Cellular networks operate using a cellular concept where coverage areas are divided into smaller geographical areas called cells. Each cell contains a base station that can communicate with mobile devices within its coverage area. As mobile users move between cells, calls are handed off between base stations to maintain coverage. Early cellular networks supported only voice calls while newer generations can also transmit data and enable features like texting, photos, and internet access. Cellular technology has advanced through multiple generations with higher data transmission capabilities.
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This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless, 4G, 5G and so on. This is a survey report on this technologies.
Here is the link to the complete report on "Wireless Communication Generations"
"https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0BxLQQCpBqGHiaHlvLW1xeEtja2c&usp=sharing"
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
Detailed presentation on Wireless Communication Technologies.
The communication technology has evolved to provide lower latency network, faster and efficient data services.
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless, 4G, 5G and so on. This is a survey report on this technologies.
Here is the link to the complete report on "Wireless Communication Generations"
"https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0BxLQQCpBqGHiaHlvLW1xeEtja2c&usp=sharing"
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
Detailed presentation on Wireless Communication Technologies.
The communication technology has evolved to provide lower latency network, faster and efficient data services.
The ideas for cellular phones were developed in the 1940s. However, it was not until the microprocessor becomes available that practical commercial solutions are possible.
Today there are more than 4.7 billion unique mobile phone subscriptions in the world and of them about 2 billion are smartphones. This device is so powerful that people check it over 40 times a day.
In this lecture we look mobile. We also look at the history of communication since the telegraph and how the mobile market developed in the 80s and 90s until the iPhone was released in 2007. That same year Western Union stopped sending telegraph messages.
The ideas for cellular phones were developed in the 1940s. However, it was not until the microprocessor becomes available that practical commercial solutions are possible.
Today there are more than 4.7 billion unique mobile phone subscriptions in the world and of them about 2 billion are smartphones. This device is so powerful that people check it over 40 times a day.
In this lecture we look mobile. We also look at the history of communication since the telegraph and how the moble market developed in the 80s and 90s until the iPhone was released in 2007. That same year Western Union stopped sending telegraph messages.
The ideas for cellular phones were developed in the 1940s. However, it was not until the microprocessor becomes available that practical commercial solutions are possible.
Today there are more than 4.7 billion unique mobile phone subscriptions in the world and of them about 2 bilion are smartphones. This device is so powerful that people check it over 40 times a day.
In this lecture we look mobile. We also look at the history of communication since the telegraph and how the moble market developed in the 80s and 90s until the iPhone was released in 2007. That same year Western Union stopped sending telegraph messages.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. HISTORY OF MOBILE PHONES
Two-way radios (known as mobile rigs) were
used in vehicle.
During the early 1940s, Motorola developed a
backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie
and later developed a large hand-held two-way
radio for the US military. This battery powered
"Handie-Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a
man's forearm.
Later radio telephony was introduced on a large
scale in German tanks during the Second World
War.
3. EARLY YEARS..
In 1910 Lars Magnus Ericsson installed a
telephone in his car, although this was not a radio
telephone. While travelling across the country, he
would stop at a place where telephone lines were
accessible and using a pair of long electric wires
he could connect to the national telephone
network.
1946 soviet engineers G. Shapiro and
I. Zaharchenko successfully tested their version of
a radio mobile phone mounted inside a car. The
device could connect to local telephone network
on a range up to 20 kilometers.
Contd…
4. EARLY YEARS..
In1945
The first mobile-radio-telephone service is
established in St. Louis, Miss. The system is
comprised of six channels that add up to 150
MHz. The project is approved by the FCC, but
due to massive interference, the equipment
barely works.
In 1947
AT&T comes out with the first radio-car-phones
that can be used only on the highway between
New York and Boston; they are known as push-
to-talk phones. The system operates at
frequencies of about 35 to 44 MHz, but once
again there is a massive amount of interference
in the system. AT&T declares the project a failure.
4
5. EARLY YEARS….
In 1973
Dr. Martin Cooper invents the first personal
handset while working for Motorola. He takes
his new invention, the Motorola Dyna-Tac., to
New York City and shows it to the public. His is
credited with being the first person to make a
call on a portable mobile-phone.
6. EARLY YEARS…….
Dr. Martin
Cooper of
Top of cellular Motorola, made
telephone tower the first US
analogue mobile
phone call on a
larger prototype
model in 1973.
7. PICTURE GALLRY
The First Mobile Phone: Motorola DynaTAC
8000X (1983)
Motorola's DynaTAC 8000X wasn't
commercially available until 1983, but its
beginnings can be tracked back to 1973 when
the company showed off a prototype of what
would become the world's first mobile phone.
The DynaTAC weighed almost a kilogram,
provided one hour of battery life and stored 30
phone numbers in its phonebook. The Motorola
DynaTAC is best known for bring used in the
1987 movie Wall Street, starring Michael
Douglas as corporate raider Gordon Gecko.
8. PICTURE
First Car Phone: Nokia Mobira Senator
(1982)
In the early 1980's, the mobile phone was
best known for its in-car use. Nokia's
Mobira Senator, released in 1982, was the
first of its kind. A car phone that weighed
almost 10 kilograms, the Nokia Mobira
Senator resembled a large radio rather
than a conventional mobile phone.
9. FIRST GSM PHONE: NOKIA 101 (1992)
First GSM Phone: Nokia 101 (1992)
Nokia's 101 was the world's first
commercially available GSM mobile
phone. Paving the way for future
"candy-bar" designs, the 101 had a
monochrome display, an extendable
antenna and a phonebook that could
store 99 phone numbers. It did
however lack Nokia's famous "Nokia
tune" ringtone — this wasn't
introduced until the next model in
1994.
10. EARLY YEARS….
In 1981
The FCC makes firm rules about the growing cell
phone industry in dealing with manufactures. It
finally rules that Western Electric can
manufacture products for both cellular and
terminal use. (Basically they admit that they put
the phone companies about 7 years behind)
In 1988
One of the most important years in cell phone
evolution. The Cellular Technology Industry
Association is created and helps to make the
industry into an empire. One of its biggest
contributions is when it helped create TDMA
phone technology, the most evolved cell phone
yet. It becomes available to the public in 1991. 10
11. TOUCH SCREEN: IBM SIMON PERSONAL
COMMUNICATOR (1993)
Touch Screen: IBM Simon
Personal Communicator
(1993)
The IBM Simon Personal
Communicator was one of the
first attempts at a
commercially viable
smartphone. A joint venture
between IBM and Bellsouth,
the Simon was only sold into
the US and was best known
for having no physical keys. It
used a touch screen and
optional stylus to perform the
majority of its functions, which
included dialling phone
numbers, sending faxes and
writing memos. It was priced
at $899 when it launched.
13. INTRODUCTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
First Generation (1G)
Analog system designed for voice only communication.
1G systems are almost extinct now,
Second Generation (2G)
Use GSM and IS-95 CDMA technologies
CDMA
Allows users to communicate with different codes
Still designed for voice communication
13
14. INTRODUCTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
2.5 and 2.75 Generation
General Packet Radio Service(GPRS )and
CDMA2000 (Phase 1) are belonged to 2.5 G
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE)
is belonged to 2.75G
As higher data rate is provided, allows some
data transmission
14
15. INTRODUCTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
Third Generation (3G)
Two 3G, Universal Mobile Telecommunication
system(UMTS )and CDMA-2000, are used.
UMTS is broadly deployed in Europe and
CDMA-2000 is being deployed in North
American and parts in Asia
Higher data transmission rate (up to 2Mbps)
which allows video conferencing
15
16. INTRODUCTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
Forth Generation (4G)
Combined the technologies of Wireless local
area network (will be introduced soon) and 3G
16
18. BASIC CONCEPT
Cellular system developed to provide mobile
telephony: telephone access “anytime, anywhere.”
First mobile telephone system was developed and
inaugurated in the U.S. in 1945 in St. Louis, MO.
This was a simplified version of the system used
today.
19. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
A base station provides coverage (communication
capabilities) to users on mobile phones within its
coverage area.
Users outside the coverage area receive/transmit
signals with too low amplitude for reliable
communications.
Users within the coverage area transmit and receive
signals from the base station.
The base station itself is connected to the wired
telephone network.
20. FIRST MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
One and only one
high power base
station with which all
users communicate.
Normal
Telephone Entire Coverage
System Area
Wired connection
21. CELLULAR GEOMETRIES
• The most common model used for wireless networks
is uniform hexagonal shape areas
– A base station with omni-directional antenna is placed in
the middle of the cell
d 3R
22. PROBLEM WITH ORIGINAL DESIGN
Original mobile telephone system could only support
a handful of users at a time…over an entire city!
With only one high power base station, users
phones also needed to be able to transmit at high
powers (to reliably transmit signals to the distant
base station).
Car phones were therefore much more feasible than
handheld phones, e.g., police car phones.
23. IMPROVED DESIGN
Over the next few decades, researchers at AT&T Bell
Labs developed the core ideas for today’s cellular
systems.
Although these core ideas existed since the 60’s, it was
not until the 80’s that electronic equipment became
available to realize a cellular system.
In the mid 80’s the first generation of cellular systems
was developed and deployed.
24. THE CORE IDEA: CELLULAR CONCEPT
The core idea that led to today’s system was the
cellular concept.
The cellular concept: multiple lower-power base
stations that service mobile users within their coverage
area and handoff users to neighboring base stations
as users move. Together base stations tessellate the
system coverage area.
25. CELLULAR CONCEPT
Thus, instead of one base station covering an entire
city, the city was broken up into cells, or smaller
coverage areas.
Each of these smaller coverage areas had its own
lower-power base station.
User phones in one cell communicate with the base
station in that cell.
26. 3 CORE PRINCIPLES
Small cells tessellate overall coverage area.
Users handoff as they move from one cell to another.
Frequency reuse.
27. SUMMARIZATION
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G
Speeds n/a <20Kbps 30Kbps to 144Kbps to 384Kbps to 100Mbps to
90Kbps 2Mbps 14.4Mbps 1Gbps
Features Analog Voice; SMS; MMS; Images; Full motion On-demand High-
(voice only) conference Web browsing; video; video; video quality
calls; caller ID; Short audio video streaming conferencing streaming
PTT clips; games; music; 3D video, HQ
apps; Ring tone gaming; faster video
downloads Web browsing conferencin
g; VOIP
telephony
Technology AMPS GSM CDMA GPRS 1xRTT UMTS 1xEV-DO HSPDA 1x-EV-DV WiMax
iDen EDGE
Time 1980 1990 – 1995 1995 – 2000 2000 – 2005 2005 + TBA
29. WHAT IS GSM ?
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second
generation cellular standard developed to
cater voice services and data delivery using
digital modulation
30. GSM: HISTORY
• Developed by Group Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an
initiative of CEPT ( Conference of European Post and
Telecommunication )
• Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
• Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special
mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards
Institute )
• Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990
• Under ETSI, GSM is named as “ Global System for Mobile
communication “
• Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
• More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscriber in
India.
31. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)
used in several wireless broadcast channels (cellular,
satellite, etc) standards
unique “code” assigned to each user; i.e., code set
partitioning
all users share same frequency, but each user has
own “chipping” sequence (i.e., code) to encode data
encoded signal = (original data) X (chipping sequence)
decoding: inner-product of encoded signal and
chipping sequence
allows multiple users to “coexist” and transmit
simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes are
“orthogonal”)
6-31
32. CDMA
THE MOST ADVANCED WIRELESS
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
1G
Analog
2G
Time Division
(TDMA & GSM)
3 – 7x Analog Capacity
3G
Code Division ..............
(CDMA2000®, WCDMA)
20 – 26x Analog Capacity
33. CDMA2000 BENEFITS FOR OPERATORS,
SUBSCRIBERS AND GOVERNMENTS
CDMA is a high-speed wireless data and
voice network solution for low-cost, easy to
deploy, high-performance services, that
address the needs of
governments, operators and subscribers
CDMA can support high volumes of voice traffic
and high-speed data traffic;
Contd.
34. .Contd
Instead of being limited to a narrow channel structure in a
given frequency, CDMA spreads signal across 1.25 MHz
of the spectrum, and simultaneously transmits unique,
digitally encoded and encrypted signals over the same
radio frequency (RF) carrier;
CDMA2000 technology can be configured for data and/or
voice, as well as for fixed or mobile services.
Due to its efficient use of the spectrum to provide
high-quality voice and high-speed data services,
CDMA can be utilized for fixed voice and data
services, delivering end-users the richness and
variety of the Internet with the quality and reliability of
the traditional phone network.
35. OFDM
Divides the spectrum into a number of equally spaced tones.
Each tone carries a portion of data.
A kind of FDMA, but each tone is orthogonal with every other
tone. Tones can overlap each other.
Example: 802.11a WLAN
36. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEMS
3G Wireless Systems are the new generation of
systems that offer high bandwidth and support
digital voice along with multimedia and global
roaming.
Globally, different systems are being used, so, to
migrate to globally acceptable systems, numerous
standardization activities were carried out and three
systems emerged: W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-
SCDMA
37. Applications Using 3G
Communication services Education
•Video telephony •Virtual schools
•Video conference •On-line science lab
•Personal location (GPS) •On-line library
•On-line language labs
•Training
38. Applications Using
3G…
Business services Finance services
• Mobile office •Virtual banking
•Narrowcast business TV •On-line billing
•Virtual workgroups •Universal USIM and credit card
•Expertise on tap
Entertainment
•Audio on demand
•Games
•Video clips
•Virtual sightseeing
39. 3G CONCLUSION
3G technologies promise to deliver a lot and are
slowly being put into effect.
We have already started seeing the early
features of 3G technologies being implemented
in our phones, i.e., the video phones in the
market.
It remains to be seen how much of the promised
features and applications are actually
implemented in today’s economy.
However, they have been slow in coming in.
Let’s see what the future holds…