This document describes different patterns of tissue necrosis:
- Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture for days as cells remain intact due to blocked proteolysis, eventually being removed by phagocytosis. It can result from ischemia.
- Liquefactive necrosis transforms tissue into a liquid mass as cells are digested. It is seen with infections.
- Specific types include caseous necrosis in tuberculosis, fat necrosis affecting fatty tissues, and fibrinoid necrosis in immune reactions of blood vessels.
Cell death, particularly apoptosis, is probably one of the
most widely-studied subjects among cell biologists.
Understanding apoptosis in disease conditions is very
important as it not only gives insights into the pathogenesis
of a disease but may also leaves clues on how
the disease can be treated. In cancer, there is a loss of
balance between cell division and cell death and cells
that should have died did not receive the signals to do
so. The problem can arise in any one step along the way
of apoptosis.Apoptosis is an ordered and orchestrated cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions.
It is also one of the most studied topics among cell biologists. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of
apoptosis is important as it plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In some, the problem is due
to too much apoptosis, such as in the case of degenerative diseases while in others, too little apoptosis is the
culprit. Cancer is one of the scenarios where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will not
die. The mechanism of apoptosis is complex and involves many pathways. Defects can occur at any point along
these pathways, leading to malignant transformation of the affected cells, tumour metastasis and resistance to
anticancer drugs. Despite being the cause of problem, apoptosis plays an important role in the treatment of
cancer as it is a popular target of many treatment strategies. The abundance of literature suggests that targeting
apoptosis in cancer is feasible. However, many troubling questions arise with the use of new drugs or treatment
strategies that are designed to enhance apoptosis and critical tests must be passed before they can be used safely
in human subjects.. It is used,
in contrast to necrosis, to describe the situation in
which a cell actively pursues a course toward death
upon receiving certain stimule
Apoptosis is a
-pathway of cell death that is
-induced by an internally regulated program
-in which cells destined to die activate intrinsic enzymes that --degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and also nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins
-With minimal host reaction.
Content-
1. Background
2. Introduction
3. Difference between apoptosis and necrosis
4. Apoptosis in biologic processes
5. Apoptosis in pathologic processes
6. Morphologic features
7. Techniques to identify and count apoptotic cells
8. Biochemical changes
9. Molecular mechanism of apoptosis
10. Recent advancement and emerging trends in apoptosis
11. References
Apoptosis is an orderly process in which the cell's contents are packaged into small packets of membrane for “garbage collection” by immune cells. Apoptosis removes cells during development, eliminates potentially cancerous and virus-infected cells, and maintains balance in the body.
Cell death, particularly apoptosis, is probably one of the
most widely-studied subjects among cell biologists.
Understanding apoptosis in disease conditions is very
important as it not only gives insights into the pathogenesis
of a disease but may also leaves clues on how
the disease can be treated. In cancer, there is a loss of
balance between cell division and cell death and cells
that should have died did not receive the signals to do
so. The problem can arise in any one step along the way
of apoptosis.Apoptosis is an ordered and orchestrated cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions.
It is also one of the most studied topics among cell biologists. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of
apoptosis is important as it plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In some, the problem is due
to too much apoptosis, such as in the case of degenerative diseases while in others, too little apoptosis is the
culprit. Cancer is one of the scenarios where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will not
die. The mechanism of apoptosis is complex and involves many pathways. Defects can occur at any point along
these pathways, leading to malignant transformation of the affected cells, tumour metastasis and resistance to
anticancer drugs. Despite being the cause of problem, apoptosis plays an important role in the treatment of
cancer as it is a popular target of many treatment strategies. The abundance of literature suggests that targeting
apoptosis in cancer is feasible. However, many troubling questions arise with the use of new drugs or treatment
strategies that are designed to enhance apoptosis and critical tests must be passed before they can be used safely
in human subjects.. It is used,
in contrast to necrosis, to describe the situation in
which a cell actively pursues a course toward death
upon receiving certain stimule
Apoptosis is a
-pathway of cell death that is
-induced by an internally regulated program
-in which cells destined to die activate intrinsic enzymes that --degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and also nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins
-With minimal host reaction.
Content-
1. Background
2. Introduction
3. Difference between apoptosis and necrosis
4. Apoptosis in biologic processes
5. Apoptosis in pathologic processes
6. Morphologic features
7. Techniques to identify and count apoptotic cells
8. Biochemical changes
9. Molecular mechanism of apoptosis
10. Recent advancement and emerging trends in apoptosis
11. References
Apoptosis is an orderly process in which the cell's contents are packaged into small packets of membrane for “garbage collection” by immune cells. Apoptosis removes cells during development, eliminates potentially cancerous and virus-infected cells, and maintains balance in the body.
Difference between Apoptosis versus Necrosis and Types of Necrosis.pptxRukhshanda Ramzaan
Apoptosis Versus Nercosis
Apoptosis Necrosis
Predefined cell suicide or programmed cell death. Natural physiological Process. Involve one cell at a time. Cell shrinkage (Dense eosinophilic cytoplasm) Pyknosis (Condensation) and Karyorrhexis (fragmentation) of nuclear material Formation of membrane blebs and apoptotic bodies
Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by Macrophages
Caspase dependent pathway
No Inflammation (no immune response) Premature, unprogrammed cell death always pathological. Involve many cells Cell Swelling (Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria) and membrane blebs Pyknosis (condensation), Karyorrhexis (Fragmentation) and Karyolysis (lysis)of the nucleus. Breakdown of the plasma membrane, organelles (enzymatic digestion), leakage of cellular contents
Increased eosinophilia, Accumulation of Myelin figures (whorled precipitated Phospholipids)
Initiate Inflammation (Strong immune response)
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Cell injury< Necrosis
1.
2.
3.
4. Patterns of Tissue Necrosis
• When large numbers of cells
die the tissue or organ is
said to be necrotic
• thus, a myocardial infarct is
necrosis of a portion of the
heart caused by death of
many myocardial cells.
5. Patterns of Tissue Necrosis
Necrosis of tissues has several
morphologically distinct
patterns, which are important to
recognize because they may
provide clues about the
underlying cause.
6. Coagulative necrosis
• Form of necrosis in which the
architecture
• of dead tissues is preserved for a
span of at least some days .
• The affected tissues exhibit a firm
texture.
• Presumably, the injury denatures
not only structural proteins
•
7. • but also enzymes and so blocks the
proteolysis of the dead cells;
• as a result,eosinophilic,anucleate
cells may persist for days or weeks.
• Ultimately the necrotic cells are
removed by phagocytosis of the
cellular debris by infiltrating
leukocytes and
•
8. • by digestion of the dead cells by the
action of lysosomal enzymes of the
leukocytes.
• Ischemia caused by obstruction in a
vessel may lead to coagulative necrosis
of the supplied tissue in all organs
except the brain.
• A localized area of coagulative necrosis
is called an infarct.
14. Liquefactive necrosis
• In contrast to coagulative necrosis, it is
characterized by digestion of the dead cells,
resulting in
• transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous
mass. It is seen
• in focal bacterial or, occasionally, fungal infections,
because
• microbes stimulate the accumulation of leukocytes
and the liberation of enzymes from these cells.
15. Liquefactive necrosis
• The necrotic material is
• frequently creamy yellow because of the
presence of dead
• leukocytes and is called pus.
• For unknown reasons, hypoxic
• death of cells within the central nervous
system often manifests
• as liquefactive necrosis
16.
17.
18. Gangrenous necrosis
• is not a specific pattern of cell death,
• but the term is commonly used in
clinical practice.
• It is usually applied to a limb,
generally the lower leg, that has lost
its blood supply and has undergone
necrosis (typically coagulative
necrosis).
19. Gangrenous necrosis
• When bacterial infection is superimposed
there is more liquefactive necrosis
• because of the actions of degradative
enzymes in the bacteria
• and the attracted leukocytes (giving rise to
so-called wet gangrene).
20.
21. Caseous necrosis
• Most often in foci of tuberculous infection
• The term “caseous” (cheese like)is derived from
the friable white appearance of the area of
necrosis
• On microscopic examination, the necrotic area
appears as a structureless collection of
fragmented or lysed cells and amorphous
granular debris enclosed within a distinctive
inflammatory border; this appearance is
• characteristic of a focus of inflammation known
as a granuloma
22.
23.
24. Fat necrosis
• Refers to focal areas of fat destruction,
typically resulting from release of
activated pancreatic lipases into the
substance of the pancreas and the
peritoneal cavity.
• In this disorder pancreatic enzymes
leak out of acinar cells and liquefy the
membranes of fat cells in the
peritoneum.
25. Fat necrosis
• The released lipases split the
triglyceride esters contained within fat
cells.
• The fatty acids, so derived, combine
with calcium to produce grossly visible
chalky-white areas (fat saponification
26. Fat necrosis. The
areas of white chalky
deposits represent
foci of fat necrosis
with calcium soap
formation
(saponification) at
sites of lipid
break down in the
mesentery.
27. Fibrinoid necrosis
is a special form of necrosis usually
seen in immune reactions involving
blood vessels. This pattern of
necrosis typically occurs when
complexes of antigens and antibodies
are deposited in the walls of arteries
28. Fibrinoid necrosis
• Deposits of these “immune
complexes,” together with fibrin that
has leaked out of vessels, result in a
bright pink and amorphous
appearance in H&E stains, called
“fibrinoid” (fibrin-like)
29. Fibrinoid necrosis in
an artery. The wall of
the artery shows a
circumferential
bright pink area of
necrosis with
inflammation
(neutrophils with
dark nuclei).
30. • A coronary angiogram of 53 years old male reveals
>90% occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. In
this setting, an irreversible injury to myocardial fibers
will have occurred.which of the following cellular
changes occurs?
• A Glycogen stores are depleted
• B Cytoplasmic sodium increases
• C Nuclei undergo karyorrhexis T
• D Intracellular pH diminishes
• E Blebs form on cell membranes
32. • A 10-year-old black man with a known history
of sickle cell disease presents to the emergency
department complaining of left upper quadrant
pain suggestive of a splenic infarct. Microscopic
examination of the spleen would most likely
reveal
• A. Caseous necrosis
• B. Coagulative necrosis
• C. Fibrinoid necrosis
• D. Gangrenous necrosis
• E. Liquefactive necrosis
34. • A circumscribed mass of light yellow
crumbly to pasty material associated
microscopically with a macrophage
response is characteristic of
• A. Caseous necrosis
• B. Coagulative necrosis
• C. Fibrinoid necrosis
• D. Gangrenous necrosis