The document describes several key organelles in plant and animal cells. It defines the nucleus as the "brain" of the cell that controls cellular activities. It also describes the nucleolus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi body, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes. Each organelle is defined in one to three sentences explaining its structure and main function.

1. Nucleus Endoplasmic Vacuole
reticulum
Nucleolus Mitochondria Cell Wall
Cytoplasm Golgi Body Chloroplast
Cell Lysosome Ribsomes
membrane
1

2. Nucleus
The “brain” of the cell
Controls all of the
cellular activities
DNA is inside the nucleus
2

3. Nucleus
CHROMOSOMES- are found inside
the nucleus
carry the information that
Chromosomes – determines what traits a
living thing will have
3

4. NUCLEOLUS
The dark area in
the nucleus
Like a tiny
nucleus inside the
nucleus.
4

5. CYTOPLASM
Cytoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane &
outside of the nucleus except the cell’s nucleus
cytoplasm
5

6. CELL MEMBRANE
 holds the cell together
 keeps all of the pieces (like the organelles
and the cytoplasm) inside the cell
 controls what goes in and out of the cell
Example: like a big plastic bag with
tiny holes in it
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7. Endoplasmic Reticulum
 known as the “ER”
 it is an organelle inside the cell that is
made up of membranes that are in the
CYTOPLASM of the cell
There are two different
Smooth ER
Rough ER
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8. Smooth ER
 Main function is to collect, maintain &
transport things
 Shaped slightly tubular
 Creates steroids
 Stores Ions for the cell to keep nutrients
balanced 8

9. Rough ER
It has bumps all over it giving it a “rough”
appearance
Bumps are called RIBOSOMES
ER collects the proteins (built by the
ribosomes) and creates a bubble around them
 VESICLE- is formed when the ER pinches
off a part of its membrane 9

10. 10

11. Mitochondria
 Mito = Mighty / Power
 The Power-House of the cell
 They break down food molecules so the
cell has the energy to live
 If a cell needs a lot of energy…it will have
more mitochondria (some could have 200 or
more)
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12. MATRIX: a fluid
that has water
and proteins all
mixed together
(like a solution)
•The proteins
take the food
molecules in and
combine them
with Oxygen to
release the
energy 12

13. GOLGI BODY
•Also called the Golgi Complex
•It is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs
…like a loose stack of pancakes
WHAT DOES IT DO?
1) it takes simple molecules and combines them to
make larger molecules.
2) takes those larger molecules and puts them
into packs called GOLGI VESICLES
13

14. Think about building a model of a ship (that's the
molecule). Then take that model and put it in a
bottle (that's the vesicle).
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15. LYSOSOMES (primarily animal)
•They combine with the food taken in by the cell
•The enzymes in the lysosome bond to food &
digest it (acidic interior)
• Next…smaller molecules are released which
are absorbed by the mitochondria
15

16. LYSOSOMES
• When an organelle no longer works, the
lysosome will attach itself to it and break it
down like food (kind of like a cannibal)
– Chemicals can then be reabsorbed or
excreted
• Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it
breaks open accidentally
– “Suicide Sacs”
– UV light damages lysosome membrane
• The enzymes inside the lysosome spread
throughout the cell and digest it 16

17. LYSOSOMES
17

18. VACUOLE
• Vacuoles are “bubbles” that float in the
cell
• Vacuoles are more important to the
survival of plant cells than they are to
animal cells
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19. VACUOLE: STORAGE IN PLANT CELLS
• Vacuoles in plants support structure
• Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell might
need…like a backpack
• There are some vacuoles that hold onto waste
products, similar to having a big septic tank
• Storing waste products protects the cell from
contamination
19

20. You will know that a plant's vacuoles are
shrinking when you see the plant begin to
droop over
HOLDING UP THE WALLS
20

21. Turgor Pressure- force exerted by the water
entering (osmosis) the vacuole, which then
swells exerting internal force on the cell wall
•Causes “rigidity” so the plant my increase
by stacking cells 21

22. Chloroplast
•the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic
cells
•disk-like structures
•composed of a single membrane
•surrounding a fluid containing stacks of
membranous disks
22

23. Chloroplast
•photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplast
the process in which plant use
Photosynthesis- water, carbon dioxide, and energy
form the sun to make food
23

24. •SOLAR energy
radiated from the Chloroplast
sun is captured by
plants(chloroplast)
•Then it is
instantaneously
changed into
ELECTRICAL
energy
•Then packaged as
CHEMICAL energy
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25. Ribosomes
•small dot-like structures in cells
•they are often associated with forming
rough ER
•Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
in cells
•they are made in the nucleus of the cell
•A ribosome can make the average protein in
about one minute 25

26. Types of Ribosomes
•There are two kinds of ribosomes
1) Attached to the rough ER
2) floating in the cell cytoplasm
•Attached ribosomes make proteins that are
used in the ER or transported within the ER
•Free ribosomes make proteins that are used
in the cytoplasm
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27. 27

28. 1. Which organelle is known as the “Brain” of the cell?
2. If you look at a picture of a cell, how would you
recognize the nucleolus?
3. List the 3 main jobs of the cell membrane
4. Explain why the cell membrane has tiny holes made
of protein in it (think of the gate).
5. The term hydro means _________.
A. If something is hydrophobic it is _________
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B. If something is hydrophilic it is __________

29. 1. Which organelle is known as the Power House” of
the cell?
2. The mitochondria of a cell share the same job as
the __________ (hint- an organ) in the human body.
3. Explain how you could distinguish the rough ER
from the smooth ER.
4. What is the main job of the smooth ER?
5. What type of reactions occur on the inner
membrane of the mitochondria? (produces energy)
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30. 1. What is the main function of a lysosome?
2. What happens if a lysosome breaks open?
3. Explain the difference between cytoplasm and
protoplasm. (draw a diagram if it will help you)
4. Why are vacuoles important to PLANTS?
5. Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis?
6. What are the three main ingredients for
photosynthesis?
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