The document contains 25 multiple choice questions about cellular respiration. It asks about the reactants, products, and pathways involved in respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis. Key topics covered include that oxygen absorbs electrons at the end of respiration, carbon dioxide is produced during fermentation and rises bread, and the Krebs cycle produces FADH2. Aerobic respiration produces the most ATP, and oxygen is needed to begin respiration.
Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other in the environment. They are in reality the same reactions but occurring in reverse. While in photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water yield glucose andoxygen, through the respiration process glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water.
They work well since living organisms supply plants with carbon dioxide which undergoes photosynthesis and produces glucose and these plants and bacteriagive out oxygen which all living organisms need for respiration.
Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds in presence of sunlight. Respiration is the set of metabolic reactions that take in cells of living organisms that convert nutrients like sugar into ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) and waste products.
Processes in photosynthesis are divided on basis of requirement of sunlight while respiration processes are divided on basis of requirement of oxygen. Hence in photosynthesis you have the light dependent reactions and the dark reactions while inrespiration there is aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
In photosynthesis light dependent reactions, ultra violet light strikes chlorophyll pigments which excites electrons leading to separation of oxygen molecules from carbon dioxide. In the dark reactions, carbon molecules now independent of oxygen are converted into carbohydrates and stored in plant cells as energy and food source. In aerobic cellular respiration oxygen is utilized to convert organic compounds into energy and in anaerobic respiration converts organic compounds into energy without using oxygen.
Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 6e NelsonLauriewest24
This is the Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 6e Nelson. Email lauriewest24@gmail.com for full access.
The new sixth edition of this best-selling introduction to biochemistry maintains the clarity and coherence that so appeals to students whilst incorporating the very latest advances in the field, new worked examples and end of chapter problems and an improved artwork programme to highlight key processes and important lessons.
ISBN-13: 978-1429234146
ISBN-10: 1429234148
Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other in the environment. They are in reality the same reactions but occurring in reverse. While in photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water yield glucose andoxygen, through the respiration process glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water.
They work well since living organisms supply plants with carbon dioxide which undergoes photosynthesis and produces glucose and these plants and bacteriagive out oxygen which all living organisms need for respiration.
Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds in presence of sunlight. Respiration is the set of metabolic reactions that take in cells of living organisms that convert nutrients like sugar into ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) and waste products.
Processes in photosynthesis are divided on basis of requirement of sunlight while respiration processes are divided on basis of requirement of oxygen. Hence in photosynthesis you have the light dependent reactions and the dark reactions while inrespiration there is aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
In photosynthesis light dependent reactions, ultra violet light strikes chlorophyll pigments which excites electrons leading to separation of oxygen molecules from carbon dioxide. In the dark reactions, carbon molecules now independent of oxygen are converted into carbohydrates and stored in plant cells as energy and food source. In aerobic cellular respiration oxygen is utilized to convert organic compounds into energy and in anaerobic respiration converts organic compounds into energy without using oxygen.
Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 6e NelsonLauriewest24
This is the Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 6e Nelson. Email lauriewest24@gmail.com for full access.
The new sixth edition of this best-selling introduction to biochemistry maintains the clarity and coherence that so appeals to students whilst incorporating the very latest advances in the field, new worked examples and end of chapter problems and an improved artwork programme to highlight key processes and important lessons.
ISBN-13: 978-1429234146
ISBN-10: 1429234148
1BIOLOGY 101 Fall 2016FINAL EXAMINATIONPlease copy and.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
BIOLOGY 101 Fall 2016
FINAL EXAMINATION
Please copy and paste the final examination into a Word file. Complete it in this form (do not make any structural changes!) and submit it as an attachment into your Assignment Folder.Do not forget to put your name on top of the exam!
The absolute deadline for submission is Sunday, October 16, NOON ET.
I cannot accept any later submissions.
YOUR NAME:
_______________________________________________________________
Total possible points: 100
I. Multiple choice questions. Please bold or underline the correct answer (1point each=50 points)
1. Several features, or properties, of living things may also be found in non-living things, such as fire. Of the following, which is the least likely to be found in non-living things?
A. Consumption of energy-containing molecules
B. Growth
C. Reproduction
D. Homeostasis
E. Response to external stimuli
2. Suppose you conduct an experiment which simulates glacial recession over time. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
A. Glacial mass
B. Sunlight
C. The season
D. Time
3. If life on another planet were fundamentally like life on Earth, the macromolecules of living things would be based on which element?
A. Carbon
B. Hydrogen
C. Nitrogen
D. Oxygen
E. Phosphorus
4. The effectiveness of a medication containing growth hormones is tested on a group of young male rabbits 3 weeks of age. The best control group would be:
A. Any group of rabbits
B. A group of male rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication
C. A group of female rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication
D. A mixed group of male/female rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication
E. No control is required; just measure whether the rabbits grew
5. Temperature is a measure of
A. The potential energy in a substance
B. How fast the molecule in a substance are moving
C. The energy lost from a substance to its surroundings.
D. How much heat is being absorbed by a substance
E. All of the above
6. Which of the following refers to a substance that has ‘lost’ a carbon dioxide molecule?
A. Denatured
B. Phosphorilated
C. Decarboxylated
D. Carbonated
E. Oxidated
7. Which of the following reactions or pathways is catabolic?
A. Converting glucose to carbon dioxide and water (cellular respiration)
B. Making starch from many glucose monomers
C. Photosynthesis, which builds glucose from carbon dioxide using energy from light
D. Making ATP from ADP and phosphate
8. One human disease is caused by a change in the DNA from GAA to GUA. This change is an example of:
A. Crossing-over
B. A meiosis error
C. A mitosis error
D. A mutation
9. During which part of the cell cycle is DNA polymerase most active?
A. Cytokinesis
B. G1 phase
C. G2 phase
D. S phase
E. M phase
10. Which of the following correctly describes a buffer?
A. A buffer converts an alkaline solution to neutral
B. A buffer converts an acid solution to neutral.
C. A buffer converts alkaline solutions to acid solutions.
D. A b ...
Which of these is the smallest structureA. Amino acidB. Prote.docxalanfhall8953
Which of these is the smallest structure?
A. Amino acid
B. Protein
C. Polypeptide
D. Dipeptide
2. Any energy transformation involves the loss of some energy as
A. motion.
B. heat.
C. electric charge.
D. light.
3. Which one of the following molecules is a by-product of cellular respiration?
A. Glucose
B. Oxygen
C. Water
D. Pyruvate
4. The following atoms are all variations of the element carbon: 12C, 13C, and 14C due to differing numbers of neutrons. What are these variations called?
A. Isotopes
B. Isomers
C. Molecules
D. Polymers
5. When a scientific experiment is carried out in a controlled setting, all variables are kept the same except for the _______ variable.
A. environmental
B. observational
C. experimental
D. control
6. Which of the following is a true difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A. Eukaryotic cells are more ancient.
B. Eukaryotic cells are less complex.
C. Eukaryotic cells are smaller.
D. Eukaryotic cells have true nuclei.
7. In a eukaryotic cell, protein synthesis occurs in the
A. nuclear envelope.
B. ribosomes.
C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D. chromosomes.
8. Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called
A. base pairs.
B. amino acids.
C. nucleotides.
D. ribose.
9. Which one of the following is a trans fatty acid found in most snack foods?
A. Carboxyl acid
B. Elaidic acid
C. Oleic acid
D. Stearic acid
10. The structure that surrounds the cytoplasm in a bacterial cell is the
A. cell wall.
B. nucleoid.
C. ribsosome.
D. plasma membrane.
11. Which of these statements most accurately describes how carbon dioxide enters a leaf?
A. CO
2 is pulled in by leaf veins. B. CO2 defuses by way of the stomata.
C. CO
2 enters a leaf through osmosis. D. CO2 is carried by water in leaf veins.
12. The Calvin cycle of photosynthesis begins when
A. the reduction of carbon dioxide occurs.
B. electrons leave a photosystem.
C. light becomes available.
D. carbon dioxide is attached to RuBP.
End of exam
13. Which of the following is true about bases?
A. They release hydroxide ions in solution.
B. They have a sharp or sour taste.
C. They help to build up cells.
D. They tend to decrease the pH of a solution.
14. The two major sets of reactions involved in photosynthesis are
A. light reactions and the electron transport chain.
B. glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
C. Calvin cycle reactions and citric acid cycles.
D. light reactions and Calvin cycle reactions.
15. Which one of the following is an example of a monosaccharide?
A. Sucrose
B. Starch
C. Cellulose
D. Glucose
Which of these is the smallest structure?
A. Amino acid
B. Protein
C. Polypeptide
D. Dipeptide
2. Any energy transformation involves the loss of some energy as
A. motion.
B. heat.
C. electric charge.
D. light.
3. Which one of the following molecules is a by-product of cellular respiration?
A. Glucose
B. Oxygen
C. Water
D. Pyruvate
4. The following atoms are all variations of the element carbon: 12C, 13C, and 14C due to differing numbers of neutrons..
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. 1. What absorbs electrons at the
end of respiration?
a. Oxygen
b. Carbon Dioxide
c. Water
d. Proteins
2. 1. What absorbs electrons at the
end of respiration?
a. Oxygen
b. Carbon Dioxide
c. Water
d. Proteins
3. 2. What product of al.
fermentation is used make
dough rise?
a. Ethanol
b. Carbon Dioxide
c. Water
d. Glucose
4. 2. What product of al.
fermentation is used make
dough rise?
a. Ethanol
b. Carbon Dioxide
c. Water
d. Glucose
5. 3. Which of these is a product of
the Krebs cycle?
a. Glucose
b. Pyruvate
c. FADH2
d. Lactic Acid
6. 3. Which of these is a product of
the Krebs cycle?
a. Glucose
b. Pyruvate
c. FADH2
d. Lactic Acid
7. 4. Which can undergo alcoholic
fermentation?
a. Jellyfish
b. Eel
c. Fungi
d. Human
8. 4. Which can undergo alcoholic
fermentation?
a. Jellyfish
b. Eel
c. Fungi
d. Human
9. 5. Buildup of what molecule
causes muscle fatigue?
a. Ethanol
b. Carbon Dioxide
c. Lactic Acid
d. Glucose
10. 5. Buildup of what molecule
causes muscle fatigue?
a. Ethanol
b. Carbon Dioxide
c. Lactic Acid
d. Glucose
11. 6. What process produces the
most ATP?
a. Aerobic Respiration
b. Glycolysis
c. Alcoholic Fermentation
d. Lactic Acid Fermentation
12. 6. What process produces the
most ATP?
a. Aerobic Respiration
b. Glycolysis
c. Alcoholic Fermentation
d. Lactic Acid Fermentation
13. 7. What kind of organisms can
undergo respiration?
a. Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
b. Just Autotrophs
c. Just Heterotrophs
d. Neither Autotrophs nor Heterotrophs
14. 7. What kind of organisms can
undergo respiration?
a. Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
b. Just Autotrophs
c. Just Heterotrophs
d. Neither Autotrophs nor Heterotrophs
15. 8. Which of these is needed to
begin respiration?
a. Water
b. Carbon Dioxide
c. Oxygen
d. Light Energy
16. 8. Which of these is needed to
begin respiration?
a. Water
b. Carbon Dioxide
c. Oxygen
d. Light Energy
17. 9. What molecule is the energy
“currency” of the cell?
a. Carbon Dioxide
b. Pyruvate
c. Glucose
d. ATP
18. 9. What molecule is the energy
“currency” of the cell?
a. Carbon Dioxide
b. Pyruvate
c. Glucose
d. ATP
19. 10. What process do you
undergo during heavy
exercise?
a. Lactic acid fermentation
b. Photosynthesis
c. Alcoholic fermentation
d. Krebs cycle
20. 10. What process do you
undergo during heavy
exercise?
a. Lactic acid fermentation
b. Photosynthesis
c. Alcoholic fermentation
d. Krebs cycle
21. 11. Glucose is broken down
during respiration. Glucose is
a
a. Lipid
b. Carbohydrate
c. Nucleic acid
d. Protein
22. 11. Glucose is broken down
during respiration. Glucose is
a
a. Lipid
b. Carbohydrate
c. Nucleic acid
d. Protein
23. 12. How do heterotrophs obtain
glucose for respiration?
a. Eat plants
b. Create it within cells using light
c. Change other sugars
d. Make it from ATP
24. 12. How do heterotrophs obtain
glucose for respiration?
a. Eat plants
b. Create it within cells using light
c. Change other sugars
d. Make it from ATP
25. 13. Glycolysis takes place mainly
in the
a. Chloroplast
b. Cytoplasm
c. Ribosome
d. Mitochondria
26. 13. Glycolysis takes place mainly
in the
a. Chloroplast
b. Cytoplasm
c. Ribosome
d. Mitochondria
27. 14. Which of these is NOT
needed for photosynthesis?
a. Chlorophyll
b. Light Energy
c. Carbon Dioxide
d. Oxygen
28. 14. Which of these is NOT
needed for photosynthesis?
a. Chlorophyll
b. Light Energy
c. Carbon Dioxide
d. Oxygen
31. 16. The goal of respiration is to
produce
a. Glucose
b. Proteins
c. ATP
d. Carbon Dioxide
32. 16. The goal of respiration is to
produce
a. Glucose
b. Proteins
c. ATP
d. Carbon Dioxide
33. 17. In what form is carbon
released from a cell during the
Krebs cycle?
a. Glucose
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Carbohydrates
d. Water
34. 17. In what form is carbon
released from a cell during the
Krebs cycle?
a. Glucose
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Carbohydrates
d. Water
35. 18. What controls whether a cell
will undergo fermentation or
not?
a. Water Concentration
b. Carbon Dioxide Concentration
c. Size of the Cell
d. Oxygen Concentration
36. 18. What controls whether a cell
will undergo fermentation or
not?
a. Water Concentration
b. Carbon Dioxide Concentration
c. Size of the Cell
d. Oxygen Concentration
37. 19. Which of these pairs are the
REACTANTS of respiration?
a. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
b. Water and glucose
c. Oxygen and glucose
d. Water and oxygen
38. 19. Which of these pairs are the
REACTANTS of respiration?
a. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
b. Water and glucose
c. Oxygen and glucose
d. Water and oxygen
39. 20. Sugars can be created using
energy from light by
a. Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
b. Just Autotrophs
c. Just Heterotrophs
d. Neither Autotrophs nor Heterotrophs
40. 20. Sugars can be created using
energy from light by
a. Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
b. Just Autotrophs
c. Just Heterotrophs
d. Neither Autotrophs nor Heterotrophs
41. 21. The 3-carbon molecule
produced during glycolysis is
a. Glucose
b. Pyruvate
c. Ethanol
d. Lactic Acid
42. 21. The 3-carbon molecule
produced during glycolysis is
a. Glucose
b. Pyruvate
c. Ethanol
d. Lactic Acid
43. 22. The mitochondria play their
most important role in
a. Osmosis
b. Photosynthesis
c. Respiration
d. Reproduction
44. 22. The mitochondria play their
most important role in
a. Osmosis
b. Photosynthesis
c. Respiration
d. Reproduction
45. 23. Which of these pairs are the
PRODUCTS of respiration?
a. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
b. Water and glucose
c. Carbon dioxide and glucose
d. Water and carbon dioxide
46. 23. Which of these pairs are the
PRODUCTS of respiration?
a. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
b. Water and glucose
c. Carbon dioxide and glucose
d. Water and carbon dioxide
47. 24. After glycolysis, a cell with
high oxygen levels will
undergo
a. Lactic Acid Fermentation
b. Alcoholic Fermentation
c. Aerobic Respiration
d. Photosynthesis
48. 24. After glycolysis, a cell with
high oxygen levels will
undergo
a. Lactic Acid Fermentation
b. Alcoholic Fermentation
c. Aerobic Respiration
d. Photosynthesis
49. 25. The maximum number of ATP
that can be created from the
breakdown of two molecules
of glucose is
a. 2
b. 36
c. 38
d. 76
50. 25. The maximum number of ATP
that can be created from the
breakdown of two molecules
of glucose is
a. 2
b. 36
c. 38
d. 76
51. 1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. A
11. B
12. A
13. B
14. D
15. D
16. C
17. B
18. D
19. C
20. B
21. B
22. C
23. D
24. C
25. D