The cell membrane has a fluid mosaic structure consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The phospholipid bilayer forms two layers with hydrophobic fatty acid tails in the middle and hydrophilic phosphate heads on the outside contacting water. Some proteins are embedded in the membrane while others are peripherally attached. This structure allows the membrane to be selectively permeable and control what enters and exits the cell through transport proteins and pores.
INTRODUCTION
plasma membrane is also known as cell membrane or cytoplasm membrane.
It is the biological membrane, separates interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Selective permeable to Ions and organic molecules.
Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
It consists of the phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell membranes are involved in:cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures.
This power point presentation consists of 64 slides including information about plant and other type of cell wall. Chemical composition, structure, function and properties of cell wall have been explained. Ultra structure of plant cell wall has also been high lighted. Algal,Fungal,Bacterial and Archaeal cell walls have also been explained.
INTRODUCTION
plasma membrane is also known as cell membrane or cytoplasm membrane.
It is the biological membrane, separates interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Selective permeable to Ions and organic molecules.
Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
It consists of the phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell membranes are involved in:cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures.
This power point presentation consists of 64 slides including information about plant and other type of cell wall. Chemical composition, structure, function and properties of cell wall have been explained. Ultra structure of plant cell wall has also been high lighted. Algal,Fungal,Bacterial and Archaeal cell walls have also been explained.
Plasma membrane dynamic structure By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
History
Definition
Structure of plasma membrane(fluid mosaic model)
Examples to show dynamic nature of plasma membrane
The diffusion of membrane protein after fusion
Restriction on protein and mobility
Control of membrane protein and mobility
Membrane lipid mobility
Membrane domains and cell polarity
Function of plasma membrane
Conclusion.
References.
Plasma membrane dynamic structure By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
History
Definition
Structure of plasma membrane(fluid mosaic model)
Examples to show dynamic nature of plasma membrane
The diffusion of membrane protein after fusion
Restriction on protein and mobility
Control of membrane protein and mobility
Membrane lipid mobility
Membrane domains and cell polarity
Function of plasma membrane
Conclusion.
References.
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich.pdfbhim1213
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich molecular mosaic fluid
mosaic plasma membrane Which characteristic apply to the phospholipid membrane? It is
primarily a hydrophobic bilayer. Phospholipids are amphipathic Proteins are imbedded within
the phospholipids. The imbedded molecules can move freely within the membrane All are
important characteristics of the Cholesterol molecules in the membrane act to modulate
temperature dependent viscosity and fluidity of the membrane. moderate the effects of a high fat
diet promote fluidity in the membrane. allow for better membrane compaction and integrity.
allow transport across the membrane. One important feature of membranes in the
endomembrane system is that they can move freely from cell to cell. freely bleb off of and then
onto other components of this network. they contain small pieces of independently replicating
DNA. they move from the trans side of the membrane to the cis side. t
Solution
1. Fluid mosaic model.
Fluid mosaic model for plasma membrane proposed by Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicolson is
universally acceoted model for plasma membrane.
2. All are important characteristics.
Phospholipid molecules are hydrophobic and amphipathic. Which means that posess polar head
and non polar tails.
Some of the protien molecules are embedded in the phospholipid layer and these moelcules are
free to move due to fluid nature of plasma membrane.
3. Allows better membrane compaction and integrity.
Cholesterol is an amphipathic molecule like phospholipids. It contains a hydrophilic and a
hydrophobic portion. Cholesterol\'s hydroxyl (OH) group aligns with the phosphate heads of the
phospholipids. The remaining portion of it tucks into the fatty acid portion of the membrane.
Because of the way cholesterol is shaped, part of the steroid ring (the four hydrocarbon rings in
between the hydroxyl group and the hydrocarbon \"tail\") is closely attracted to part of the fatty
acid chain on the nearest phospholipid. This helps slightly immobilize the outer surface of the
membrane and make it less soluble to very small water-soluble molecules that could otherwise
pass through more easily.
4. They contain transport enzymes..
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of.pdffashiondesignerporur
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of the term membrane, as
used in biology. Which usage indicates layers of cells and which indicates layers of molecules?
Solution
Answer:
Two general meanings of the term \"membrane\" in biology are to describe the structure of cell
membrane that is permeable to some molecules but not all molecules. Second meaning of a
\"membrane in biological cell\" is to protect inner cytoskeleton with organelles. Membrane is
made of phospholipid bilayer in which one is hydrophilic region and another is hydrophobic
region. The phsopholipid layers indicates layers of lipids and membrane proteins whereas the
layers of cells is mainly due to \"membrane associated cell adhesion molecules\"
These three macromolecules together to form a complex phospholipid bilayer in which
periplasmic proteins are distributed in a mosaic manner. The large fluid mosaic structure is
formed from these macromolecules composed of phospholipid bilayers with protein channels for
the transport of organic & inorganic nutrients including trace metal. Normally, the essential
aspects of these structures composed of \"porins, protein channels, integral proteins” that dictate
their function for the selective permeability, diffusion of nutrients across the membrane into &
out of the cell finally to attain homeostasis
Fluid mosaic model describes that two-dimensional liquid layer of cell membrane where proteins
distributed like mosaic model in the phospholipid bilayer. This model mostly accepted by
biologists Role of the protein molecules in this model cell membrane layers are membrane
extracellular protein domains in connection to the lipid bilayer membrane. Membrane
phospholipids are the molecules with hydrophillic polar heads towards the solvent such as water
whereas hydrophobic tail located towards the center of the layer and this bilayer formed by
micelles, as fatty acids possess one polar associated with another nonpolar head. Cell membrane
possesses a property known as selective permeability. Cell membrane consists of phopholipid
bilayer that also include several of the transmembrane proteins, ion channels etc. Small, non-
polar molecules with hydrophobic nature diffuse more easily into the cell membrane. Similarly,
proteins interact and assemble themselves to form several layers of structures in our body..
in this notes we will study and learn about
cell membrane
parts of cell membrane
different formation of cell membrane
lipids present in cell membrane
function of cell membrane
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2ICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Cell membrane structure A phospholipidbilayer The basic structure is two layers of phospholipids. Remind yourself of the structure of a lipid molecule!!! – 3 fatty acid and a glycerol In phospholipid there are only two fatty acids, a negatively charged phosphate group replaces the third fatty acid.
3.
4. The phosphate head of the molecule is polar, one end is slightly positive and the rest is slightly negative.
5. We all know that fats and water don’t mix,so when added to water phospholipids arrange themselves to avoid contact between their hydrophobic tails and the water. They may form a layer on the surface with their hydrophobic tails directed out of water, arrange themselves into spherical cluster called micelle.
6. Cells are filled with watery or aqueous cytoplasm and are surround by aqueous tissue fluid. The cell surface membrane phospholipids tend to adapt their most stable arrangement themselves, which is bilayers. This arrangement avoids the hydrophobic fatty acid tails having any contact with water on either side of the membrane but ensures the hydrophilic phosphate heads are in contact with water.
7. About Cell Membranes All cells have a cell membrane Functions: Controls what enters and exits the cell to maintain an internal balance called homeostasis Provides protection and support for the cell TEM picture of a real cell membrane.
8. About Cell Membranes (continued) Structure of cell membrane Lipid Bilayer -2 layers of phospholipids Phosphate head is polar (water loving) Fatty acid tails non-polar(water fearing) Proteins embedded in membrane Phospholipid Lipid Bilayer
9. Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane Polar heads love water & dissolve. Membrane movement animation Non-polar tails hide from water. Carbohydrate cell markers Proteins
10. About Cell Membranes (continued) 4. Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it Selectively permeable: Allows some molecules in and keeps other molecules out The structure helps it be selective! Pores
11. Structure of the Cell Membrane Outside of cell Carbohydrate chains Proteins Lipid Bilayer Transport Protein Phospholipids Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Go to Section:
12. Evidence of fluid mosaic The most widely accepted membrane model made up until the early 1970s was a three layer protein lipid sandwich, based on the evidence of the electron micrographs in which the outer layers were thought to be proteins and the lighter region within was the lipid.
13. However, the protein lipid sandwich does not allow the hydrophilic phosphates head to be in contact with water, nor does it allow the hydrophobic amino acids on the outside of the membrane protein to be kept away from water. Experiment showed that there were two types of protein- those that could be dissociated from the membrane quite easily by increasing the ionic strength of the solution.
14. That could only be removed from the membrane by more drastic action such as adding detergents. This evidence supported the fluid mosaic model where some peripheral proteins are loosely attached on the outside surface of the membrane whilst integral membrane protein are fully embedded within the phospholipids, some even spanning both layers.
15. Additional evidence for integral membrane protein came from freeze fracture electron microscopy studies Frozen membrane sections were fractured along the weak point between the lipid layers, and the inner fractured surface coated in a heavy metal Scanning electron microscopy, which gives 3D , revealed a smooth mosaic like surface (the lipid tails) interspersed by much larger particles than the integral protein)
16. Finally, several experiment were carried out using labeled molecules that only attach to other specific molecules. In one experiment plant protein called lectins that bind to polysaccharides were labeled with ferritin (a protein with a core of ferric oxide) which is visible under the electron microscope.
17. When mixed with membrane samples, the lectins only bound to the outer surface of the membrane, and never to the inner. This showed that membranes are asymmetric ; the outside surface of the membrane is different to the inside, and once again did not support the protein sandwich model, which would be the same on both sides.
18. Another experiment involved fusing mouse cells with human cells. Before the cell fused a specific membrane protein was labelled in each cell type.
19. The mouse membrane protein was given a green fluorescent label, and the human membrane protein was given red fluorescent label. Immediately after fusing, the coloured remained in their respective halves, but after 40 min at 37⁰C there was complete intermixing of the protein.
20. The only way the proteins could have intermixed was to have diffused through the membranes, showing the components were indeed fluid.
21. Cell membrane Roles of carbohydrate Cell cell recognition- ability of a cell to determine if other cells it encounters are alike or different from it. Cell adhesion- bind with each other, causing adhesion between the cells. This enables cells to orientate and form a tissue.
22. LIPID Cholesterol- increasing the fluidity of cell membranes, by disrupting the close and orderly packing of phospholipids molecules in cell membrane.
23. PROTEIN Protein are required to facilitate diffusion, osmosis and active transport Facilitated diffusion and osmosis; where the protein span the cell surface membrane and form a hydrophilic channel/ carrier that is specific for particular molecule Active transport where the protein able to hydrolyse ATP as an energy source to pump substances across cell membrane Membrane protein may function as receptor sites. Receptor protein has a binding site for a hormone; such as insulin to allow external signal to trigger/ initiate reactions within cell.
24. *EXPLAIN WHY THE CELL MEMBRANE IS DESCRIBED AS HAVING A LFUID MOSAIC STRUCTURE (2m) It is a fluid because the phospholipids move around the membrane And it is mosaic because the membrane contain different size and shape of protein; pattern looks like tiles of mosaic.s protein/ glycoprotiens
25. The more phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acids there are present in the membrane, the more fluid it is. The kinks in the hydrocarbon tails of the unsaturated phospholipids prevent them from packing closely together, so more movement is possible. Cholesterol reduces the fluidity of the membrane by preventing movement of the phospholipids.
26. ENDOCYTOSIS- materials are taken into the cell This is subdivide based in the type and size of material being transported. Occurs mainly in animal cells, as plants have rigid cell walls Mechanism; the cell forms pseudopodia that engulf macromolecules- the pseudopodia fuse, and the membrane pinches off, forming an internal vesicle-the vesicle fuses with the lysosomes-release