This includes what is Quantum Dots and their properties ,types of synthesis methods of nano materials such as top down, bottom up etc.It includes few things about Carbon Quantum Dots.
This includes what is Quantum Dots and their properties ,types of synthesis methods of nano materials such as top down, bottom up etc.It includes few things about Carbon Quantum Dots.
Since the Nobel prize for Physics was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”, the eyes of the scientific world have been focused on this so-called miracle material.
Carbon Nanotubes(CNTs) | Characterisation and Purification methodsNitesh Sharma
Carbon nanotubes are one of the emerging materials developed in recent two decades. This report summarises the information of carbon nanotubes with their various synthesis techniques to produce CNTs. Different structures have been discussed like single-shell tubes, multi-shell tubes, bundles and cones. Notable state of the art characterization techniques like SEM, TEM, Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, EDS, EDX, HRTEM has been also briefly discussed to study their structure- property correlation in this candidate material. Properties such as low dimensability, high surface-to-volume ratio is observed in carbon nanotubes. Unique mechanical, optical, electrical and electrochemical properties for carbon nanotubes are elaborately discussed here. Carbon nanotubes are advanced materials having tubular structure with nanometre diameter and large length/diameter ratio. Other properties such as density, stability is important for CNTs. Finally, prospects for carbon nanotubes are considered for carbon nanotubes.
Just basics of mesoporous materials!!The Break through came around 1992 by both Japanese and Mobil scientist on the soft template based synthesis of mesoporous materials
This presentation contains a basic introduction to quantum dots,their discovery, properties, applications,advantages,limitations and future prospects.It also contains a brief overview of experimental work carried out and results obtained during my summer term project.
Since the Nobel prize for Physics was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”, the eyes of the scientific world have been focused on this so-called miracle material.
Carbon Nanotubes(CNTs) | Characterisation and Purification methodsNitesh Sharma
Carbon nanotubes are one of the emerging materials developed in recent two decades. This report summarises the information of carbon nanotubes with their various synthesis techniques to produce CNTs. Different structures have been discussed like single-shell tubes, multi-shell tubes, bundles and cones. Notable state of the art characterization techniques like SEM, TEM, Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, EDS, EDX, HRTEM has been also briefly discussed to study their structure- property correlation in this candidate material. Properties such as low dimensability, high surface-to-volume ratio is observed in carbon nanotubes. Unique mechanical, optical, electrical and electrochemical properties for carbon nanotubes are elaborately discussed here. Carbon nanotubes are advanced materials having tubular structure with nanometre diameter and large length/diameter ratio. Other properties such as density, stability is important for CNTs. Finally, prospects for carbon nanotubes are considered for carbon nanotubes.
Just basics of mesoporous materials!!The Break through came around 1992 by both Japanese and Mobil scientist on the soft template based synthesis of mesoporous materials
This presentation contains a basic introduction to quantum dots,their discovery, properties, applications,advantages,limitations and future prospects.It also contains a brief overview of experimental work carried out and results obtained during my summer term project.
In-vitro biological activities of the free new H4L ( indole-7-thiocarbohydrazone) ligand and its Ni(II), Pd(II) , Pt(II),
Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes are screened against two cancerous cell lines, that revealed significant
activity only for [Cu2Cl2(H4L)2(PPh3)2] after 72 h treatment by the highest tested concentrations. The Copper(I)
complex was characterized by X-ray Crystallography and the NMR spectra, whereas it has been confirmed to have
momentous cytotoxicity against ovarian, breast cancerous cell lines (Caov-3, MCF-7). The apoptosis-inducing
properties of the Cu(I) complex have been investigated through fluorescence microscopy visualization, DNA
fragmentation analysis and propidium iodide flow cytometry.
Anticancer Activity of New Di-Nuclear Copper (I) ComplexTaghreed Al-Noor
In-vitro biological activities of the free new H4L ( indole-7-thiocarbohydrazone) ligand and its Ni(II), Pd(II) , Pt(II),
Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes are screened against two cancerous cell lines, that revealed significant
activity only for [Cu2Cl2(H4L)2(PPh3)2] after 72 h treatment by the highest tested concentrations. The Copper(I)
complex was characterized by X-ray Crystallography and the NMR spectra, whereas it has been confirmed to have
momentous cytotoxicity against ovarian, breast cancerous cell lines (Caov-3, MCF-7). The apoptosis-inducing
properties of the Cu(I) complex have been investigated through fluorescence microscopy visualization, DNA
fragmentation analysis and propidium iodide flow cytometry.
New One-Pot Synthetic Route and Spectroscopic Characterization of Hydroxo-Bri...AJASTJournal
A new convenient and efficient route for the synthesis of two very important hydroxo-bridged stepped-cubane copper complexes viz: [Cu4(bpy)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (1) and [Cu4(phen)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (2) have been obtained. This synthetic route from the mononuclear CubpyCl2 complex is easier, more reproducible and afforded the complex in a much higher yield than the other two previously reported procedures which were equally serendipitously discovered. The purity and formation of the complexes were confirmed with elemental (C,H,N) analysis and the details of the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, electrospray ionization mass spectra of both complexes and the single crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 are presented and discussed. X-ray crystallography confirms the absolute structure of the complexes. The complexes were formed via the connection of four copper atoms to four hydroxide bridging ligands and four bipyridyl ligands with two chloride ligands. There are two coordinate environments around two pairs of copper atoms (CuN2ClO2 and CuN2O3) and each copper atom is pentacoordinate with square pyramidal geometry.
A new convenient and efficient route for the synthesis of two very important hydroxo-bridged stepped-cubane copper complexes viz: [Cu4(bpy)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (1) and [Cu4(phen)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (2) have been obtained. This synthetic route from the mononuclear CubpyCl2 complex is easier, more reproducible and afforded the complex in a much higher yield than the other two previously reported procedures which were equally serendipitously discovered. The purity and formation of the complexes were confirmed with elemental (C,H,N) analysis and the details of the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, electrospray ionization mass spectra of both complexes and the single crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 are presented and discussed. X-ray crystallography confirms the absolute structure of the complexes. The complexes were formed via the connection of four copper atoms to four hydroxide bridging ligands and four bipyridyl ligands with two chloride ligands. There are two coordinate environments around two pairs of copper atoms (CuN2ClO2 and CuN2O3) and each copper atom is pentacoordinate with square pyramidal geometry.
The presentation is on early detection of triple negative breast cancer by monitoring levels of choline which is known to increase in TNBC patients. These increased levels can be detected with the help of nano-interfaced biosensor.
Impact of carbon nanomaterials on the formation of multicellular spheroids by...Татьяна Гергелюк
This paper investigates the effect of different concentrations of nanostructured materials: fullerene-like (С60), onion-like carbon (OLC) and ultra dispersed diamonds (UDD) on the formation of multicellular spheroids (MS). Chemical composition and purity of nanomaterials is controlled by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The strength and direction of the impact of nanomaterials on the cell population was assessed using microphotography of multicellular spheroids culture and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results demonstrated that UDD and OLC reduced adhesion and cohesive ability of cells and stimulated generation of cell spheroids of ~ 3 ∙ 10 mm3 in significant amount. The fullerenes reduced in the main cell adhesion to substrate that led to formation of cell aggregates of ~ 5 ∙ 10-3 mm3. The results could be useful for achievement of the directed cell growth in three-dimensional culture.
Impact of carbon nanomaterials on the formation of multicellular spheroids by...Татьяна Гергелюк
This paper investigates the effect of different concentrations of nanostructured materials: fullerene-like (С60), onion-like carbon
(OLC) and ultra dispersed diamonds (UDD) on the formation of multicellular spheroids (MS). Chemical composition and purity of
nanomaterials is controlled by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The strength and direction of the impact of
nanomaterials on the cell population was assessed using microphotography of multicellular spheroids culture and Pearson's correlation
coefficient. The results demonstrated that UDD and OLC reduced adhesion and cohesive ability of cells and stimulated generation of cell
spheroids of ~ 3 ∙ 10 mm3 in significant amount. The fullerenes reduced in the main cell adhesion to substrate that led to formation of
cell aggregates of ~ 5 ∙ 10-3 mm3. The results could be useful for achievement of the directed cell
Synthesis and Application of C-Phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene in Adsorption of C...Jacsonline.Org
Synthesis and Application of C-Phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene in Adsorption of Cr(III) and Pb(II), for more information visit our website http://jacsonline.org/
A novel label-free cocaine assay based on aptamer-wrapped single-walled carbo...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes a selective and sensitive biosensor based on the dissolution and aggregation of aptamer wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes. We report on the direct detection of aptamer–cocaine interactions, namely between a DNA aptamer and cocaine molecules based on near-infrared absorption at λ807.
Materials and Methods:
First a DNA aptamer recognizing cocaine was non-covalently immobilized on the surface of single walled carbon nanotubes and consequently dissolution of SWNTs was occurred. Vis-NIR absorption (A807nm) of dispersed, soluble aptamer-SWNTs hybrid, before and after incubation with cocaine was measured using a CECIL9000 spectrophotometer.
Results:
This carbon nanotube setup enabled the reliable monitoring of the interaction of cocaine with its cognate aptamer by aggregation of SWNTs in the presence of cocaine.
Disscusion:
This assay system provides a mean for the label-free, concentration-dependent, and selective detection of cocaine with an observed detection limit of 49.5 nM.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline Doped with Cu Salts and Cu Comp...ijtsrd
In this work, we have synthesized polyaniline doped with Cu II salts and coordination complexes in presence of Aniline was polymerized in presence ammonium persulphate APS . We varied the concentration of APS and also that of Cu II salts and complexes to see the effect of these on the properties of polyaniline. We investigated the effect of the dopant and ligand around Cu II ion on the morphology, crystallinity and conductivity of the resultant polyaniline. The products were characterized by UV Vis, FT IR spectroscopy, while the morphology and crystallinity were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and X ray diffraction studies respectively. Results show that the morphology, crystallinity and conductivity of the doped polyanilines are found to be influenced by nature of ligand. Madhab Upadhyaya | Dilip K Kakati "Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline Doped with Cu-Salts and Cu-Complexes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52609.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/52609/synthesis-and-characterization-of-polyaniline-doped-with-cusalts-and-cucomplexes/madhab-upadhyaya
Synthesis and Evaluation of the Cytotoxic and Anti-Proliferative Properties o...IJEAB
Doxorubicin (Dox) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of cancer. In the present study, pH responsive chitosan polymer coated Dox nanoparticle (Composite) was developed to investigate targeted drug delivery against breast cancer. The anticancer drug DOX-ZnO QDs was loaded to the chitosan nanoparticles. The synthesized free and drug loaded nanoparticle were analyzed using Fourier transmission electron microscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy(UV-Vis). The particle size was measured using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Further, the composite was evaluated for its anticancer effects. Drug release analysis showed significantly larger amount of drug released in acidic pH of 5.0 compared to pH 7.4. The composite was significantly more cytotoxic to the breast cancer cells MCF-7 and SKBR-3. The composite was however, less toxic to HEK-293 human embryonic kidney cells confirming minimum side effects on normal cells andcytotoxic to tumor cells. DAPI staining showed nuclear degradation in composite treated breast cancer cells. The cellular uptake of the composite was analyzed by confocal microscopy. The composite induced a G0/G1 phase arrest in breast cancer cells and the number of colonies formed by the composite treated breast cancer cells formed less number of colonies compared to free NP. Our results showed that our composite could serve as a promising therapeutic approach to improve clinical outcomes against various malignancies.
What are canning and Packaging? Why there is a demand for packed food? Why packaging is important? Factors affecting packaging? What's the importance of labeling?
IN-SILICO CHARACTERISATION OF PROTEIN CODED BY CYT-B GENE OF Radopholus simil...Amit Yadav
Of the more than 30 species in the genus Radopholus, the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, is the only pathogen of widespread economic importance (Duncan and Moens, 2006). Radopholus similis is a migratory endoparasitic nematode that is known to be a destructive pest of citrus crops, pepper and, most importantly, banana, on which it causes toppling disease. The nematode causes economic problems throughout the world, most notably in warmer regions, including South America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. CONTENT
1. What are C'dots ?
2. Properties of C'dots
3. Synthesis of C’dots
4. Applications of C’dots
5. New era of cancer treatment
6. References
3. What are C’dots?
• First discovered by XU et al., in 2004
• Carbon dots (Cdots) have been
acknowledged as discrete, quasispherical
particles with sizes below 10 nm.
• generally possess a sp2 conjugated core.
• contain suitable oxygen content- COOH,
OH, CHO.
4. Continued…
• Wide attention has been focused on
carbon-based quantum dots because of
their good solubility and strong
luminescence, for which they are referred
to as carbon nanolights.
5. What are the properties of
C’dots?
2.1. OPTICAL PROPERTIES
2.1.1 Adsorption 2.1.2 Fluorescence
11. SYNTHESIS OF C’DOTS
• Many methods have been proposed to
prepare CQDs during the last decade,
which can be roughly classified into “Top-
down” and “Bottom-up” approaches, and
they can be modified duringpreparation or
post-treatment.
12. Continued…
• Top-Down approach
• slicing or successive
cutting of a bulk
material to get nano
sized particle
• Bottom-Up approach
• the build up of a material from
the bottom: atom by atom,
molecule by molecule
• Atom by atom deposition leads
to formation of Self- assembly of
atoms/molecules and clusters
• These clusters come together to
form self- assembled
monolayers on the surface of
substrate
14. Continued…
3.1. Natural methods
3.1.1 C’dots using biomass
3.1.2 C’dots using plasma
induced pyrolysis
3.1.3 C’dots from coffee
grounds
3.1.4 C’dots using Pollen as
carbon source
3.1.5 food wastes and
harmful cyanobacteria
3.1.6 by carbonization of
oleic acid
15. Diagrams for the large-scale synthesis of
carbon dots by adopting
(a) Chinese ink (b) orange juice (c) bee pollens (d) sucrose
Continued…
16. 3.2. SYNTHETIC METHODS
3.2.1 Chemical ablation
Continued…
+
Carbohydrates
dehydration
Dehydrated Carbohydrates C’DOTS
Passivating with
amine-terminated
compounds
A simple route to prepare luminescent CQDs in an aqueous
solution by dehydrating carbohydrates with concentrated
H2SO4, followed by breaking the carbonaceous materials
into individual CQDs with HNO3, and finally passivating with
amine-terminated compounds (4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-
tridecanediamine).
17. Continued…
3.2.2 Electrochemical carbonization
•via the electrochemical carbonization
of low-molecular-weight alcohols
•Two Pt sheets used as the working
and auxiliary electrode
•a calomel electrode: reference
electrode
•sizes and graphitization degrees ∝
applied potential
18. Continued…
3.2.3 Laser ablation
nano-carbon material was dispersed in solvent
the suspension was dropped into a glass
cell. laser
irradiation
YAG pulsed laser
2H
532 nm
supernatant containing the CQDs
centrifugation
20. Continued…
3.2.5. Hydrothermal/solvothermal treatment
Firstly, graphene sheets obtained by
thermal treatment of graphene oxide
sheets were cut by mixed acids under mild
ultrasonication.
Subsquently the treated suspension was
transferred to Teflon-lined autoclave to get
small GQDs mainly distributed between 5
to 13 nm (average diameter: 9.6 nm).
Later, they further modified their method by
high-temperature thermally-treated
graphene sheets on the strong alkaline
condition to prepare wellcrystallized GQDs
21. The features of the different synthetic
methods used for the preparation of
CQD
23. Continued…
4.1 BIOMEDICINE
4.1.1 Bioimaging
attractive to integrate multiimaging
technology (MRI, OIM) for one
agent for comprehensive
understanding of the state of the
illness.
For in vivo imaging, the IO-CQDs
were introduced into rats through
intravenous injection. Fluorescence
signals due to the IO-CQDs were
observed in the spleen slide
samples.
24. Continued…
4.1.2. Biosensor.
• The CQDs-based biosensors can
be used for visual monitoring of
glucose, cellular copper,
phosphate, iron, potassium, pH,
and nucleic acid.
• CQDs can be used as:
for nucleic acid detection
with selectivity single-base
mismatch.
(FRET) probe for detecting
and imaging mitochondrial
H2O2
25. Continued…
4.1.3. Biomedicine delivery system.
• It is an attractiveprospect to
combine medical therapy and
bioimaging diagnostics for visual
drug distribution and monitoring of
their effects.
A theranostic agent (CD-Oxa):
anticancer agent (oxidized
oxaliplatin, oxa(IV)–COOH)
conjugated onto the surface of CDs
containing amine groups.
REMARK : it is possible to follow the
track or distribution of the drug by
monitoring the fluorescence signal of
CD-Oxa, which helps customize the
injection time and dosage of the
medicine
26. Fluorescent carbon dots integrated
hydrogels for lung cancer therapy
• Due to inherent compatibility to living tissues, hydrogels
can potentially serve as multifunctional vehicles for
simultaneous loading of imaging agents and drugs for
cancer therapy.
• 5-FU has been proven effective against a variety of cancers
including skin, colorectal, liver, breast, pancreatic and lung cancers
with a known mechanism of action. Now a days , New era of
cancer treatment involves 5FU and C’dots combination for cancer
treatment. It was possible to combine the merits of both CDs and
5-FU on a common platform through hydrogels
27. Continued…
Multifunctional carbon dots
integrated hydrogels loaded
with chemotherapeutic
drug, 5-Fluorouracil (5-
FU@CD-HY) for simultaneous
monitoring of cellular uptake
and triggering of apoptotic
signalling pathway in cancer
cells.
Abbreviations used: 5-Fluorouracil
(5-FU), Carbon dots (CDs), Hydrogels
(HY), B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl 2), basal
cell lymphoma-extra large (bcl-xl), bcl 2
associated X protein (bax), bcl 2
associated death promoter (bad),
cytochrome c (cyt c).
28. Continued…
The interactions between the encapsulated drug and the
hydrogels allowed a sustained release of drug for 48 h.
The hydrogels displayed a slow release of 5-FU at physiological
conditions (pH 7.4) compared to acidic environment.
The 5-FU loaded hydrogels were able to significantly inhibit the
growth of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner in contrast to
non drug loaded counterparts.
Therefore, hydrogels as a novel versatile means for
synchronized bioimaging and controlled drug release in cancer
theranostic applications.
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