Downloaded 34 times
More Related Content
Cells 2
- 1.
- 2. Cells have evolvedtwo different architectures: Prokaryote “style” Eukaryote “style”
- 3. Prokaryote cells are smallerand simpler Commonly known as bacteria 10-100 microns in size Single-celled(unicellular) or Filamentous (strings of single cells)
- 4. These are prokaryote E. colibacteria on the head of a steel pin.
- 5. Prokaryote cells aresimply built (example: E. coli) capsule: slimy outer coating cell wall: tougher middle layer cell membrane: delicate inner skin
- 6. Prokaryote cells aresimply built (example: E. coli) cytoplasm: inner liquid filling DNA in one big loop pilli: for sticking to things flagella: for swimming ribosomes: for building proteins
- 7. Prokaryote lifestyle unicellular: all alone colony:forms a film filamentous: forms a chain of cells
- 8. Prokaryote Feeding Photosynthetic: energyfrom sunlight Disease-causing: feed on living things Decomposers: feed on dead things
- 9. Eukaryotes are biggerand more complicated Have organelles Have chromosomes can be multicellular include animal and plant cells
- 10. Organelles are membrane-bound cell parts Mini“organs” that have unique structures and functions Located in cytoplasm
- 11. Cell Structures Cell membrane delicatelipid and protein skin around cytoplasm found in all cells
- 12. Nucleus a membrane-bound sac evolvedto store the cell’s chromosomes(DNA ) has pores: holes
- 13.
- 14. mitochondrion makes the cell’s energy themore energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has
- 15. Ribosomes build proteins from aminoacids in cytoplasm may be freefloating, or may be attached to ER made of RNA
- 16. Endoplasmic reticulum may be smooth: buildslipids and carbohydrates may be rough: stores proteins made by attached ribosomes
- 17. Golgi Complex takes insacs of raw material from ER sends out sacs containing finished cell products
- 18. Lysosomes sacs filled with digestiveenzymes digest worn out cell parts digest food absorbed by cell
- 19. Centrioles pair of bundled tubes organizecell division
- 20. Cytoskeleton made of microtubules found throughout cytoplasm givesshape to cell & moves organelles around inside.
- 21. Structures found inplant cells Cell wall very strong made of cellulose protects cell from rupturing glued to other cells next door
- 22. Vacuole huge waterfilled sac keepscell pressurized stores starch
- 23. Chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll turn solar energyinto food energy
- 24. How are plantand animal cells different?
- 25. Structure cell membrane nucleus nucleolus ribosomes ER Golgi centrioles cell wall mitochondria cholorplasts Onebig vacuole cytoskeleton Animal cells Yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes no no yes Plant cells yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes Yes
- 26. Eukaryote cells canbe multicellular The whole cell can be specialized for one job cells can work together as tissues Tissues can work together as organs
- 27. Advantages of eachkind of cell architecture Prokaryotes Eukaryotes simple and easy to grow can specialize fast reproduction multicellularity all the same can build large bodies
- 28. Examples of specialized euk.cells liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen.
- 29. sperm cell: specialized to deliverDNA to egg cell
- 30. Mesophyll cell specialized to capture asmuch light as possible inside a leaf
- 31. How do animalcells move? Some can crawl with pseudopods Some can swim with a flagellum Some can swim very fast with cilia
- 32. Pseudopods means “fake feet” extensionsof cell membrane example: ameoba
- 33. Flagellum/flagella large whiplike tail pushesor pulls cell through water can be single, or a pair
- 34. Cilia fine, hairlike extensions attached tocell membrane beat in unison
- 35. How did organellesevolve? many scientists theorize that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryote ancestors. in 1981, Lynn Margulis popularized the “endosymbiont theory.”
- 36. Endosymbiont theory: a prokaryoteancestor “eats” a smaller prokaryote the smaller prokaryote evolves a way to avoid being digested, and lives inside its new “host” cell kind of like a pet.
- 37. Endo = inside Symbiont= friend
- 38. the small prokaryotesthat can do photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts, and “pay” their host with glucose. The smaller prokaryotes that can do aerobic respiration evolve into mitochondria, and convert the glucose into energy the cell can use. Both the host and the symbiont benefit from the relationship
- 39. Chlorella are tiny greencells that live inside some amoeba... endosymbiosis may still be evolving today!
- 40.
- 41. Objectives: 1. Discuss the keydifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 42. Objectives: 1. Discuss the keydifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 43. 1 Features All CellsShare Hereditary info stored in DNA Proteins are used as catalysts DNA replication occurs through templated polymerization Hereditary info transcribed into RNA RNA translated into protein Later we will discuss these things in greater detail
- 44. From DNA toProtein (Why is this eukaryotic?)
- 45. 1 Prokaryotic cells: No membranebound organelles Simple genome organization Genes usually do not have introns Between 500 and 4000 genes M. genitalium has 477 genes Great degree of diversity Unicellular
- 46. 1 Eukaryotic cells All organellesare membrane-bound Complex genome organization Large genome size Between 6,000 and 30,000 genes Genes have introns Where is the genetic diversity? Large amount of regulatory DNA To control gene expression High degree of genetic redundancy Unicellular or multicellular
- 47.
- 48. Objectives: 1. Discuss the keydifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 49. 1 and 2 Generaleukaryotic cell
- 50. Objectives: 1. Discuss the keydifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 51. 3 Cells can bepowered by different energy sources I eat other living things! Organotrophic Animals Protists etc. I need a tan? Phototrohpic Bacteria Plants Algae I eat dirt? Lithotropic Arcaebacteria
- 52. Objectives: 1. Discuss the keydifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 53. 4 Eukaryotic cell mayhave been predators The primordial eukaryotic cell may have survived by eating other cells This would require: A large cell A flexible membrane An elaborate cytoskeleton Protected DNA (in an organelle, which one?)
- 54. 4 Dinidium is acilliated protozoan Lunch! He looks hungry
- 55.
- 56.
- 57.
- 58. Objectives: 1. Discuss the keydifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 59. 5 Genome organization in Prok.and Euk. Prokaryotes Circular DNA mtDNA very similar Eukaryotes Linear DNA nuclear DNA
- 60.
- 61. 5 Eukaryotic DNA DNA packagedin a chromosome Linear DNA Associated proteins More details later
- 62. Objectives: 1. Discuss the keydifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 63. 6 Ways to generatenew genes from preexisting genes Intragenic mutation Simply a mutation in the sequence Gene duplication Whole gene is just recopied into different part of the genome DNA segment shuffling Similar genes may exchange segments Horizontal transfer Cell to cell transfer of genetic material e.g. Plasmids ancient mitochondrial genes Viruses Sex
- 64. 6 Gene Families Created bygeneration of different genes from a precursor Speciation results in orthologous genes An organismal phylogeny is produced Gene duplication can result in paralogous genes A gene phylogeny is produced
- 65. Objectives: 1. Discuss the keydifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 66. 7 The human genomeis complex: Partly because of duplications
- 67.
- 68.
- 69.