
POSTERIOR NASAL SPINE OF THE PALATINE
BONE.
OCCLUSAL PLANE
IT IS A DENTURE PLANE BISECTING THE
POSTERIOR OCLUSION OF THE PERMANENT
MOLARS AND PREMOLARS (OR DECIDUOUS
MOLARS IN MIXED DENTITION) AND
EXTENDS ANTERIORLY.
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72. MANDIBULAR PLANE
SEVERAL MANDIBULAR PLANES ARE
USED IN CEPHALOMETRICS, BASED ON
THE ANALYSIS BEING DONE. THE MOST
COMMONLY USED ONES ARE:
TANGENT TO THE LOWER BORER OF THE
MANDIBLE (TWEED).
A LINE CONNECTING GONION AND GNATHION
(STEINER)
A LINE CONNECTING GONION AND MENTON
(DOWNS)
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76. BASION – NASION PLANE
IT IS A LINE CONNECTING THE BASION AND NASION.
IT REPRESENTS THE CRANIAL BASE.
BOLTON’S PLANE
THIS IS A PLANE THAT CONNECTS THE BOLTON’S
POINTS POSTERIOR TO THE OCCIPITAL CONDYLES
AND NASION.
VERTICAL PLANES
A. POG LINE
IT IS A LINE FROM POINT A ON THE MAXILLA TO
POGONION ON THE MANDIBLE.
FACIAL PLANE
IT IS A LINE FROM THE ANTERIOR POINT OF THE
FRONTO-NASAL SUTURE (NASION) TO THE MOST
ANTERIOR POINT OF THE MANDIBLE (POGONION).
FACIAL AXIS
A LINE FROM PTM POINT TO CEPHALOMETRIC
GNATHION. www.indiandentalacademy.com
79. RADIOGRAPHIC PROJECTION ERRORSRADIOGRAPHIC PROJECTION ERRORS
MAGNIFICATION
OCCURS BECAUSE THE X-RAY BEAMS ARE
NOT PARALLLEL WITH ALL THE POINTS IN
THE OBJECT
THE MAGNITUDE OF ENLARGEMENT IS
RELATED TO THE DISTANCES BETWEEN THE
FOCUS THE OBJECT AND THE FILM
LONG FOCUS-FILM DISTANCES ARE
FAVOURABLE
USE OF ANGULAR RATHER THAN LINEAR
MEASUREMENTS IS A CONSISTENT WAY TO
ELIMINATE THE IMPACT OF MANGIFICATION
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80. DISTORTIONDISTORTION OCCURS BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT
MAGNIFICATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT PLANES.
SOME LANDMARK ARE USEFUL FOR
SUPERIMPOSING RADIOGRAPHS ARE AFFECTED BY
DISTORTION, OWING TO THEIR LOCATION IN A
DIFFFERENT DEPTH OF FIELD.
BOTH LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS
WILL BE VARIOUSLY AFFECTED.
A COMBINATION OF INFORMATION FROM LATERAL
AND FRONTAL FILMS HAS BEEN PROPOSED.
MISALIGNMENT OR TILTING OF THE
CEPHALOMETRIC COMPONENTS (E.G. THE FOCAL
SPOT), THE CEPHALOSTAT, AND THE FILM WITH
RESPECT TOEACH OTHER, AS WELL AS ROTATIONS
OF THE PATIENTS’S HEAD IN ANY PLANE OF
SPACE, WILL INTRODUCE ANOTHER FACTOR OF
DISTORATION www.indiandentalacademy.com
81. ERRORS WITHIN THE MEASURING SYSTEMERRORS WITHIN THE MEASURING SYSTEM
BECAUSE OF PARALLAX AND MECHANICAL
ERRORS.
ERRORS RELATED TO THE RECORDING
PROCEDURE HAVE TWO COMPONENTS.
1. PRECISION WITH A MARKED POINT ON
THE FILM OR TRACING CAN BE IDEENTIFIED BY
THE CROSS-HAIR OF THE RECORDING DEVICE
AND
2. THE ERRORS OF THE DIGITZING SYSTEM.
AN ACCURACY OF 0.1MM IS DESIRABLE,
WITHOUT ANY DISTORTION OVER THE SURFACE
OF THE DIGITIZER (HOUSTON, 1979).
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82. ERRORS IN LANDMARK IDENTIFICATION
LANDMARK IDENTIFICATION ERRORS ARE
CONSIDERED THE MAJOR SOURCE OF
CEPHALOMETRIC ERROR.
FACTORS INCLUDE
1.THE QUALITY OF THE RADIOGRAPHIC
IMAGE
2.THE PRECISION OF LANDMARK DEFINTION
AND THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF LANDMARK
LOCATIONS; AND
3. THE OPERATOR AND THE REGISTRATION
PROCEDURE.
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83. QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE
EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF SHARPNESS – BLUR
AND CONTRAST – AND NOISE.
SHARPNESS IS THE SUBJECTIVBE PRECEPTION
OF THE DISTINCTNESS OF THE BOUNDARIES OF
A STRUCTURE IT IS RELATED TO BLUR AND
CONTRAST.
BLUR IS THE DISTANCE OF THE OPTICAL
DENSITY CAHNGE BETWEEN THE BOUNDARIES
OF A STRUCTURE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS .
RESULTS FROM THREE FACORS GEOMETRIC
UNSHARPNESS,RECEPTOR UNSHARRPNESS
MOTION UNSHARPNESS
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84. • CONTRAST IS THE MAGNITUTDE OF
THE OPTICAL DESNITY DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN A STRUCTURE AND ITS
SURROUNDINGS.
INCREASED CONTRAST ENHANCES
THE SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTION OF
SHARPNESS.
CONTRAST IS DETERMINED BY
1.THE TISSUE BEING EXAMINED
2.THE RECEPTOR AND
3.THE LEVEL OF Kv USED.
MOST IMPORTANT BEING
THE FILM-CASSETTE SYSTEM AND THE
KV LEVEL USED.
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85. NOISE REFERS TO ALL FACTORS THAT
DISTURB THE SIGNAL IN A RADIOGRAPH.
RELATED TO
1. THE RADIOGRAPHIC COMPLEXITY OF THE
REGION
2. RECEPTOR MOTTLE OR QUANTUM NOISE.
THESE TYPES OF ERRORS CAN BE
MINIMIZED BY FILMS OF HIGH QUALITY.
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86. PRECISION OF LANDMARK DEFINITION AND
REPRODUCIBILITY OF LANDMARK LOCATION.
BAUMRIND AND FRANTZ POINTED OUT THAT
ERRORS IN LANDMARK LOCATIONS ARE
FUNCTION OF THREE VARIABLES
1. THE ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE OF THE
ERROR IN LANDMARK LOCATION.
2. THE RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF THE
LINEAR DISTANCE ANGULAR OR LINEAR
MEASUREMENT.
3. THE DIRECTION FROM WHICH THE
LINE CONNECTING THE LANDMARKS
INTERCEPTS THEIR ENVELOPE OF ERRORS.
ENVELOP IS THE PATTERN OF THE TOTAL
ERROR DISTRIBUTION.
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87. • ADVANTAGES OF THE CEPHALOMETRY
1. ONLY AVAILABLE METHOD THAT PERMITS THE
INVESTIGATION OF THE SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN CFRANIAL STRUCTURES AND BETWEEN
DENTAL AND SURFACE STRUCTURES
2. MODER ECONOMICAL22 IN COMPARISON TO
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MRI.
3. NON-INVASIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTUVE THUS
PRODUCING A RELATIVELY HIGH INFORMATION YELD AT
RELATIVELY LOW PHYSIOLOGIC COST.
4. STANDARDIZED CAN BE USED FOR SERIOAL
ASSEMENTS OF GROWTH AND ONGOING PRCOESSES OF
TREATMENT
5. CEPHALMETRICS PRODUCES TANGIBLE
PHYSICAL RECORDS THAT ARE RLEATIVELY
PERMANENT.
6. THE SAM SETS OF CEPHALOGRAMS CAN BE
USED FOR TESTING DIFFERENT THEORIES AND
HYPOTHESES.
7. THEY ARE RELATIVELY EASY TO STORE
REPRODEUCE AND TRANSPORTwww.indiandentalacademy.com
88. LIMITATIONS OF CEPHALOMETRY
RADIATION EXPOSURE ARE REAL
CEPHALOMETRICS IS CHARACTERIZED BY A
NUMBER OF TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS.
THE ABSENCE OF ANATOMICAL REFERENCES
WHOSE SHAPE AND LOCATION REMAIN CONSTANT
THROUGH TIME
INHERENT AMBIGUITY IN LOCATING ANATOMICAL
LANDMARKS AND SURFACES ON X-RAY IMAGES
SINCE THE IMAGES LACK HARD EDGES, SHADOWS,
AND WELL DEFINED OUTLINES.
THEY ARE TWO DIMENSIONAL IMAGES OF THREE
DIMENSIONAL . THIS CONTRADICTION LEAD TO
DIFFERENTIAL PROJECTIVE DISPLACEMENT OF
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES LYING AT DIFFERENT
PLANES WITHIN THE HEAD.
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