This document contains a group project report on ancient Greece. It includes research on Greece's history from the Bronze Age to modern times. Key events and eras are summarized such as the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, Ancient Greece and the influence of Greek culture. The report also outlines a script for a play about the Trojan War, detailing the main characters and scenes from the golden apple judgement to the fall of Troy.

1. Culture & Civilisations [CLS 30105]
Project #02: Messages From The
Past
Group Component: Report
GREECE
Group Members:
Natalie Ki (0318918)
Ameer Farhan (0319304)
Naim Ariffin (0319698)
Ryan Kerry (0318715)
Philia Chua (0318936)
Andrew Mah (0318798)
Kan Sook San (0319326)
Ricco Soh (0319890)
Darshiini Vig (0319359)
Chai Chin Ee (0907p72950)

2. Research
I. On Greece
GREECE (Ελλάδα)
Greece, who's official name is "Hellenic Republic" or ''Hellas'', is a country in Southern
Europe.
The population density of Greece is roughly 11 million people and it's capital city is called
''Athens''
Modern Greece is a democratically developed country with an advanced 'high-income
economy' The technological and culture developments of this country has influenced the
world vastly - with many aspects of the Greek civilizations being passed onto the East
through Alexander the Great.
Etymology of GREECE
The names for the nations of Greece differ from the
names used in different languages, locations and
cultures. The locals of Greece refer the it as "Ἑλλάς
(Hellas)" or "Ελλάδα (Ellada)", although it's official
name is "Hellenic Republic". In English, the term
"Greece" comes from the Latin word "Graecia",
which loosely means "The Land of the Greeks" (as
used by the Romans).
GREECE'S Flag
The motto of Greece is "Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος" which traditionally
translates to "Freedom or Death" The national anthem "Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν
Ἐλευθερίαν" means "Hymn to Liberty"
Accoplishments
It is considered an vastly influential country that has helped shape
Western civilization. Greece is also the birthplace of: - Democracy -
Western Philosophy & Literature - Olympic Games - Historiography &
Political Science - Major scientific and mathematical discoveries -
Elements of Western drama such as tragedy and comedy.

3. Modern Day Greece
The Parthenon
The Parthenon was temple that was dedicated to Athena. It
is located on the Acropolis in Athens. It is one of the most
representative symbols of the culture and sophistication of
the ancient Greeks and a wonder of architecture.
Timeline & Notable Eras
Modern Greece traces its roots back to Ancient Greece, which began in the Aegean
Civilizations of the Bronze Age. There are many notable ages throughout Greece's history.
These are sorted out into four major eras with periods in between:
1. GREEK BRONZE AGE: - Helladic - Cycladic - Minoan - Mycenaean
2. ANCIENT GREECE: - Greek Dark Ages - Archaic Greece - Classical Greece - Hellenistic
Greece - Roman Greece
3. MEDIEVAL GREECE: - Byzantine Greece - Frankish and Latin Greece - Ottoman Greece
4. MODERN GREECE: - Kingdom of Greece - Second Hellenic Republic - Third Hellenic
Republic

4. ERA #01: Greek Bronze Age
The Greek Bronze Age comes after the Neolithic period. Evidence of this period are still
unclear due to the large amount of passing time. The period of 'Greek Bronze Age' is
commonly known as the 'Aegean civilization'. The name of this era stems from the three
distinct geographical regions of the birth of the civilization: Greek mainland, Crete and
Cyclades. The movement of these three regions are split as follows:
Mainland - Early Helladic (EH): 3200/3100–2050/2000 BCE
- Middle Helladic (MH): 2000/1900–1550 BCE
- Late Helladic (LH): 1550–1050 BCE Crete
- Early Minoan (EM): 3650–2160 BCE
- Middle Minoan (MM): 2160–1600 BCE
- Late Minoan (LM): 1600–1170 BCE Cyclades
- Early Cycladic (EC): 3300–2000 BCE
- Kastri (EH II–EH III): ca. 2500–2100 BCE
- Convergence with MM from ca. 2000 BCE
Notable events of the Bronze Age are:
- Houses of Vasiliki and Myrtos
- Messara Tholoi
- House of Tiles at Lerna
- Destruction of Minoan settlements
- Eruption of Thera volcano (sometime between 1627 and 1600)
- "Sea Peoples" begin raids in the Eastern Mediterranean
- Trojan War (1250 or 1210)
- Destruction of many Mycenaean palaces
- Doric Invasions? (1200-1100)
- Sea Peoples (1200-1100) Legends:
- Argo Voyag - Heracles – Oedipus
ERA #02: Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece is a period in time of Greece's rich history that lasted during the Archaic
Period of the 8th to the 6th centuries BC to the end of antiquity. It is considered the most
eventful period of Greece's background and includes many conquests.
The period of Ancient Greece is split into 5 ages:
The Archaic Period - c. 800 – c. 500 BC - in which artists made larger free-standing sculptures
in stiff, hieratic poses with the dreamlike "archaic smile". - Often taken to end with the
overthrow of the last tyrant of Athens and the start of Athenian Democracy in 508 BC

5. The Classical Period - c. 500 – 323 BC - Characterized by a style which was considered by
later observers to be exemplary or 'classical' (timeless), for example, the Parthenon. - The
ClassicalPeriod was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th century, but
displaced by Spartan Hegemony during the early 4th century BC, before power shifted to
Thebes and the Boeotian League and finally to the League of Corinth led by Macedon.
The Hellenistic Period - 323–146 BC - Greek culture and power expanded into the near and
middle East. - This period begins with the death of Alexander and ends with the Roman
conquest.
Roman Greece -The period between Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of
Corinth in 146 BC and the establishment of Byzantium by Constantine as the capital of the
Roman Empire in AD 330. Antiquity and Christianization - later 4th to early 6th centuries AD
- Taken to be complete with the closure of the Academy of Athens by Justinian I in 529.
Notable events of Ancient Greece:
- Destruction of Miletus and resettlement
- First Olympic Games
- Greek colonies established in Southern Italy & Sicily
- Invention of Greek alphabet
- Homeric poems recorded in writing (750-700)
- First Messenian War
Sparta invades Messenia
(730-710)
Naxos founded (734)
Syracuse founded (733)
- Second Messenian War
- Sparta invades Messenia (640-630)
- Cyrene founded (630)
- Pythagoras (ca. 569-475) born in Samos
- Solon replaces the Draconian law in Athens and lays the foundation for Democracy.
He introduced to Athens the first coinage and a systemof weights and measures
- Pesistratos becomes tyrant of Greece.
- Pesistratos dies. His sons become tyrants of Athens.
- Alcmaeonid family and Spartans free Athens from tyranny.
- Introduction of Democracy in Athens
- Battle of Marathon
- Athenians defeat Darius and his Persian army
- Battle of Thermopylae
- Persians burn the Acropolis
- Peloponnesian Wars: "First Peloponnesian War"
- Acropolis and other major building projects begin in Athens
- Construction of Parthenon (449-432)
- Sophocles produces the tragedy "Ajax"
- Construction of Temple of Athena Nike (420-410)
- Athens surrenders to Sparta
- Thirty tyrants rule Athens
- Alexander the Great defeats Persian army at Granicus river in Anatolia
- Death of Alexander the Great

6. - Macedonian War
- Death of Cleopatra
ERA #03: Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire is sometimes called the
'Eastern Roman Empire', and was predominantly the
Greek-speaking continuation of the eastern part of
the Roman Empire during the Late Antiquity and
Middle Ages. The capital city during that time was
Constantinople (modern day Istanbul).
- Partition of Roman Empire 285
- Founding of Constantinople 330
- Death of Theodosius I395
- Nominal end of Western Empire 476
- Fourth Crusade 1204
- Reconquest of Constantinople 1261
- Fall of Constantinople 29 May 1453
- Fall of Trezibond 15 August 1461
ERA #04: Modern
The history of Modern Greece covers the history of Greece from the recognition of its
autonomy from the Ottoman Empire by the Great Powers. (Great Britain, France, Russia) in
1828, after the Greek War of Independence, to the present day.

7. II. On Movies
The battle between the ancient kingdom of Troy
and Sparta
Paris abducts the wife of Menelaus and becomes
her lover, prompting the 10-year Trojan War
Perseus leads a band of warriors to prevent
Hades from overthrowing the king of the gods
and laying waste to Earth.
The battle between the Spartans and the
Persians.

8. II. On Literary Works
Iliad (Homer’s epic poem)
Iliad, also known as Song of Ilion, was a poem written about the Trojan War, by the epic
Grecian poet – Homer.
The first few lines in Book I of Iliad:

9. The following books are all available at Taylor’s University’s Lakeside Campus, and
have been personally reviewed to aid with the development of our script, costume
and props:
Title: Trojan horse : the world's greatest adventure
Clement-Davies, David.
Title: The Iliad
Homer.
Title: The ancient Greek world
Roberts, Jennifer Tolbert.
Title: Ancient Greece
Kovacs, Charles
This book helped us review the overall plotline of the Trojan War, and
the significance of the Trojan horse, as well as the meaning behind it.
Visual accuracy was also obtained through the pictures that were
provided between the texts.
By glancing through this book, we were able to pick up the dialogue
that was significant to the story and implement it into our script. We
were also able to correct the errors that were made from re-written
passages of the Trojan War, thus improving the accuracy.
This book was mainly used to analyse the culture, tradition, lifestyle,
social strata, cuisine, language and history of the Ancient world.
Pictures were provided as well as descriptions to help us get the idea
of what Greece was like during the Bronze Age.
A timeline was also included to help us organise the sequence of
events for our script.
This particular book was very helpful. It was a summarized version of
the entire history of Ancient Greece, inclusive of the events leading up
to the war, during, and after.
As the language was simple to understand and the dialogue was not as
complicated as the direct translation, it helped clear a lot of doubts.

10. III. On Costumes & Props

12. Summary of the sketch
Characters:
1. Athena – Natalie Ki
2. Aphrodite – Ricco Soh
3. Eris – Suzzane Kan
4. Paris – Ameer Farhan
5. Helen – Andrew Mah
6. Odysseus – NaimAriffin
7. Agamemnon – Ryan Kerry
8. Loukas – Philia Chua
9. Cassandra – Darshiini Vig
10. Hector – Chai Chin Ee
11. Laocoon – Suzzane Kan
12. Anastasios – Andrew Mah
Scene #01 [The Golden Apple]:
1. Athena and Aphrodite fight over the Golden Apple.
2. Eris takes the apple and passes it to Paris.
3. Aphrodite gets chosen to have the Golden Apple.
4. Aphrodite makes Helen fall in love with Paris.
5. The Greek Army heads to Troy due to the fact that Paris took Helen to Troy.
Characters involved: 1, 2, 3, 4, , 5, 6, 7, 8.
Scene #02 [Pre-Battle]:
1. The Greek army sets up camp, prayers are conducted to Athena.
2. The people of Troy built a high wall roughly 20-feet to protect their city.
3. Warriors of Troy rain arrows down on their enemies (the Greeks).
4. Greeks could not find a way to defeat the people of Troy for 10 years.
Characters involved: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
Scene #03 [Trojan Horse]:
1. The Greeks were tired, then Athena came in Odysseus’ dream to give a strategic plan to
defeat the Trojans.
2. Odysseus explains the plan to his soldiers about the Trojan Horse.
3. They start to build the horse.
Characters involved: 1, 6, 7, 8.
Scene #04 [Fall of Troy]:
1. The Trojans rejoice after the Greeks leave.
2. They open the gates, the Trojans come out, they discover the horse.
3. Some of the Trojans disagree to drag the horse into the gates of Troy.
4. A feast had begun, until the Trojans fall asleep.
5. The Greek soldiers hiding inside the horse come out and slaughter the Trojans.
Characters involved: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
THE END.