Greece  historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek, Hellas, officially the Hellenic Republic is a country in Southern Europe,  politically considered part of Western Europe.

2.  Greece historically in Katharevousa and Ancient
Greek, Hellas, officially the Hellenic Republic is a country in
Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.
 Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban
area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is about
11 million.
 Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of
Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east.
The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian
Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece
has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km
(8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number
of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are
inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and
the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece
consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest
at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).

4.  Ancient Greece was an ancient civilization that flourished about
2,500 years ago in the area that is now modern Greece, nearby
Mediterranean islands, and the western coast of Turkey.
We owe Ancient Greece a great debt for its discoveries in many
areas, including philosophy, science, politics, the arts, and
architecture. Greek culture forms the basis of much of Western
(and, in fact, world) civilization that we enjoy and benefit from to
this day.
Every time that we speak
of democracy, philosophy, geography, geology, biology, drama, rhet
oric, or crisis, we are using Ancient Greek words and concepts --
2,500 years old and still going strong!

5. The Parthenon is
a temple on
the Athenian
Acropolis, Greece, ded
icated to the
goddess Athena, who
m the people of
Athens considered
their patron.

6.  The history of modern Greece covers the history of Greece from
the recognition of its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire by
the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France, and Russia) in
1828, after the Greek War of Independence, to the present day.
 Most of Greece gradually became part of the Ottoman Empire in
the 15th century. The Byzantine Empire, the successor to the
ancient Roman Empire who ruled most of the Greek-speaking
world for over 1100 years, had been fatally weakened since
the sacking of Constantinople by the Latin Crusaders in 1204.
 The Ottoman advance into Greece was preceded by victory over
the Serbs to its north. First the Ottomans won at 1371 on
the Maritsa River — where the Serb forces were led by the
KingVukasin Mrnjavcevic, the father of Prince Marko and the co-
ruler of the last emperor from the Serbian Nemanjic dynasty.
This was followed by another Ottoman victory in the 1389 Battle
of Kosovo.

7. Sample of Modern Greek Buildings.
“Nafpilo” the first capital modern
Greece.

8.  The Greeks, also known as the Hellenes are a nation and ethnic
group native to Greece, Cyprus and other regions. They also form a
significant Diaspora, with Greek communities established around
the world.
 Greek colonies and communities have been historically
established in most corners of the Mediterranean, but Greeks have
always been centered around the Aegean Sea, where the Greek
language has been spoken since antiquity. Until the early 20th
century, Greeks were uniformly distributed between the Greek
peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, Pontus, Egypt, Cyprus
and Constantinople; many of these regions coincided to a large
extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th
century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of the ancient Greek
colonization.

9.  A Kouros, from the Archaic period. Archaeological Museum of
Thebes, Greece.
 The Mycenaean's were ultimately the first Greek-speaking people attested
through historical sources, written records in the Linear B script, and
through their literary echoes in the works of Homer, a few centuries later.
 The Mycenaean's quickly penetrated the Aegean Sea and by the 15th
century BC had reached Rhodes, Crete, Cyprus, where Teucer is said to
have founded the first colony, and the shores of Asia Minor.Around 1200
BC the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed
from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian
invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely
the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed
into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC.The Dorian invasion was
followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called
the Greek Dark Ages, but by 800 BC the landscape of Archaic and Classical
Greece was discernible.
 In the Homeric epics, the Greeks of prehistory are viewed as the ancestors
of the early classical civilization of Homer's own time, while the
Mycenaean pantheon included many of the divinities
(e.g. Zeus, Poseidon and Hades) attested in later Greek religion.

10.  The classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning
from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the
Great, in323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into
'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the
Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of
Alexander). It is so named because it set the standards by which
Greek civilization would be judged in later
eras. The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is marked, according to
some scholars, by the first Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea
of a common Hellenism among the Greek-speaking tribes was first
translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was
primarily a matter of common culture.
 While the Greeks of the classical era understood themselves to
belong to a common Greek genos their first loyalty was to their city
and they saw nothing incongruous about warring, often
brutally, with other Greek city-states. The Peloponnesian War, the
large scale Greek civil war between Athens and Sparta and their
allies, is a case in point.

11.  Most of the feuding Greek city-states were, in some scholars' opinions, united
under the banner of Philip's and Alexander the Great's pan-Hellenic
ideals, though others might generally opt, rather, for an explanation of
"Macedonian conquest for the sake of conquest" or at least conquest for the
sake of riches, glory and power and view the "ideal" as useful propaganda
directed towards the city-states.
 In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories
at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and advance as far as
modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan,[64] provided an important outlet for Greek
culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way.[While the
Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural
implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of theMiddle
East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a
position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks migrated
to Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia and many other new Hellenistic cities founded
in Alexander's wake. Two thousand years later, there are still communities
in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from
Greek settlers.

12.  The major Hellenistic realms; thePtolemaic Kingdom (dark blue) and the Seleucid
Empire (yellow).
 Bust of Cleopatra VII. Altes Museum, Berlin.
 The Hellenistic civilization was the next period of Greek civilization, the
beginnings of which are usually placed at Alexander's death.[This Hellenistic age,
so called because it saw the partial Hellenization of many non-Greek
cultures,[70] lasted until the conquest of Egypt by Rome in 30 BC.
 This age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the
importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still
larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi.[71][72] Greeks, however, remained aware of their
past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical
authors. An important factor in maintaining Greek identity was contact
with barbarian (non-Greek) peoples which was deepened in the new cosmopolitan
environment of the multi-ethnic Hellenistic kingdoms. This led to a strong desire
among Greeks to organize the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next
generation.
 In the Indo-Greek and Greco-Bactrian kingdoms, Greco-Buddhism was spreading
and Greek missionaries would play an important role in propagating it
toChina. Further east, the Greeks of Alexandria Eschate became known to
the Chinese people as the Dayuan.

13.  Roman Empire
 Following the time of the conquest of the last of the
independent Greek city-states and Hellenistic (post-
Alexandrine) kingdoms, almost all of the world's
Greek speakers lived as citizens or subjects of the
Roman Empire.
 In the religious sphere, this was a period of profound
change. The spiritual revolution that took place saw a
waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline
beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the
introduction of new religious movements from the
East.The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were
introduced into the Greek world.

14.  Of the new eastern religions introduced into the
Greek world the most successful was Christianity.
While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman
Empire, they became secondary to religious
considerations and the renewed empire used
Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and
promoted a robust Roman national
identity.Concurrently the secular, urban civilization of
late antiquity survived in the Eastern
Mediterranean along with Greco-Roman educational
system, although it was from Christianity that the
culture's essential values were drawn.

15.  Following the Fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453, many Greeks
sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for
the West, particularly Italy,Central Europe, Germany and Russia.
 For those that remained under the Ottoman Empire's millet
system, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups
(milletler), so the exonym "Greeks" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi)
was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox
Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin. The Greek speakers
were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi (as
opposed to being so named by others) and, at least those
educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic.
 The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the
Greek tradition of education and commerce. It was the wealth of the
extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the
intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half
century and more leading to the outbreak of theGreek War of
Independence in 1821. Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three
most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna
and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce.

16.  While most Greeks today are descended from
Greek-speaking Romioi (Roman) there are
sizeable groups of ethnic Greeks who trace
their descent to Aromanian-
speaking Vlachs and Albanian-
speaking Arvanites as well
as Slavophones and Turkish-
speaking Karamanlides. Today, Greeks are to
be found all around the world.

17. ALL ABOUT!

18.  The fertile imagination of the Greeks
produced masterpieces which can never
be surpassed by anyone at anytime.
They provided explanations to varied
ideas out of their unequalled intellect.
The ancient Greeks established and
brought all literary forms to a high
degree of perfection.

19.  Greek literature started in Ionia with
Homer’s brilliant epics, the Iliad and
Odyssey. Athens became the literary
colossus of the Greek world. Many
literary compositions were performed
during Athenian festivals but the
highlight was tragic drama.

20.  The archetypal figures of heroic myth
were used by poets to illuminate the life
of man and his position in the universe.
Aeschylus, Euripides and Sophocles were
the three greatest poets while the
greatest Greek comedian was
Aristophanes.

21.  Socrates was one of the most influential
thinkers of Greece while Plato created the
Academy(school) and his pupil Aristotle
founded his own school, the Lyceum.
Together, they influenced later European
religion, science, philosophy and literature.

23.  Myths are stories whose main
characters are generally gods and
goddesses. Every country has its
own body of myths or mythology.
Classical myths, a name given to the
myths in western culture.

24.  All the Greek mythological gods and
goddesses were made out of their own
image, and although they were believed to
control the lives of human beings, they
weren’t supreme almighty beings.
Instead, they had human flaws. These gods
and goddesses were immortal, didn’t get
old or sick and had eternal youth.

25.  They had human desires and needs, such as
hunger and thirst, which they quenched with
ambrosia or nectar. They were the executive
powers of fate, or moira, with which they
were constantly interacting. This gods lived
on Olympus, a 6,000-foot, steep mountain
always covered in clouds. Moira can be called
destiny.

26.  All lives, even those of the gods were
subordinate to it. They were represented by
three moiras, the three goddesses or Parcae
in latin. They are:
 CLOTHO- the spinner
 LACHESIS- the divider
 ANTHROPOS- the inevitable

28.  ZEUS- lord of heaven and earth
 HERA- patron goddess of the family and
married women
 ATHENA-goddess of wisdom
 POSEIDON- god of the sea
 CERES- goddess of agriculture
 APOLLO- god of light, music and prophecy
 ARTEMIS- goddess of the moon and the hunt

29.  HERMES- god of commerce and messenger
of the gods and bearer of dead souls
 APHRODITE- goddess of love and beauty
 ARES- god of war
 HEPHAESTUS- god of fire and art
 HESTIA- goddess of family peace

31.  In Greece, the word “tragedy” means GOAT
SONG. It was believed to be from the k rituals
on the feast of Bacchus, In whose favor the
chorus, dresses as goats or satyrs, danced
and chanted verses. Critics suggested that
tragedy is related to goat song because it
begins prosperously, as a goat is bare in the
rear. Some say that it is so because tragedies
have plots which are smelly and unpleasant
as goats.

32.  According to Aristotle, it is a type of drama in
which the chief character, an essentially
superior person, undergoes a morally
significant struggle, which ends disastrously.
The story has the power to affect audiences by
appealing to pity and fear that result in catharsis
or purgation. Before the hero reaches his tragic
end, it is then intensified through several events
including anagnorisi and peripateaia triggered
by his tragic flaws particularly hubris or
hamartia.

34.  This type of drama aims to amuse. For the
Greeks, the main function of comedy high
lightened by beautiful lyrics with
obscenity, slang and broad verbal
humor, penetrating social satire, is as a form
of entertainment. Usually, it deals with
incongruous aspects of human
speech, actions and characters not primarily
concerned with the basic issues of good and
evil.

36.  Epics as a literary genre, are long narrative
poems written in a dignified style celebrating
heroic exploits of a character who is the
embodiment of cultural, national and
religious ideals; possessing supernatural
powers, larger than life, illustrating heroic
deeds and nation founding.

37.  These were believed to be songs preserve
through oral tradition- a process of
transferring literature from one mouth to
another, coming from one generation to
another; by
scoops, minstrels,bards, rhapsodies or
storytellers travelling from one place to
another.

39.  It was the crowning glory of the Athenian
Age. This period has been called by different
terms. It has been called the Age of Pericles
because Pericles was the ruling power in
Athens at the time. It has also been called the
Athenian Age because Athens became the
white-hot literary of Greece, and it has been
called the Golden Age because the drama
flourished during this period.

40.  There were three great tragic writers: Aeschylus,
Sophocles, and Euripides, and there was
Aristophanes, the greatest writer of comedy the
world has ever produced.
 Dramatic poetry was the organ of the prevailing
thoughts and feelings of the time. This is why
the drama marks the high tide of literature, and
the golden age in the literary history of a nation
coincides with the period when that nation
produced its great dramatists.

42. 1) AESCHYLUS (525-456 B.C) – was a poet by
profession and he was regarded by the
Athenians as the father of tragedy.
2) SOPHOCLES (496-406 B.C) – he was the
darling of the Athenian populace; he
disproved the saying that a genius must be
unrecognized in his own age.

44. Ancient Greeks invented DEMOCRACY.
Ancient Greeks invented LOGIC.
Ancient Greeks invented SCIENCE.
Ancient Greeks invented LYRICS.
Ancient Greeks invented FIELD OF
STUDY and we call it HISTORY.
APPROACH to MEDICINE.

45.  REVOLUTIONIZED
ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE and
PAINTING.
 DEVELOPED LITERATURE, ORATORY, and
RHETORIC.
 Ancient Greeks invented PHILOSOPHY.

47. Quenncy M. Valenzuela – facilitator, researcher,
did the PowerPoint and reporter.
Joisa Glizelle Cato – researcher, did the
PowerPoint and reporter.
Apple Joy Santos – researcher and reporter.
Claudine Joyce Chavez – reporter.
Joanna Alavazo – reporter.