Genome organization refers to the sequential arrangement of genes within an organism. The genome consists of DNA packaged into chromosomes, which contain genes that code for proteins and RNA. Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. The human genome project mapped the entire human genome sequence to further understand gene function and human health. Genome sequencing and mapping are important for disease diagnosis, drug development, and other medical applications.
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
This presentation provide knowledge about Gene Expression & its regulation in brief.
i hope it gives some information about gene expression in your academic time.
In this presentation mentioned - Lac Operon and its expressor.
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
This presentation provide knowledge about Gene Expression & its regulation in brief.
i hope it gives some information about gene expression in your academic time.
In this presentation mentioned - Lac Operon and its expressor.
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
The first genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995.
The E. coli genome was completely sequenced in 1997.
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (12.8 x 106 bp) and worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) genomes were the first eukaryotic genomes to be sequenced in 1999.
Genomes of Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced in 2000.
Applications of genomics and proteomics pptIbad khan
Applications of genomics and proteomics ppt
genomics and proteomics ppt
in the field of health genomics and proteomics ppt
oncology ppt
biomedical application of genomics and proteomics ppt
agriculture application of genomics and proteomics ppt
proteomics in agriculture ppt
diagnosis of infectious disease ppt
personalized medicine ppt
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
The first genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995.
The E. coli genome was completely sequenced in 1997.
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (12.8 x 106 bp) and worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) genomes were the first eukaryotic genomes to be sequenced in 1999.
Genomes of Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced in 2000.
Applications of genomics and proteomics pptIbad khan
Applications of genomics and proteomics ppt
genomics and proteomics ppt
in the field of health genomics and proteomics ppt
oncology ppt
biomedical application of genomics and proteomics ppt
agriculture application of genomics and proteomics ppt
proteomics in agriculture ppt
diagnosis of infectious disease ppt
personalized medicine ppt
What is bioinformatics?
About human genome
Human genome project
Aim of human genome project
History
Sequencing Strategy
Benefits of Human Genome Project research
Disadvantages of human genome project
Conclusion
References
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Main objectives Human Genome Project (HGP)
Goals for the HGP
Medical Implications
Applications of HGP
Timeline of HGP
Technical aspects in HGP
Mapping strategies
Sequencing strategies
. Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method
Outcomes of HGP
A crisp and precise presentaion on Human genome project which will help you in your studies.
For original ppt file, contact me at :
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this is done by me and my team mates of Wayamba University Sri Lanka for our project.From now we decided to allow download this file.I would be greatful if you could send your comments..
And I'm willing to help you in similar works.I'm in final year of my degree(.BSc Biotechnology)..
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Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of ha.pdfarenamobiles123
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of having the human genome
deciphered. Write several paragraphs.
Solution
The history of the human race has been filled with curiosity and discovery about our abilities and
limitations. As an egotistical creature with a seemingly unstoppable desire for new
accomplishments, we attempt feats with emotion and tenacity. People worldwide raced to be the
first to discover the secrets and the ability of flight. Enormous amounts of monies were spent on
sending people into space and the race to land on the moon. With the rapid growth of scientific
knowledge and experimental methods, humans have begun to unravel and challenge another
mystery, the discovery of the entire genetic make-up of the human body.
This endeavor, the Human Genome Project (HGP), has created hopes and expectations about
better health care. It has also brought forth serious social issues. To understand the potential
positive and negative issues, we must first understand the history and technical aspects of the
HGP.
History of the Human Genome Project
The HGP has an ultimate goal of identifying and locating the positions of all genes in the human
body. A researcher named Renato Dulbecco first suggested the idea of such a project while the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was also considering the same project because issues related
to radiation and chemical exposure were being raised. Military and civilian populations were
being exposed to radiation and possible carcinogenic chemicals through atomic testing, the use
of Agent Orange in Vietnam, and possible nuclear power facility accidents. Genetic knowledge
was needed to determine the resiliency of the human genome.
Worldwide discussion about a HGP began in 1985. In 1986, the DOE announced its\' Human
Genome Initiative which emphasized the development of resources and technologies for genome
mapping, sequencing, computation, and infrastructure support that would lead to the entire
human genome map. United States involvement began in October 1990 and was coordinated by
the DOE and the National Institute of Health (NIH). With an estimated cost of 3 billion dollars,
sources of funding also include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute (HHMI). Because of the involvement of the NIH, DOE, and NSF who receive
U.S. Congressional funding, the HGP is partly funded through federal tax dollars. Expected to
last 15 years, technological advancements have accelerated the expected date of completion to
the year 2003. This completion date would coincide with the 50th anniversary of Watson and
Crick\'s description of the structure of DNA molecule.
Human Genome Project Goals
The specific goals of the HGP are to::
Technical Aspects of the HGP
Mapping Strategies
To sequence the human genome, maps are needed. Physical maps are a series of overlapping
pieces of DNA isolated in bacteria. Physical maps are used to describe the DNA\'s chemical
characteristics..
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
5. Chromosome
• The term was coined by German scientists Schleiden, Virchow,
Butschli .
• The DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures known
as chromosomes.
• Each chromosome has a constriction point called the centromere,
which divides the chromosome into two sections or arms. The
short arm of the chromosome is labeled the ‘P’ arm and the long
arm of the chromosome is labeled as the ‘Q’.
• Human chromosomes divided into two types: Autosomes and
allosome, human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46
chromosomes in total.
5
6. Chromosome numbers in different organisms
46
8
42
78
Human Fruit fly
Monkey
Chicken
6
38
Cat
8. Gene
• Term was introduced by Danish Botanist, Wilhelm Johannsen
in 1905.
• Gene is the sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a
molecule and it is the basic physical and functional unit of
heredity.
• Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called
proteins.
• Majority of organisms encode their genes in long strand of
DNA.
8
9. Organization of gene
• Exons: Exons are the portion of gene sequence that codes for
amino acids.
• Introns: Introns are the non-coding sequence which separate
the coding sequence.
• TATA box: It directs important enzymes to the correct
initiation site for transcription and present in the promoter
region.
• Termination codon: The end of translation is signified by a
termination codon.
9
10. Gene expression
Gene expression is the process in which the instructions in our
DNA are converted into a functional product, such as a protein.
10
Gene expression
Specific information
mRNADNA Protein
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
(In nucleus) (In Cytoplasm)
12. The Central Dogma
• The Central Dogma is an explanation
of the flow of genetic information
within a biological system. It stated
that DNA makes RNA and RNA
makes Protein.
• It was first stated by Francis Crick
1958 which states that once
“information” has passed into
protein it cannot get out again.
12
13. Genome
• A genome is the complete set of genetic information in an
organism. It provides all of the information the organism
requires to function. It consists complete set of DNA, including all
of its genes.
• The term genome was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler. The
name genome is the blend of the words gene and chromosome.
• The genome size is the total amount of DNA contained within one
copy of a single genome.
13
14. Genomics
• Term Genomic was coined by Thomas H. Roderick in 1986.
• Genomic is the branch of molecular biology concerned with
the structure, function, evolution and mapping of genome
and sequences.
14
15. Gene mapping
• Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus
of a gene and the distances between genes.
• The essence of all genome mapping is to place a collection of
molecular markers onto their respective positions on the
genome.
It is of two types:
Genetic mapping
Physical mapping
15
16. Gene mapping
Genetic mapping Physical mapping
16
Arrangement of genes and
genetic markers on a
chromosome.
Genetic markers are RFLP,
VNTR etc.
Provide physical distance
between the gens located on a
chromosome.
18. Why genome mapping is important
• Gene map is the anatomy of human genome. It is a prerequisite to
understand functioning of human genome.
• Helps in analysis of the heterogeneity and segregation of human
genetic diseases.
• Helps to develop methods for gene therapy.
• Provides clinically useful information about linkage.
18
19. Gene sequencing
19
• It is the process of determining the precise order
of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It includes any method or
technology that is used to determine the order of the four
bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
• This sequencing was first proposed by Frederick Sanger in 1975,
by chain termination method or by dideoxy sequencing.
• Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed the DNA sequencing
method by chemical modification in 1976.
21. Why gene sequencing is important
• Genome sequencing is important to obtain a blue print where
DNA directs all the instruction needed for cell development and
function.
• To study gene expression in human tissue, organ.
• DNA underlines almost every aspect of human health, both in
function and dysfunction.
• To study the human variations etc.
21
22. Human genome project
• Human Genome Project was an international scientific research
project with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide
base pairs that make up human DNA, and identifying and
mapping all of the genes of the human genome.
• It was created by US government ( The Department of Energy).
• There are 3 billion base pairs present in human genome.
• Cost to sequence the first human genome was about $ 3 billion.
• And it took around 13 years to sequence the first human genome
( from 2000 – 2013 ).
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23. Applications
• Improved diagnosis of disease.
• Earlier detection of predispositions to disease.
• Rational drug design.
• Gene therapy and control systems for drugs.
• Organ Replacement.
• Also useful in DNA forensics to identify potential suspects at
crime scenes etc.
23
24. References
• Markus N; “Definition of historical models of gene and their
relation to students’ understanding of genetics”; “Science and
education”; 5 December 2006; 16(8): 849-881.
• Barnett L, Breoner S; “General nature of the genetic code for
proteins” ; “Nature”; 1961; 192: 1227- 32.
• Woodson S A; “Ironing out the kinks: splicing and translation in
bacteria”; “Genes and development”; may 1998; 12(9) : 1243-7.
• Albert B, Johnson A; “Molecular biology of the cell”; “Garland”;
14 July 2014; 6th edition.
• Brosius J; “The fragmented gene”; “Annals of New York academy
of science”; 2009: 186-193.
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