Cellular networks operate using a cellular concept where coverage areas are divided into smaller geographical areas called cells. Each cell contains a base station that can communicate with mobile devices within its coverage area. As mobile users move between cells, calls are handed off between base stations to maintain coverage. Early cellular networks supported only voice calls while newer generations can also transmit data and enable features like texting, photos, and internet access. Cellular technology has advanced through multiple generations with higher data transmission capabilities.

1. CELLULAR NETWORKS
Guided By :- Mrs. Baljeet kaur Name:-Kumar Gaurav
(lecturer) Roll No:-26

2. HISTORY OF MOBILE PHONES
 Two-way radios (known as mobile rigs) were
used in vehicle.
 During the early 1940s, Motorola developed a
backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie
and later developed a large hand-held two-way
radio for the US military. This battery powered
"Handie-Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a
man's forearm.
 Later radio telephony was introduced on a large
scale in German tanks during the Second World
War.

3. EARLY YEARS..
 In 1910 Lars Magnus Ericsson installed a
telephone in his car, although this was not a radio
telephone. While travelling across the country, he
would stop at a place where telephone lines were
accessible and using a pair of long electric wires
he could connect to the national telephone
network.
 1946 soviet engineers G. Shapiro and
I. Zaharchenko successfully tested their version of
a radio mobile phone mounted inside a car. The
device could connect to local telephone network
on a range up to 20 kilometers.
Contd…

4. EARLY YEARS..
 In1945
 The first mobile-radio-telephone service is
established in St. Louis, Miss. The system is
comprised of six channels that add up to 150
MHz. The project is approved by the FCC, but
due to massive interference, the equipment
barely works.
 In 1947
 AT&T comes out with the first radio-car-phones
that can be used only on the highway between
New York and Boston; they are known as push-
to-talk phones. The system operates at
frequencies of about 35 to 44 MHz, but once
again there is a massive amount of interference
in the system. AT&T declares the project a failure.
4

5. EARLY YEARS….
 In 1973
 Dr. Martin Cooper invents the first personal
handset while working for Motorola. He takes
his new invention, the Motorola Dyna-Tac., to
New York City and shows it to the public. His is
credited with being the first person to make a
call on a portable mobile-phone.

6. EARLY YEARS…….
Dr. Martin
Cooper of
Top of cellular Motorola, made
telephone tower the first US
analogue mobile
phone call on a
larger prototype
model in 1973.

7. PICTURE GALLRY
The First Mobile Phone: Motorola DynaTAC
8000X (1983)
Motorola's DynaTAC 8000X wasn't
commercially available until 1983, but its
beginnings can be tracked back to 1973 when
the company showed off a prototype of what
would become the world's first mobile phone.
The DynaTAC weighed almost a kilogram,
provided one hour of battery life and stored 30
phone numbers in its phonebook. The Motorola
DynaTAC is best known for bring used in the
1987 movie Wall Street, starring Michael
Douglas as corporate raider Gordon Gecko.

8. PICTURE
First Car Phone: Nokia Mobira Senator
(1982)
In the early 1980's, the mobile phone was
best known for its in-car use. Nokia's
Mobira Senator, released in 1982, was the
first of its kind. A car phone that weighed
almost 10 kilograms, the Nokia Mobira
Senator resembled a large radio rather
than a conventional mobile phone.

9. FIRST GSM PHONE: NOKIA 101 (1992)
First GSM Phone: Nokia 101 (1992)
Nokia's 101 was the world's first
commercially available GSM mobile
phone. Paving the way for future
"candy-bar" designs, the 101 had a
monochrome display, an extendable
antenna and a phonebook that could
store 99 phone numbers. It did
however lack Nokia's famous "Nokia
tune" ringtone — this wasn't
introduced until the next model in
1994.

10. EARLY YEARS….
 In 1981
 The FCC makes firm rules about the growing cell
phone industry in dealing with manufactures. It
finally rules that Western Electric can
manufacture products for both cellular and
terminal use. (Basically they admit that they put
the phone companies about 7 years behind)
 In 1988
 One of the most important years in cell phone
evolution. The Cellular Technology Industry
Association is created and helps to make the
industry into an empire. One of its biggest
contributions is when it helped create TDMA
phone technology, the most evolved cell phone
yet. It becomes available to the public in 1991. 10

11. TOUCH SCREEN: IBM SIMON PERSONAL
COMMUNICATOR (1993)
Touch Screen: IBM Simon
Personal Communicator
(1993)
The IBM Simon Personal
Communicator was one of the
first attempts at a
commercially viable
smartphone. A joint venture
between IBM and Bellsouth,
the Simon was only sold into
the US and was best known
for having no physical keys. It
used a touch screen and
optional stylus to perform the
majority of its functions, which
included dialling phone
numbers, sending faxes and
writing memos. It was priced
at $899 when it launched.

12. GENERATIONS OF MOBILE PHONES

13. INTRODUCTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
 First Generation (1G)
 Analog system designed for voice only communication.
1G systems are almost extinct now,
 Second Generation (2G)
 Use GSM and IS-95 CDMA technologies
 CDMA
 Allows users to communicate with different codes
 Still designed for voice communication
13

14. INTRODUCTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
 2.5 and 2.75 Generation
 General Packet Radio Service(GPRS )and
CDMA2000 (Phase 1) are belonged to 2.5 G
 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE)
is belonged to 2.75G
 As higher data rate is provided, allows some
data transmission
14

15. INTRODUCTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
 Third Generation (3G)
 Two 3G, Universal Mobile Telecommunication
system(UMTS )and CDMA-2000, are used.
UMTS is broadly deployed in Europe and
CDMA-2000 is being deployed in North
American and parts in Asia
 Higher data transmission rate (up to 2Mbps)
which allows video conferencing
15

16. INTRODUCTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
 Forth Generation (4G)
 Combined the technologies of Wireless local
area network (will be introduced soon) and 3G
16

17. THE CELLULAR CONCEPT

18. BASIC CONCEPT
 Cellular system developed to provide mobile
telephony: telephone access “anytime, anywhere.”
 First mobile telephone system was developed and
inaugurated in the U.S. in 1945 in St. Louis, MO.
 This was a simplified version of the system used
today.

19. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
 A base station provides coverage (communication
capabilities) to users on mobile phones within its
coverage area.
 Users outside the coverage area receive/transmit
signals with too low amplitude for reliable
communications.
 Users within the coverage area transmit and receive
signals from the base station.
 The base station itself is connected to the wired
telephone network.

20. FIRST MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
One and only one
high power base
station with which all
users communicate.
Normal
Telephone Entire Coverage
System Area
Wired connection

21. CELLULAR GEOMETRIES
• The most common model used for wireless networks
is uniform hexagonal shape areas
– A base station with omni-directional antenna is placed in
the middle of the cell
d 3R

22. PROBLEM WITH ORIGINAL DESIGN
 Original mobile telephone system could only support
a handful of users at a time…over an entire city!
 With only one high power base station, users
phones also needed to be able to transmit at high
powers (to reliably transmit signals to the distant
base station).
 Car phones were therefore much more feasible than
handheld phones, e.g., police car phones.

23. IMPROVED DESIGN
 Over the next few decades, researchers at AT&T Bell
Labs developed the core ideas for today’s cellular
systems.
 Although these core ideas existed since the 60’s, it was
not until the 80’s that electronic equipment became
available to realize a cellular system.
 In the mid 80’s the first generation of cellular systems
was developed and deployed.

24. THE CORE IDEA: CELLULAR CONCEPT
 The core idea that led to today’s system was the
cellular concept.
 The cellular concept: multiple lower-power base
stations that service mobile users within their coverage
area and handoff users to neighboring base stations
as users move. Together base stations tessellate the
system coverage area.

25. CELLULAR CONCEPT
 Thus, instead of one base station covering an entire
city, the city was broken up into cells, or smaller
coverage areas.
 Each of these smaller coverage areas had its own
lower-power base station.
 User phones in one cell communicate with the base
station in that cell.

26. 3 CORE PRINCIPLES
 Small cells tessellate overall coverage area.
 Users handoff as they move from one cell to another.
 Frequency reuse.

27. SUMMARIZATION
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G
Speeds n/a <20Kbps 30Kbps to 144Kbps to 384Kbps to 100Mbps to
90Kbps 2Mbps 14.4Mbps 1Gbps
Features Analog Voice; SMS; MMS; Images; Full motion On-demand High-
(voice only) conference Web browsing; video; video; video quality
calls; caller ID; Short audio video streaming conferencing streaming
PTT clips; games; music; 3D video, HQ
apps; Ring tone gaming; faster video
downloads Web browsing conferencin
g; VOIP
telephony
Technology AMPS GSM CDMA GPRS 1xRTT UMTS 1xEV-DO HSPDA 1x-EV-DV WiMax
iDen EDGE
Time 1980 1990 – 1995 1995 – 2000 2000 – 2005 2005 + TBA

28. TECHNOLOGY USED IN CELLULAR
NETWORK

29. WHAT IS GSM ?
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second
generation cellular standard developed to
cater voice services and data delivery using
digital modulation

30. GSM: HISTORY
• Developed by Group Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an
initiative of CEPT ( Conference of European Post and
Telecommunication )
• Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
• Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special
mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards
Institute )
• Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990
• Under ETSI, GSM is named as “ Global System for Mobile
communication “
• Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
• More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscriber in
India.

31. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)
 used in several wireless broadcast channels (cellular,
satellite, etc) standards
 unique “code” assigned to each user; i.e., code set
partitioning
 all users share same frequency, but each user has
own “chipping” sequence (i.e., code) to encode data
 encoded signal = (original data) X (chipping sequence)
 decoding: inner-product of encoded signal and
chipping sequence
 allows multiple users to “coexist” and transmit
simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes are
“orthogonal”)
6-31

32. CDMA
THE MOST ADVANCED WIRELESS
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
1G
Analog
2G
Time Division
(TDMA & GSM)
3 – 7x Analog Capacity
3G
Code Division ..............
(CDMA2000®, WCDMA)
20 – 26x Analog Capacity

33. CDMA2000 BENEFITS FOR OPERATORS,
SUBSCRIBERS AND GOVERNMENTS
 CDMA is a high-speed wireless data and
voice network solution for low-cost, easy to
deploy, high-performance services, that
address the needs of
governments, operators and subscribers
 CDMA can support high volumes of voice traffic
and high-speed data traffic;
Contd.

34. .Contd
 Instead of being limited to a narrow channel structure in a
given frequency, CDMA spreads signal across 1.25 MHz
of the spectrum, and simultaneously transmits unique,
digitally encoded and encrypted signals over the same
radio frequency (RF) carrier;
 CDMA2000 technology can be configured for data and/or
voice, as well as for fixed or mobile services.
 Due to its efficient use of the spectrum to provide
high-quality voice and high-speed data services,
CDMA can be utilized for fixed voice and data
services, delivering end-users the richness and
variety of the Internet with the quality and reliability of
the traditional phone network.

35. OFDM
 Divides the spectrum into a number of equally spaced tones.
 Each tone carries a portion of data.
 A kind of FDMA, but each tone is orthogonal with every other
tone. Tones can overlap each other.
 Example: 802.11a WLAN

36. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEMS
 3G Wireless Systems are the new generation of
systems that offer high bandwidth and support
digital voice along with multimedia and global
roaming.
 Globally, different systems are being used, so, to
migrate to globally acceptable systems, numerous
standardization activities were carried out and three
systems emerged: W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-
SCDMA

37. Applications Using 3G
Communication services Education
•Video telephony •Virtual schools
•Video conference •On-line science lab
•Personal location (GPS) •On-line library
•On-line language labs
•Training

38. Applications Using
3G…
Business services Finance services
• Mobile office •Virtual banking
•Narrowcast business TV •On-line billing
•Virtual workgroups •Universal USIM and credit card
•Expertise on tap
Entertainment
•Audio on demand
•Games
•Video clips
•Virtual sightseeing

39. 3G CONCLUSION
 3G technologies promise to deliver a lot and are
slowly being put into effect.
 We have already started seeing the early
features of 3G technologies being implemented
in our phones, i.e., the video phones in the
market.
 It remains to be seen how much of the promised
features and applications are actually
implemented in today’s economy.
 However, they have been slow in coming in.
Let’s see what the future holds…

40. THANK YOU