This document provides details about the syllabus and exam structure for Class XII Chemistry in the academic year 2014-2015. It is divided into 16 units covering topics in inorganic, organic, physical and analytical chemistry. The theory exam will be of 70 marks with 3 hours duration. Practical exams will involve 30 marks for experiments covering surface chemistry, chemical kinetics, thermochemistry, electrochemistry, chromatography, preparation of compounds and qualitative analysis. The document also provides a sample question paper format dividing the questions into different cognitive levels and typologies.
Contributions of Edward jenner, Robert koch and Joseph ListerShruthi Krishnaswamy
The document provides biographical information on four important scientists in microbiology - Joseph Lister, Robert Koch, Edward Jenner, and Louis Pasteur. It describes their backgrounds and key contributions, such as Lister's pioneering work in antiseptic surgery, Koch's studies identifying the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera and developing techniques to grow pure cultures, Jenner developing the world's first vaccine for smallpox using cowpox, and Pasteur's discoveries debunking spontaneous generation and demonstrating that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease.
Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist born in 1881 in Scotland. He studied at the Royal Polytechnic Institution and St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, becoming a lecturer in bacteriology at St. Mary's until 1914. In 1928, Fleming discovered the antibiotic properties of the penicillium mold by accident. Upon returning from vacation, he found that a penicillium mold had contaminated a culture of staphylococci bacteria, but had prevented its growth in the contaminated area. This discovery of penicillin's ability to kill bacteria led to it becoming one of the most important antibiotics used worldwide to treat infections.
Bacterial Toxins
endotoxin
exotoxinO- antigen , core polysaccharide and lipid A.
Properties of bacterial endotoxin Properties of bacterial exotoxin Toxoid Types of exotoxins
A-B toxin
Super-antigen
Membrain disrupting
How Our Body Eliminates Toxins
Basic biochemistry of Carbohydrates suitable for undergraduate students.
This presentation has been started from the basics to enable easy understanding.
Biotechnological applications for environmental waste managementUtkarsh Verma
This document discusses biotechnological applications for environmental waste management. It begins by outlining some key environmental issues like global warming, energy and water contamination problems. It then discusses various waste treatment options like bioremediation, phytoremediation and different microbial bioremediation approaches. Finally, it maps out the field of environmental biotechnology, covering areas like toxicology, bioproducts, biosensors, and systems approaches.
This document provides information about lipids including their structure, classification, and biological importance. It begins by defining lipids and describing their basic components and structure. Lipids are classified into three main categories: simple lipids like fats and waxes, complex lipids including glycolipids, phospholipids, and lipoproteins, and derived lipids such as fatty acids and sterols. The document emphasizes several important biological roles of lipids such as providing stored energy, supplying essential fatty acids, assisting in vitamin and membrane transport, and serving as structural components of cell membranes.
Introduction to redox reactions
References
Tindale, Ritchie et al, 2014, Chemistry for CSEC 2nd Edition, Nelson Thornes. p156-159
Electron Transfer in Redox Reactions Todayhttps://www.sewanhakaschools.org
Biochemistry - Ch1 foundation of Biochem , ch2 water and aqueous solutionAreej Abu Hanieh
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biochemistry. It discusses how biochemistry allows life to be highly complex and organized through chemical reactions in cells. The roles of carbon, functional groups, stereoisomers, conformations, and weak interactions are described. Water is introduced as the medium for biochemical reactions, and its properties like ionization and role in osmosis are covered. The document also discusses buffers and how they resist pH changes, using acetic acid-acetate as an example buffer system. Maintaining intracellular pH through buffer systems is important for cellular functions.
Contributions of Edward jenner, Robert koch and Joseph ListerShruthi Krishnaswamy
The document provides biographical information on four important scientists in microbiology - Joseph Lister, Robert Koch, Edward Jenner, and Louis Pasteur. It describes their backgrounds and key contributions, such as Lister's pioneering work in antiseptic surgery, Koch's studies identifying the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera and developing techniques to grow pure cultures, Jenner developing the world's first vaccine for smallpox using cowpox, and Pasteur's discoveries debunking spontaneous generation and demonstrating that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease.
Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist born in 1881 in Scotland. He studied at the Royal Polytechnic Institution and St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, becoming a lecturer in bacteriology at St. Mary's until 1914. In 1928, Fleming discovered the antibiotic properties of the penicillium mold by accident. Upon returning from vacation, he found that a penicillium mold had contaminated a culture of staphylococci bacteria, but had prevented its growth in the contaminated area. This discovery of penicillin's ability to kill bacteria led to it becoming one of the most important antibiotics used worldwide to treat infections.
Bacterial Toxins
endotoxin
exotoxinO- antigen , core polysaccharide and lipid A.
Properties of bacterial endotoxin Properties of bacterial exotoxin Toxoid Types of exotoxins
A-B toxin
Super-antigen
Membrain disrupting
How Our Body Eliminates Toxins
Basic biochemistry of Carbohydrates suitable for undergraduate students.
This presentation has been started from the basics to enable easy understanding.
Biotechnological applications for environmental waste managementUtkarsh Verma
This document discusses biotechnological applications for environmental waste management. It begins by outlining some key environmental issues like global warming, energy and water contamination problems. It then discusses various waste treatment options like bioremediation, phytoremediation and different microbial bioremediation approaches. Finally, it maps out the field of environmental biotechnology, covering areas like toxicology, bioproducts, biosensors, and systems approaches.
This document provides information about lipids including their structure, classification, and biological importance. It begins by defining lipids and describing their basic components and structure. Lipids are classified into three main categories: simple lipids like fats and waxes, complex lipids including glycolipids, phospholipids, and lipoproteins, and derived lipids such as fatty acids and sterols. The document emphasizes several important biological roles of lipids such as providing stored energy, supplying essential fatty acids, assisting in vitamin and membrane transport, and serving as structural components of cell membranes.
Introduction to redox reactions
References
Tindale, Ritchie et al, 2014, Chemistry for CSEC 2nd Edition, Nelson Thornes. p156-159
Electron Transfer in Redox Reactions Todayhttps://www.sewanhakaschools.org
Biochemistry - Ch1 foundation of Biochem , ch2 water and aqueous solutionAreej Abu Hanieh
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biochemistry. It discusses how biochemistry allows life to be highly complex and organized through chemical reactions in cells. The roles of carbon, functional groups, stereoisomers, conformations, and weak interactions are described. Water is introduced as the medium for biochemical reactions, and its properties like ionization and role in osmosis are covered. The document also discusses buffers and how they resist pH changes, using acetic acid-acetate as an example buffer system. Maintaining intracellular pH through buffer systems is important for cellular functions.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that usually require magnification to be seen clearly, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Key developments in microbiology include Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery and observation of microbes in the 1670s, Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1860s that disproved spontaneous generation and established the germ theory of disease, and Robert Koch's establishment in the 1880s of criteria for linking specific microbes to specific diseases. The late 19th and early 20th centuries represented the golden age of microbiology, with major advances including the development of pure culture techniques, vaccines, antiseptics, antibiotics like penicillin, and the
Lipids are extracted from tissues using organic solvents. Adsorption chromatography separates lipids by polarity. Gas-liquid chromatography analyzes fatty acid methyl esters. Specific enzymatic hydrolysis and mass spectrometry are used to deduce lipid structures. Minor lipids serve as essential cofactors, while phospholipids generate signaling molecules. Membrane lipids include glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids.
The document summarizes key biological molecules and their structures and functions. It discusses monomers that make up carbohydrates like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It then explains lipids, made of triglycerides, and proteins, composed of amino acid chains that fold into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. It also briefly mentions the roles of water and inorganic ions in living organisms.
metabolism of glucose into pyruvate or lactate depending upon the presence of oxygen. salient features of glycolysis, definition and sequence of reactions involved in glycolysis.
Pyruvate can enter three pathways. Under aerobic conditions, it is converted to acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to generate energy and is used in fatty acid biosynthesis. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to either lactate using lactate dehydrogenase or ethanol in yeast via alcoholic fermentation, allowing glycolysis to continue regenerating NAD+ without oxygen present.
The document discusses the key chemicals found in living cells - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water and enzymes. It provides details on their structures and functions. Carbohydrates include sugars like glucose and serve as an energy source. Proteins are made of amino acids and are essential components of cells. Lipids contain fatty acids and glycerol. Enzymes are protein catalysts that allow chemical reactions to occur faster in cells. They function by temporarily binding to substrates to facilitate the formation or breakdown of molecules.
This document provides an overview of environmental microbiology. It defines environmental microbiology as the study of microbial interactions, processes, and communities in the environment. It discusses the diversity of microbes and their roles in ecosystems. It describes various microbial habitats including soil, water, other organisms, and extreme environments. It also covers symbiotic relationships between microbes and other organisms. Biogeochemical cycles mediated by microbes, such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles are explained. The role of microbes in environments without sunlight is also discussed.
This document provides information about nutrition and balanced diets. It discusses the main nutrients required - carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fiber and water. It describes how to test for these nutrients and the importance of a balanced diet. Not eating a balanced diet can lead to malnutrition and health problems like obesity, heart disease and constipation. The document also discusses how microorganisms are used in food production and the uses and risks of food additives.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds in plants. They act as storehouses of chemical energy and components of supportive structures. There are four main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose are formed from two monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides including starch, glycogen, and cellulose are long chains of monosaccharide units and serve as energy storage. Carbohydrates undergo various reactions including formation of glycosides, esters, and reduction to alcohols.
This document provides a history of microbiology from its early discoveries to modern developments. It describes key milestones such as the invention of the microscope in the 1600s which allowed the first observations of microorganisms. Important figures like Van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur, Koch, and Fleming are highlighted for their seminal contributions that disproved spontaneous generation, established germ theory and Koch's postulates, developed pasteurization and antibiotics. The document traces the field from its pre-1860 beginnings through defining early breakthroughs between 1860-1900 to establishing microbiology as a modern science post-1900.
This document discusses lipids and their functions and classification. It covers the structure and types of triglycerides, fatty acids, and membranes. It also summarizes glycerophospholipids, sterols like cholesterol and their transport via lipoproteins. Finally, it briefly outlines adrenocorticoid hormones, sex hormones, and their roles.
DDT is an organochlorine insecticide synthesized in 1874 that acts as a nerve poison and kills insects. Its insecticidal properties were discovered in 1939. It was widely used during World War II to combat mosquitoes and other disease carrying insects. DDT works by increasing sodium ion flow in insect neurons, overloading the nervous system and causing death. It is highly persistent in the environment, with half-lives of 2-15 years in soil and over 150 years in aquatic environments.
ICSE Class X Biology Cell The Structural and Functional Unit of LifeAlok Singh
The cell is the structural and functional unit of the body. All living beings develop from pre-existing cells. Robert Hooke (1665) discovered the cell. He observed cork cells of a tree bark.
1. The document discusses the reactions of halogens, including their reactions with metals like sodium and iron, and with non-metals like hydrogen.
2. It explains that the reactivity of the halogens decreases down the group, with fluorine being the most reactive and reacting violently with iron wool and hydrogen, while iodine reacts only slowly.
3. Halogen displacement reactions are described as redox reactions, where the more reactive halogen oxidizes the halide ion, gaining electrons itself and being reduced to form halide ions.
This document provides an overview of various lipid types, including waxes, triglycerides, phospholipids, and glycolipids. It describes the structure and functions of these lipids. Waxes are esters of fatty acids with long chain alcohols that serve protective functions. Triglycerides are the main form of fat storage and consist of a glycerol backbone with three fatty acids. Phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine are structural components of cell membranes, while glycolipids contain a carbohydrate head group attached to a ceramide backbone.
This document provides information on tests for ions and gases from a chemistry course. It describes flame tests to identify Li+, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ cations, and tests using sodium hydroxide solution to detect NH4+ or produce precipitates of metal hydroxides to identify Cu2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ cations. Anions can be identified by precipitates formed with silver nitrate and nitric acid for Cl-, Br-, or I-, barium chloride for SO42-, or by detecting carbon dioxide gas evolved from reaction with hydrochloric acid for CO32-. Common cations and anions are also listed.
5 nucleotides and nucleic acids lectureSiham Gritly
This document discusses nucleotides, nucleic acids, and their roles in biology. It describes how nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base bonded to a pentose sugar and phosphate group. Nucleotides bond together via phosphodiester bonds to form nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information in living cells. The document outlines the structures of nucleotides and nucleic acids and differentiates between ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides.
This document discusses carbohydrates and their classification. It covers monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are classified based on carbon atoms and functional groups. Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Polysaccharides include homopolysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose, as well as heteropolysaccharides such as glycosaminoglycans. Common glycosaminoglycans are hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin, and heparan sulfate.
1. The document discusses types and structural features of polysaccharides. It describes homopolysaccharides like starch, dextrin, inulin, glycogen, and cellulose.
2. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin subunits linked by alpha-glucosidic bonds. Dextrin is formed from starch hydrolysis and has a similar structure to amylopectin.
3. Inulin is a polymer of fructose typically with a terminal glucose. Glycogen stores glucose in animals and has highly branched alpha-linked subunits. Cellulose, the main component of plant cell walls, is composed of beta-glucose units.
Mechanics deals with forces and motion, including kinetics, statics, and kinematics. Vector quantities like displacement and velocity have both magnitude and direction, while scalar quantities like mass and time only have magnitude. Mechanics also examines concepts like average speed, average velocity, acceleration, energy, heat, and the conservation of energy. Forces cause motion or changes in motion based on Newton's laws of motion.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that usually require magnification to be seen clearly, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Key developments in microbiology include Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery and observation of microbes in the 1670s, Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1860s that disproved spontaneous generation and established the germ theory of disease, and Robert Koch's establishment in the 1880s of criteria for linking specific microbes to specific diseases. The late 19th and early 20th centuries represented the golden age of microbiology, with major advances including the development of pure culture techniques, vaccines, antiseptics, antibiotics like penicillin, and the
Lipids are extracted from tissues using organic solvents. Adsorption chromatography separates lipids by polarity. Gas-liquid chromatography analyzes fatty acid methyl esters. Specific enzymatic hydrolysis and mass spectrometry are used to deduce lipid structures. Minor lipids serve as essential cofactors, while phospholipids generate signaling molecules. Membrane lipids include glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids.
The document summarizes key biological molecules and their structures and functions. It discusses monomers that make up carbohydrates like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It then explains lipids, made of triglycerides, and proteins, composed of amino acid chains that fold into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. It also briefly mentions the roles of water and inorganic ions in living organisms.
metabolism of glucose into pyruvate or lactate depending upon the presence of oxygen. salient features of glycolysis, definition and sequence of reactions involved in glycolysis.
Pyruvate can enter three pathways. Under aerobic conditions, it is converted to acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to generate energy and is used in fatty acid biosynthesis. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to either lactate using lactate dehydrogenase or ethanol in yeast via alcoholic fermentation, allowing glycolysis to continue regenerating NAD+ without oxygen present.
The document discusses the key chemicals found in living cells - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water and enzymes. It provides details on their structures and functions. Carbohydrates include sugars like glucose and serve as an energy source. Proteins are made of amino acids and are essential components of cells. Lipids contain fatty acids and glycerol. Enzymes are protein catalysts that allow chemical reactions to occur faster in cells. They function by temporarily binding to substrates to facilitate the formation or breakdown of molecules.
This document provides an overview of environmental microbiology. It defines environmental microbiology as the study of microbial interactions, processes, and communities in the environment. It discusses the diversity of microbes and their roles in ecosystems. It describes various microbial habitats including soil, water, other organisms, and extreme environments. It also covers symbiotic relationships between microbes and other organisms. Biogeochemical cycles mediated by microbes, such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles are explained. The role of microbes in environments without sunlight is also discussed.
This document provides information about nutrition and balanced diets. It discusses the main nutrients required - carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fiber and water. It describes how to test for these nutrients and the importance of a balanced diet. Not eating a balanced diet can lead to malnutrition and health problems like obesity, heart disease and constipation. The document also discusses how microorganisms are used in food production and the uses and risks of food additives.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds in plants. They act as storehouses of chemical energy and components of supportive structures. There are four main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose are formed from two monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides including starch, glycogen, and cellulose are long chains of monosaccharide units and serve as energy storage. Carbohydrates undergo various reactions including formation of glycosides, esters, and reduction to alcohols.
This document provides a history of microbiology from its early discoveries to modern developments. It describes key milestones such as the invention of the microscope in the 1600s which allowed the first observations of microorganisms. Important figures like Van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur, Koch, and Fleming are highlighted for their seminal contributions that disproved spontaneous generation, established germ theory and Koch's postulates, developed pasteurization and antibiotics. The document traces the field from its pre-1860 beginnings through defining early breakthroughs between 1860-1900 to establishing microbiology as a modern science post-1900.
This document discusses lipids and their functions and classification. It covers the structure and types of triglycerides, fatty acids, and membranes. It also summarizes glycerophospholipids, sterols like cholesterol and their transport via lipoproteins. Finally, it briefly outlines adrenocorticoid hormones, sex hormones, and their roles.
DDT is an organochlorine insecticide synthesized in 1874 that acts as a nerve poison and kills insects. Its insecticidal properties were discovered in 1939. It was widely used during World War II to combat mosquitoes and other disease carrying insects. DDT works by increasing sodium ion flow in insect neurons, overloading the nervous system and causing death. It is highly persistent in the environment, with half-lives of 2-15 years in soil and over 150 years in aquatic environments.
ICSE Class X Biology Cell The Structural and Functional Unit of LifeAlok Singh
The cell is the structural and functional unit of the body. All living beings develop from pre-existing cells. Robert Hooke (1665) discovered the cell. He observed cork cells of a tree bark.
1. The document discusses the reactions of halogens, including their reactions with metals like sodium and iron, and with non-metals like hydrogen.
2. It explains that the reactivity of the halogens decreases down the group, with fluorine being the most reactive and reacting violently with iron wool and hydrogen, while iodine reacts only slowly.
3. Halogen displacement reactions are described as redox reactions, where the more reactive halogen oxidizes the halide ion, gaining electrons itself and being reduced to form halide ions.
This document provides an overview of various lipid types, including waxes, triglycerides, phospholipids, and glycolipids. It describes the structure and functions of these lipids. Waxes are esters of fatty acids with long chain alcohols that serve protective functions. Triglycerides are the main form of fat storage and consist of a glycerol backbone with three fatty acids. Phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine are structural components of cell membranes, while glycolipids contain a carbohydrate head group attached to a ceramide backbone.
This document provides information on tests for ions and gases from a chemistry course. It describes flame tests to identify Li+, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ cations, and tests using sodium hydroxide solution to detect NH4+ or produce precipitates of metal hydroxides to identify Cu2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ cations. Anions can be identified by precipitates formed with silver nitrate and nitric acid for Cl-, Br-, or I-, barium chloride for SO42-, or by detecting carbon dioxide gas evolved from reaction with hydrochloric acid for CO32-. Common cations and anions are also listed.
5 nucleotides and nucleic acids lectureSiham Gritly
This document discusses nucleotides, nucleic acids, and their roles in biology. It describes how nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base bonded to a pentose sugar and phosphate group. Nucleotides bond together via phosphodiester bonds to form nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information in living cells. The document outlines the structures of nucleotides and nucleic acids and differentiates between ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides.
This document discusses carbohydrates and their classification. It covers monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are classified based on carbon atoms and functional groups. Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Polysaccharides include homopolysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose, as well as heteropolysaccharides such as glycosaminoglycans. Common glycosaminoglycans are hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin, and heparan sulfate.
1. The document discusses types and structural features of polysaccharides. It describes homopolysaccharides like starch, dextrin, inulin, glycogen, and cellulose.
2. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin subunits linked by alpha-glucosidic bonds. Dextrin is formed from starch hydrolysis and has a similar structure to amylopectin.
3. Inulin is a polymer of fructose typically with a terminal glucose. Glycogen stores glucose in animals and has highly branched alpha-linked subunits. Cellulose, the main component of plant cell walls, is composed of beta-glucose units.
Mechanics deals with forces and motion, including kinetics, statics, and kinematics. Vector quantities like displacement and velocity have both magnitude and direction, while scalar quantities like mass and time only have magnitude. Mechanics also examines concepts like average speed, average velocity, acceleration, energy, heat, and the conservation of energy. Forces cause motion or changes in motion based on Newton's laws of motion.
1. This document provides an overview of key concepts in physical science measurements including the International System of Units (SI), units of measurement, prefixes, and measurement techniques.
2. The SI system establishes standard units for measuring common physical properties including the meter for length, kilogram for mass, second for time, kelvin for temperature, ampere for electric current, mole for amount of substance, and candela for luminous intensity.
3. Proper measurement requires selecting the appropriate unit and precision based on the quantity and tool. Data is organized and compared using tables, graphs, and applying statistical concepts like mean and percent error.
1) The nucleus is comprised of protons and neutrons, with the number of protons defining the element. 2) Isotopes of the same element have different numbers of neutrons, resulting in slightly different masses. 3) Some nuclei are unstable and undergo radioactive decay through processes like alpha, beta, or gamma emission to become more stable nuclides. 4) Nuclear reactions involve tremendous amounts of energy due to mass-energy equivalence, and can be harnessed through fission in reactors or potential fusion.
This document discusses various topics relating to solutions, including:
- Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances where the solute is uniformly dispersed throughout the solvent.
- For a solution to form, the intermolecular forces between solute and solvent particles must be strong enough to overcome those within the pure substances.
- The energy changes during solution formation depend on the enthalpy of separating solute and solvent particles and the new interactions between them.
- Solubility is affected by the similarity between solute and solvent intermolecular forces, temperature, and pressure.
- Colligative properties like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression depend only on the number of solute particles and can be
The document discusses key concepts in chemical thermodynamics including:
1) The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
2) Spontaneous processes are those that can occur without outside intervention, while reversible processes can be undone by exactly reversing changes made to the system.
3) The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of the universe increases for spontaneous processes. Entropy is a measure of disorder and generally increases when the number of possible molecular arrangements increases.
The document discusses intermolecular forces, which are the attractions between molecules. It describes the different types of intermolecular forces including dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces. It explains how these intermolecular forces influence various physical properties of substances like boiling point, viscosity, surface tension, and phase changes. The document also discusses how intermolecular forces relate to states of matter and phase diagrams.
This document provides information on solution chemistry and concepts including:
- Definitions of key terms like solution, solute, and solvent
- The process of dissolution where solvent molecules pull apart solute molecules
- How saturated, supersaturated and concentrated solutions are classified
- Factors that influence solubility like temperature, pressure and nature of solute
- Colligative properties of solutions like vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression and boiling point elevation that depend on amount of solute.
- Equations to calculate values like molarity, molality and mole fraction in solutions.
this presentation is based on magnetic effect of electric current, a which many of us have studies or will be studying in higher classes.this presentation is a better way of understanding the topic and in a visual way
1. The document discusses various topics in electrostatics including line integrals of electric fields, electric potential and potential differences, Gauss's theorem, and applications of Gauss's theorem.
2. Key concepts covered are the definitions of electric potential and potential difference, the relationship between electric field and potential via line integrals, and Gauss's theorem that the electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the enclosed charge divided by the permittivity of free space.
3. Examples are given of using Gauss's theorem to calculate electric fields, such as for an infinite line charge, planar sheet of charge, and spherical shell of charge.
The seven major fields of physics are mechanics, thermodynamics, waves, optics, electromagnetism, relativity, and quantum mechanics. The scientific method involves making observations, defining a problem, developing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis through experiments, and drawing a conclusion. The difference between accuracy and precision is that accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the accepted value, while precision refers to the repeatability of measurements and the number of significant figures used. Significant figures are used to express the precision of measurements by determining the number of digits that should be written.
1. Electrochemistry involves electron transfer between chemical species in oxidation-reduction reactions.
2. Oxidation and reduction half-reactions can be balanced using the half-reaction method and combined to give the overall redox reaction.
3. Voltaic cells harness the energy of spontaneous redox reactions by allowing electrons to flow through an external circuit, and cell potential depends on the relative reduction potentials of the half-reactions.
1. This document discusses several topics related to electricity including Kirchhoff's laws, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge, and potentiometer.
2. Kirchhoff's laws include the junction rule which states the algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero, and the loop rule which states the algebraic sum of potential drops around any closed loop is zero.
3. The Wheatstone bridge and metre bridge are used to measure unknown resistances based on balancing a galvanometer using a sliding contact to adjust potential differences.
4. A potentiometer can be used to compare electromotive forces (EMFs) of cells by finding the balance point where the potential is equal and opposite to the cell's
1. Frictional electricity is produced by rubbing two materials together, causing electrons to transfer from one material to the other. For example, rubbing glass with silk causes electrons to transfer from the glass to the silk, leaving the glass positively charged and the silk negatively charged.
2. Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
3. Charge can exist as discrete quantities called electrons. Charge is quantized and can be expressed as integer multiples of the fundamental unit of charge called the electron charge.
4. Continuous charge distributions can be described by their linear charge density, surface charge
A compass needle is placed under a copper wire carrying an electric current. When current is passed through the wire, the compass needle deflects, showing that the current produces a magnetic field that exerts a force on the compass needle. This demonstrates that electricity and magnetism are linked. The magnetic field produced by a current has concentric circular field lines around the wire. Increasing the current increases the magnetic field strength.
Magnetic Effects Of Current Class 12 Part-1Self-employed
The document discusses the magnetic effects of electric current, including:
1) Oersted's experiment showing a current-carrying wire deflects a magnetic needle.
2) Rules for determining the direction of magnetic fields, including Ampere's swimming rule and Maxwell's corkscrew rule.
3) Biot-Savart's law, which describes the magnetic field created by a current-carrying element as proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the distance.
This document discusses the principles and components of a Van de Graaff generator, which is used to generate very high voltages. It consists of a large metal sphere and two combs with sharp points that are attached to moving belts. When the belts transfer charge to the sphere via the combs, the potential of the sphere increases greatly. The sharp points on the combs ionize the surrounding air through corona discharge, spraying charges onto the belts. This allows the generator to continually build up charge on the sphere over time.
This document discusses the concepts of electric fields and electric field intensity. It defines electric field as a region of space around charged particles that exert electrostatic forces on other charges. Electric field intensity is defined as the electrostatic force per unit positive test charge. The electric field due to a point charge is discussed, along with the superposition principle and electric field lines. Electric dipoles are introduced as pairs of equal and opposite charges, with discussions of dipole moment, and the electric field intensity and torque experienced by dipoles.
This document discusses three effects of electricity: thermal, chemical, and thermoelectric. The thermal effect explains how an electric current produces heat due to the collision of electrons with atoms in a conductor. Joule's law quantifies this relationship. The chemical effect discusses electrolysis and Faraday's laws of electrolysis. Electrolysis is the process of using a direct current to cause a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. The thermoelectric effect explains how a temperature difference across junctions of two different conductors can produce an electric current, as described by Seebeck's discovery of the thermoelectric effect. Key concepts covered include Seebeck series, neutral temperature, and temperature of inversion.
Many occupations require converting between metric units, including tradespeople, engineers, scientists, and medical professionals. It is easiest to use a conversion chart that shows relationships between units like kilometers, meters, centimeters, and millimeters. Area and volume conversions involve squaring or cubing the units, so they can produce very large results. Common area units include hectares and square meters, while volume is often measured in cubic meters, liters, or milliliters. Liquid volume is termed capacity. Mass conversions also use multiples of 1000, with the gram and kilogram as base units.
This document outlines the curriculum for Class XII chemistry in India. It includes 16 units covering topics in solid state, solutions, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, and organic and inorganic chemistry. There are 160 periods for theory and 60 for practical work. The theory exam is 3 hours long and worth 70 marks. Practical exams evaluate volumetric analysis, salt analysis, experiments and project work out of 30 total marks. Key areas covered include chemical bonding, stoichiometry, equilibrium, redox reactions, organic compounds and biomolecules. The curriculum aims to develop students' understanding of fundamental chemical concepts through both classroom and hands-on laboratory instruction.
1. The document outlines the revised syllabus for Class XII Chemistry for the 2020-21 session.
2. It describes 14 units that will be covered including topics on solid state, solutions, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, surface chemistry, p-block elements, d-block elements, coordination compounds, haloalkanes and haloarenes, alcohols/phenols/ethers, aldehydes/ketones/carboxylic acids, organic compounds containing nitrogen, and biomolecules.
3. Key concepts from each unit are highlighted such as classification of solids, colligative properties of solutions, redox reactions and EMF of cells in electrochemistry, rate laws and
This document outlines the syllabus for a chemistry course. It covers 16 units that include topics such as solid state chemistry, solutions, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, surface chemistry, isolation of elements, p-block elements, d- and f-block elements, coordination compounds, organic compounds, biomolecules, and polymers. The course will conclude with a unit on chemicals used in everyday life such as medicines, food, and cleaning agents. Students will take one exam consisting of 25 compulsory questions to assess their understanding of the material covered over the semester.
The document outlines the syllabus for Class XII (Theory) chemistry. It includes 16 units covering topics such as solid state, solutions, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, p-block elements, d-block elements, coordination compounds, organic compounds and biomolecules. The units range from 3-14 periods. Unit I covers classification of solids and unit cell structure. Unit II discusses types of solutions and colligative properties. Unit III describes redox reactions, electrochemistry concepts and corrosion.
This document outlines the syllabus for chemistry for class 11 in India. It includes:
1. The topics to be covered in terms 1 and 2, such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, redox reactions, and organic chemistry.
2. The number of periods and marks allocated for each topic.
3. Details of the practical exams to be conducted each term, involving volumetric analysis, salt analysis, and other experiments.
4. Guidelines for evaluating visually handicapped students in practical exams by rationalizing the syllabus.
CBSE Deleted Syllabus Class 11, 12 Chemistry 2020-21Anand Meena
The document discusses proposed reductions to the CBSE Board syllabus for Chemistry for classes 11 and 12.
For class 11, some topics proposed for reduction include laws of chemical combination under basic concepts, classification of elements and periodicity in properties, states of matter, and chemical thermodynamics. For the practical portion, experiments involving pH determination and chemical equilibrium are proposed to be reduced.
For class 12, some topics proposed for reduction include electrical and magnetic properties in solids, abnormal molecular mass in solutions, lead accumulator and dry cells in electrochemistry, and collision theory in chemical kinetics. Portions of several other units are also proposed for reduction, and some practical experiments are proposed to be removed.
This document provides the rationale, objectives, course structure, and content details for the Chemistry curriculum for senior secondary students in India. It aims to equip students with conceptual knowledge of chemistry to pursue further academic or professional studies. The revised curriculum emphasizes fundamental concepts, applications, and emerging areas of chemistry. It removes repetitive content and incorporates new scientific terms, symbols and formulations. The course is divided into 14 units covering topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, thermodynamics, equilibrium, redox reactions, s-block and p-block elements, and organic chemistry. It concludes with the unit-wise breakdown of the syllabus and marks allocation.
The document provides information on the chemistry curriculum for classes 11 and 12 in India.
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2. New areas like synthetic materials, biomolecules, and industrial chemistry have been added to better reflect current topics in chemistry.
3. Greater emphasis is placed on new nomenclature, symbols, fundamental concepts, and applications of chemistry in technology and industry.
4. The class 11 syllabus covers topics like atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, thermodynamics, equilibrium, redox reactions and organic chemistry.
5. Practical work
The document provides information on the chemistry curriculum for classes 11 and 12 in India.
Some key points:
1. The curriculum aims to provide students with conceptual knowledge of chemistry to enable them to pursue further academic or professional studies.
2. New areas like synthetic materials, biomolecules, and industrial chemistry have been added to update the syllabus.
3. For class 11, the syllabus covers topics like atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, thermodynamics, equilibrium etc.
4. The class 12 syllabus includes solutions, electrochemistry, kinetics, coordination compounds and various types of organic compounds.
5. Practical work involves volumetric analysis, salt analysis
This document provides the rationale and syllabus for chemistry classes XI-XII. It discusses that at the higher secondary stage, specialized discipline-based courses are introduced to prepare students for careers in basic sciences or professional fields. The syllabus aims to provide a conceptual background in chemistry and promote problem-solving abilities. It covers fundamental concepts logically and relates chemistry to modern applications. The practical syllabus includes core experiments and an investigatory project. The overall goals are to develop scientific skills and attitudes while retaining interest in chemistry.
This document provides the rationale and syllabus for chemistry classes XI-XII. It discusses that at the higher secondary stage, specialized discipline-based courses are introduced to prepare students for careers in basic sciences or professional fields. The syllabus aims to provide a conceptual background in chemistry and promote problem-solving abilities. It covers fundamental concepts logically and relates chemistry to modern applications. The practical syllabus includes core experiments and an investigatory project. The overall goals are to develop scientific skills and attitudes while retaining interest in chemistry.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry and organic compounds. It discusses how organic chemistry originated from distinguishing living from non-living substances. While early scientists believed organic compounds contained a vital force, it was later shown that organic substances could be prepared in the lab. The document defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds, as carbon can form many diverse structures through its four covalent bonds. In summary, the document traces the history and definition of organic chemistry and explains why carbon is uniquely suited to form the compounds found in living things.
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Class 12 Cbse Chemistry Syllabus 2015
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CLASS XII (2014-15)
(THEORY)
Total Periods (Theory 160 + Practical 60)
Time: 3 Hours 70 Marks
Unit No. Title No. of Periods Marks
Unit I Solid State 10
Unit II Solutions 10
Unit III Electrochemistry 12 23
Unit IV Chemical Kinetics 10
Unit V Surface Chemistry 08
Unit VI General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 08
Unit VII p -Block Elements 12
Unit VIII d -and f -Block Elements 12
19
Unit IX Coordination Compounds 12
Unit X Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 10
Unit XI Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 10
Unit XII Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 10
Unit XIII Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen 10 28
Unit XIV Biomolecules 12
Unit XV Polymers 08
Unit XVI Chemistry in Everyday Life 06
Total 160 70
Unit I: Solid State 10 Periods
Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic
solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea). Unit cell in two dimensional and three
dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids,
number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.
Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors.
Unit II: Solutions 10 Periods
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in
liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult's law,
elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular
masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor.
Unit III: Electrochemistry 12 Periods
Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations
of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary
idea), dry cell -electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard
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electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs
energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion.
Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics 10 Periods
Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration,
temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate
constant,integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of
collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious
equation.
Unit V: Surface Chemistry 08 Periods
Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis,
homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction
between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic, lyophobic multimolecularand
macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement,electrophoresis,
coagulation, emulsion - types of emulsions.
Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 08 Periods
Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, oxidation, reduction - electrolytic method and
refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.
Unit VII:"p"-Block Elements 12 Periods
Group -15 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states,
trends in physical and chemical properties; Nitrogen preparation properties and uses; compounds
of Nitrogen, preparation and properties of Ammonia and Nitric Acid, Oxides of Nitrogen(Structure
only) ; Phosphorus - allotropic forms, compounds of Phosphorus: Preparation and Properties of
Phosphine, Halides and Oxoacids (elementary idea only).
Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence,
trends in physical and chemical properties,dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses, classification
of Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur -allotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: Preparation Properties and
uses of Sulphur-dioxide, Sulphuric Acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses;
Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only).
Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence,
trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and
uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures
only).
Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical
and chemical properties, uses.
Unit VIII: "d" and "f" Block Elements 12 Periods
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals,
general trends in properties of the first row transition metals - metallic character, ionization enthalpy,
oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds,
alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2
Cr2
O7
and KMnO4
.
Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid
contraction and its consequences.
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Actinoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
Unit IX: Coordination Compounds 12 Periods
Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties
and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner's
theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in
qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system).
Unit X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes. 10 Periods
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C -X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of
substitution reactions, optical rotation.
Haloarenes: Nature of C -X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in
monosubstituted compounds only).
Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane,
iodoform, freons, DDT.
Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 10 Periods
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary
alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration,
uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of
phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 10 Periods
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical
and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in
aldehydes: uses.
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties; uses.
Unit XIII: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen 10 Periods
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Cyanides and Isocyanides - will be mentioned at relevant places in text.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit XIV: Biomolecules 12 Periods
Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L
configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose,
glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
Proteins -Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of
proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only),
denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones - Elementary idea excluding structure.
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Vitamins - Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
Unit XV: Polymers 08 Periods
Classification - natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
copolymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters,
bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday life 06 Periods
Chemicals in medicines - analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials,
antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
Chemicals in food - preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
PRACTICALS
Evaluation Scheme for Examination Marks
Volumetric Analysis 08
Salt Analysis 08
Content Based Experiment 06
Project work 04
Class record and viva 04
Total 30
PRACTICALS SYLLABUS 60 Periods
Micro-chemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments.
Wherever possible, such techniques should be used.
A. Surface Chemistry
(a) Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol
Lyophilic sol - starch, egg albumin and gum
Lyophobic sol - aluminium hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arsenous sulphide.
(b) Dialysis of sol-prepared in (a) above.
(c) Study of the role of emulsifying agents in stabilizing the emulsion of different oils.
B. Chemical Kinetics
(a) Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and
Hydrochloric acid.
(b) Study of reaction rates of any one of the following:
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(i) Reaction of Iodide ion with Hydrogen Peroxide at room temperature using different concentration
of Iodide ions.
(ii) Reaction between Potassium Iodate, (KIO3
) and Sodium Sulphite: (Na2
SO3
) using starch solution as
indicator (clock reaction).
C. Thermochemistry
Any one of the following experiments
i) Enthalpy of dissolution of Copper Sulphate or Potassium Nitrate.
ii) Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCI) and strong base (NaOH).
iii) Determination of enthaply change during interaction (Hydrogen bond formation) between Acetone
and Chloroform.
D. Electrochemistry
Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn2+
|| Cu2+
/Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO4
or
ZnSO4
) at room temperature.
E. Chromatography
i) Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper chromatography and determination
of Rf values.
ii) Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations only (constituents
having large difference in R fvalues to be provided).
F. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds
i) Preparation of double salt of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate or Potash Alum.
ii) Preparation of Potassium Ferric Oxalate.
G. Preparation of Organic Compounds
Preparation of any one of the following compounds
i) Acetanilide
ii) Di -benzal Acetone
iii) p-Nitroacetanilide
iv) Aniline yellow or 2 - Naphthol Aniline dye.
H. Tests for the functional groups present in organic compounds:
Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (Primary) groups.
I. Characteristic tests of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in pure samples and their detection in given
food stuffs.
J. Determination of concentration/ molarity of KMnO4
solution by titrating it against a standard
solution of:
i) Oxalic acid,
ii) Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate
(Students will be required to prepare standard solutions by weighing themselves).
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K. Qualitative analysis
Determination of one cation and one anion in a given salt.
Cation- Pb2+
, Cu2+
As3+
, Al3, Fe3+
, Mn2+
, ZnCu2
+, Co2
+, Ni2
+, Ca2+
, Sr2+
, Ba2+
, Mg2+
,
Anions-
(Note: Insoluble salts excluded)
PROJECT
Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.
A few suggested Projects.
Study of the presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening.
Study of quantity of casein present in different samples of milk.
Preparation of soybean milk and its comparison with the natural milk with respect to curd formation,
effect of temperature, etc.
Study of the effect of Potassium Bisulphate as food preservative under various conditions (temperature,
concentration, time, etc.)
Study of digestion of starch by salivary amylase and effect of pH and temperature on it.
Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of following materials: wheat flour, gram flour, potato
juice, carrot juice, etc.
Extraction of essential oils present in Saunf (aniseed), Ajwain (carum), Illaichi (cardamom).
Study of common food adulterants in fat, oil, butter, sugar, turmeric power, chilli powder and pepper.
Note: Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be chosen with the
approval of the teacher.
Prescribed Books:
1. Chemistry Part -I, Class-XII, Published by NCERT.
2. Chemistry Part -II, Class-XII, Published by NCERT.
+
4NH
2- 2- 2- - - - 3+ 2- -
3 4 2 2 4 4, S , S , S , NO , C , Br, I , PO , C , O , CH COOl2-
3C
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CHEMISTRY (CODE-043)
QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
CLASS - XII (2014-15)
Time 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70
S. Typology of Questions Very Short Short Value Long Total %
No. Short Answer-I Answer -II based Anser Marks Weigh-
Answer (SA-I) (SA-II) question (L.A.) tage
(VSA) (2 marks) (3 marks) (4 marks) (5 marks)
(1 mark)
1 Remembering- 2 1 1 - - 7 10%
(Knowledge based Simple
recall questions, to know
specific facts, terms,
concepts, principles, or
theories, Identify, define,
or recite, information)
2 Understanding- - 2 4 - 1 21 30%
(Comprehension -to be
familiar with meaning and
to understand
conceptually, interpret,
compare, contrast, explain,
paraphrase information)
3 Application (Use abstract - 2 4 - 1 21 30%
information in concrete
situation, to apply
knowledge to new
situations, Use given
content to interpret a
situation, provide an
example, or solve a
problem)
4 High Order Thinking 2 - 1 - 1 10 14%
Skills ( Analysis &
Synthesis- Classify,
compare, contrast, or
differentiate between
different pieces of
information, Organize
and/or integrate unique
pieces of information
from a variety of sources)
5 Evaluation and Multi- 1 - 2 1 - 11 16%
Disciplinary- (Appraise,
judge, and/or justify the
value or worth of a decision
or outcome, or to predict
outcomes based on values)
TOTAL 5x1=5 5x2=10 12x3=36 1x4=4 3x5=15 70(26) 100%
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QUESTION WISE BREAK UP
Type of Question(s) Mark(s) per Total No. of Total
Question Questions Marks
VSA 1 5 05
SA-I 2 5 10
SA-II 3 12 36
VBQ 4 1 04
LA 5 3 15
Total 26 70
1. Internal Choice: There is no overall choice in the paper. However, there is an internal choice in one
question of 2 marks weightage, one question of 3 marks weightage and all the three questions of 5 marks
weightage.
2. The above template is only a sample. Suitable internal variations may be made for generating similar templates
keeping the overall weightage to different form of questions and typology of questions same.