This document provides the rationale and syllabus for chemistry classes XI-XII. It discusses that at the higher secondary stage, specialized discipline-based courses are introduced to prepare students for careers in basic sciences or professional fields. The syllabus aims to provide a conceptual background in chemistry and promote problem-solving abilities. It covers fundamental concepts logically and relates chemistry to modern applications. The practical syllabus includes core experiments and an investigatory project. The overall goals are to develop scientific skills and attitudes while retaining interest in chemistry.
The document outlines the syllabus for Class XII (Theory) chemistry. It includes 16 units covering topics such as solid state, solutions, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, p-block elements, d-block elements, coordination compounds, organic compounds and biomolecules. The units range from 3-14 periods. Unit I covers classification of solids and unit cell structure. Unit II discusses types of solutions and colligative properties. Unit III describes redox reactions, electrochemistry concepts and corrosion.
The document provides tips and strategies for preparing for the IIT-JEE exam, which focuses more on conceptual questions than lengthy calculations. It emphasizes revising key topics in physical, organic, and inorganic chemistry based on previous exams. For physical chemistry, topics like electrochemistry, ionic equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics are highly tested. Organic chemistry questions often involve reactions, isomerism, and named reactions. Inorganic chemistry preparation should focus on coordination compounds, metallurgy, and the chemistry of non-metals. Successful exam strategies include practicing multi-conceptual problems, knowing formulas and shortcuts, and aiming to attempt 60% of questions with 90% accuracy.
This document provides the rationale, objectives, course structure, and content details for the Chemistry curriculum for senior secondary students in India. It aims to equip students with conceptual knowledge of chemistry to pursue further academic or professional studies. The revised curriculum emphasizes fundamental concepts, applications, and emerging areas of chemistry. It removes repetitive content and incorporates new scientific terms, symbols and formulations. The course is divided into 14 units covering topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, thermodynamics, equilibrium, redox reactions, s-block and p-block elements, and organic chemistry. It concludes with the unit-wise breakdown of the syllabus and marks allocation.
This document provides the syllabus for the chemistry portion of the National Entrance Screening Test (NEST) for admission to 5-year integrated M.Sc programs in 2021. It lists the topics that will be covered in physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and organic chemistry. The physical chemistry section includes topics like thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, and solutions. The inorganic chemistry section covers classification of elements, main group and transition metal chemistry. The organic chemistry section lists topics in basic concepts, reactive intermediates, functional groups, carbohydrates, polymers and more.
The document discusses the exam pattern and syllabus for the Combined Geo-Scientist Examination conducted by UPSC for the position of Chemist Gr 'A' in the Geological Survey of India. It has three stages - Stage I involves a preliminary exam testing general studies and chemistry knowledge, Stage II involves descriptive exams testing inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry, and Stage III involves a personality test. The document provides details of the exam format, marking schemes, eligibility criteria and syllabus for each exam stage.
The document outlines a scheme of work for Form 4 Chemistry over 41 weeks. It is divided into 9 themes covering topics such as the structure of atoms, the periodic table, chemical bonds, acids and bases, and manufactured substances in industry. Each week focuses on 1-3 learning objectives, such as understanding isotopes and their importance, analyzing the electrolysis of aqueous solutions, and synthesizing the concepts of strong and weak acids and bases. The scheme includes monthly tests, mid-term and final exams to assess student learning throughout the year.
tiếng anh chuyên ngành lọc hoá dầu - đại học mỏ địa chất , giảng viên Bùi Th...Lê Văn Tiến
This document provides an overview of chemistry and its branches, as well as classifications of matter. It discusses the basic units of chemistry including general chemistry, qualitative and quantitative analysis, inorganic and organic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry, structural chemistry, radiochemistry, and industrial chemistry. It describes the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - and defines elementary substances and compounds. Key terms like substance, element, mixture, and molecular structure are introduced. Common laboratory equipment is outlined, and important substances like hydrocarbons and their uses are summarized. Sample exercises are provided to test comprehension.
The document outlines the syllabus for Class XII (Theory) chemistry. It includes 16 units covering topics such as solid state, solutions, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, p-block elements, d-block elements, coordination compounds, organic compounds and biomolecules. The units range from 3-14 periods. Unit I covers classification of solids and unit cell structure. Unit II discusses types of solutions and colligative properties. Unit III describes redox reactions, electrochemistry concepts and corrosion.
The document provides tips and strategies for preparing for the IIT-JEE exam, which focuses more on conceptual questions than lengthy calculations. It emphasizes revising key topics in physical, organic, and inorganic chemistry based on previous exams. For physical chemistry, topics like electrochemistry, ionic equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics are highly tested. Organic chemistry questions often involve reactions, isomerism, and named reactions. Inorganic chemistry preparation should focus on coordination compounds, metallurgy, and the chemistry of non-metals. Successful exam strategies include practicing multi-conceptual problems, knowing formulas and shortcuts, and aiming to attempt 60% of questions with 90% accuracy.
This document provides the rationale, objectives, course structure, and content details for the Chemistry curriculum for senior secondary students in India. It aims to equip students with conceptual knowledge of chemistry to pursue further academic or professional studies. The revised curriculum emphasizes fundamental concepts, applications, and emerging areas of chemistry. It removes repetitive content and incorporates new scientific terms, symbols and formulations. The course is divided into 14 units covering topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, thermodynamics, equilibrium, redox reactions, s-block and p-block elements, and organic chemistry. It concludes with the unit-wise breakdown of the syllabus and marks allocation.
This document provides the syllabus for the chemistry portion of the National Entrance Screening Test (NEST) for admission to 5-year integrated M.Sc programs in 2021. It lists the topics that will be covered in physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and organic chemistry. The physical chemistry section includes topics like thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, and solutions. The inorganic chemistry section covers classification of elements, main group and transition metal chemistry. The organic chemistry section lists topics in basic concepts, reactive intermediates, functional groups, carbohydrates, polymers and more.
The document discusses the exam pattern and syllabus for the Combined Geo-Scientist Examination conducted by UPSC for the position of Chemist Gr 'A' in the Geological Survey of India. It has three stages - Stage I involves a preliminary exam testing general studies and chemistry knowledge, Stage II involves descriptive exams testing inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry, and Stage III involves a personality test. The document provides details of the exam format, marking schemes, eligibility criteria and syllabus for each exam stage.
The document outlines a scheme of work for Form 4 Chemistry over 41 weeks. It is divided into 9 themes covering topics such as the structure of atoms, the periodic table, chemical bonds, acids and bases, and manufactured substances in industry. Each week focuses on 1-3 learning objectives, such as understanding isotopes and their importance, analyzing the electrolysis of aqueous solutions, and synthesizing the concepts of strong and weak acids and bases. The scheme includes monthly tests, mid-term and final exams to assess student learning throughout the year.
tiếng anh chuyên ngành lọc hoá dầu - đại học mỏ địa chất , giảng viên Bùi Th...Lê Văn Tiến
This document provides an overview of chemistry and its branches, as well as classifications of matter. It discusses the basic units of chemistry including general chemistry, qualitative and quantitative analysis, inorganic and organic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry, structural chemistry, radiochemistry, and industrial chemistry. It describes the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - and defines elementary substances and compounds. Key terms like substance, element, mixture, and molecular structure are introduced. Common laboratory equipment is outlined, and important substances like hydrocarbons and their uses are summarized. Sample exercises are provided to test comprehension.
This document outlines the yearly plan for the Chemistry Form 4 course at MaaHad Tahfiz Negeri Pahang for 2013. It includes 4 weeks of topics to be covered: [1] Introduction to Chemistry and the Scientific Method; [2] The Structure of the Atom including atomic structure, isotopes, and electronic structure; [3] Chemical Bonding; and [4] The Periodic Table. Each week covers 1-2 topics with related content, learning outcomes, and notes such as experiments, quizzes, and discussions. The goal is for students to understand fundamental chemistry concepts and be able to apply the scientific method.
This document provides the syllabus for chemistry for the JEE MAIN 2014 exam. It covers 27 units of chemistry across three sections - physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and organic chemistry. The physical chemistry section covers topics like states of matter, atomic structure, chemical bonding, thermodynamics, solutions, and equilibrium. The inorganic chemistry section discusses periodic properties, metals/alloys, s-block and p-block elements, and coordination compounds. The organic chemistry section addresses purification/characterization, basic principles, hydrocarbons, organic compounds by functional groups (halogens, oxygen, nitrogen), polymers, and biomolecules.
This document provides a yearly teaching plan for chemistry for Form 4 students in 2013 at SMK Seri Keramat. It outlines the themes, learning objectives, suggested learning activities and outcomes for each week. The plan covers topics such as the structure of the atom, isotopes, electronic structure, chemical formulae, equations and the mole concept. Learning activities include experiments, discussions, simulations and quizzes. The objectives are for students to understand key chemistry concepts and develop scientific skills through engaging lessons and assessments.
This document outlines the syllabus for the Analytical Methods and Techniques course (CHE 221) taught by Professor David N. Rahni at Pace University in the fall of 1999. The course will introduce students to quantitative chemical analysis methods including gravimetric, titrimetric, electrochemical, and potentiometric techniques. Students will learn to select appropriate wet chemical and basic electrochemical methods to quantitatively analyze analyte concentrations. The course will equip students with critical analytical thinking skills through problem sets, a lab component, quizzes, exams, homework, and identifying and critiquing online resources. Professor Rahni's background and accomplishments in analytical chemistry are also outlined.
This document outlines a lesson plan on matter for a 3rd year secondary education science course. The lesson plan covers the following key topics:
1. Defining what matter is.
2. Exploring the properties of matter including mass, volume, density, and states of matter.
3. Examining gas laws and how scientists classify different types of matter.
4. Introducing concepts like kinetic molecular theory, solutions, and solubility.
The lesson plan provides learning objectives, detailed content sections, assessment strategies, and a methodology for an active, participatory class focused on both individual and group learning. It aims to help students understand fundamental scientific concepts about matter through explanations, activities,
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts. It begins by classifying matter as either mixtures or pure substances, with pure substances further divided into elements and compounds. Elements contain only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more different types of atoms combined in fixed ratios. The three common states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - are described based on how tightly or loosely the particles are packed. Key concepts like the mole, molar mass, empirical and molecular formulas are also introduced. Measurement units commonly used in chemistry like grams, meters, and moles are defined according to the International System of Units.
This document provides information about a Chemistry course offered at Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis. The course is for the Diploma in Planting Industrial Management program and is worth 3 credit hours. The course outline covers topics including the structure of atoms and molecules, electronic structure of atoms, the periodic table, chemical bonding, inorganic chemistry, oxidation and reduction, acids and bases, and organic chemistry. Student assessment includes tests, laboratory work, and a final exam worth 60% comprising both objective and subjective questions. The recommended textbook is Essential Chemistry by Raymond Chang.
1. The document outlines a chemistry course plan for Form 5 students covering topics on rates of reaction, carbon compounds, alkanes, and alkenes over 9 weeks.
2. Key topics include analyzing factors that affect reaction rates such as concentration, temperature, and catalysts; understanding carbon compounds and their classification; analyzing the properties and reactions of alkanes and alkenes; and synthesizing ideas on isomerism.
3. Learning outcomes focus on applying knowledge of reaction rates and carbon compounds to everyday life and problem solving approaches.
CBSE Deleted Syllabus Class 11, 12 Chemistry 2020-21Anand Meena
The document discusses proposed reductions to the CBSE Board syllabus for Chemistry for classes 11 and 12.
For class 11, some topics proposed for reduction include laws of chemical combination under basic concepts, classification of elements and periodicity in properties, states of matter, and chemical thermodynamics. For the practical portion, experiments involving pH determination and chemical equilibrium are proposed to be reduced.
For class 12, some topics proposed for reduction include electrical and magnetic properties in solids, abnormal molecular mass in solutions, lead accumulator and dry cells in electrochemistry, and collision theory in chemical kinetics. Portions of several other units are also proposed for reduction, and some practical experiments are proposed to be removed.
K to 12 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (STEM) Curriculum Guide in General Chemistry (with...EngineerPH EducatorPH
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/General-Chemistry-1-and-2.pdf
General Chemistry
GenChem
STEM
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
K to 12 Senior High School STEM Specialized Subject – General Chemistry 1 and 2
Quarter 1 – General Chemistry 1
Matter and Its Properties
Measurements
Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas
Chemical reactions and chemical equations
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Gases
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
Gas stoichiometry
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
Quarter 2 – General Chemistry 1
Electronic Structure of Atoms
Electronic Structure and Periodicity
Chemical Bonding
Organic compounds
Quarter 3 – General Chemistry 2
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
Physical Properties of Solutions
Thermochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Quarter 4 – General Chemistry 2
Chemical Thermodynamics
Chemical Equilibrium
Acid-Base Equilibria and Salt Equilibria
Electrochemistry
Class-12 Neb Board Chemistry (physical) new syllabus 2076TejNarayan15
This document provides an orientation for a 12th grade chemistry class, outlining the key topics and learning objectives to be covered. The curriculum includes general and physical chemistry, volumetric analysis, ionic equilibrium, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, thermodynamics, and laboratory materials. Some of the main concepts are concentration of solutions, acid/base theories, solubility product principles, rate laws, standard electrode potentials, entropy and the laws of thermodynamics. Students will learn fundamental concepts and solve related numerical problems and laboratory experiments.
The curriculum vitae outlines Carlos Gonzalez's educational and professional background. He holds a PhD in Chemistry from Dalhousie University and has worked as a postdoctoral research associate and lecturer at various universities. His areas of expertise include nanomaterials synthesis and characterization using various techniques. He has published numerous peer-reviewed papers and presented his work at several conferences.
1) The document discusses the scientific method and how it is used to classify and understand matter through careful observation, hypothesis testing, and developing general theories.
2) Matter can be classified based on its physical state as solid, liquid, or gas, which is determined by the structure and motion of atoms and molecules. It can also be classified based on its composition as pure substances like elements and compounds, or mixtures.
3) Changes in matter can be physical changes that alter state but not composition, or chemical changes that alter composition through rearrangement of atoms. Both types of changes are associated with gains or losses of energy.
This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including:
- Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Atoms are the smallest particle of an element and consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Elements combine in fixed proportions to form compounds. Chemical reactions involve breaking and forming bonds to create new substances.
- Living things require energy, obtained through exergonic reactions like cellular respiration. Catalysts like enzymes lower reaction activation energies.
- Solutions are uniform mixtures where particles of solute are distributed within a solvent. Aqueous solutions in living things are important for biochemical reactions. Acids and bases are defined by hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations measured on the pH scale.
Inorganica chemistry principlesos structure and reactivity fourth editionDianaMontagut
This document provides an overview of the 4th edition of the textbook "Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity" by James E. Huheey, Ellen A. Keiter, and Richard L. Keiter. The preface discusses updates that have been made to the new edition, including additional authors, chapters, and examples. It outlines the philosophy of providing essential inorganic chemistry concepts while emphasizing that the field is continually growing. The textbook aims to familiarize readers with applications of inorganic principles in an accessible manner.
This document outlines the lecture schedule and topics, course requirements, and grading scale for General Chemistry I taught by Professor David Rahni at Pace University. The course will cover topics including atomic structure, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, gases, thermochemistry, and periodic properties over 15 weeks. Students will take 3 exams, complete a laboratory component, and homework assignments. The final exam will be cumulative and course grades will be calculated from exams, labs, homework, and other assessments. Biographical information is also provided on Professor Rahni and his academic and professional background.
This document discusses the periodic table and chemical periodicity. It describes how Dmitri Mendeleev published one of the first periodic tables in 1869, organizing the known elements based on their chemical properties. It also notes that Julius Lothar Meyer published a similar table that year based on physical properties. The document outlines some of Mendeleev's predictions about undiscovered elements and how the periodic table was later updated based on Henry Moseley's work showing atomic number is the fundamental property.
Participant manual drinking water quality testing jun 09rsd kol abundjani
This document provides an introduction to drinking water quality testing. It discusses the importance of testing water quality at both the community and household level. Various guidelines and standards for drinking water quality are described. The document also outlines different options for testing water quality, including lessons learned. Key points covered include planning a water quality testing program, sampling procedures, testing for physical, chemical and microbiological contaminants, and interpreting test results.
Banana peel as removal agent for sulfide from sulfur springs waterAlexander Decker
This study examines using banana peels to remove sulfide from spring water in Heet, Iraq. The chemical composition of banana peels was analyzed, finding high concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium, and manganese. Banana peel was tested in separation columns for its ability to remove sulfide from water samples. The maximum sulfide removal was 97%, nearly as effective as activated carbon. Treated water saw decreased concentrations of metals and increased pH and potassium. This revealed banana peel to be a low-cost and effective method for removing hydrogen sulfide from sulfur spring water.
This document provides an introduction to drinking water quality testing. It discusses the global issues of lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Nearly 900 million people lack access to improved drinking water and over 2.5 billion lack access to improved sanitation. Testing drinking water quality is important to ensure water is safe for drinking and meets World Health Organization guidelines. The document outlines the United Nations Millennium Development Goals related to increasing access to safe drinking water and sanitation.
This document outlines the yearly plan for the Chemistry Form 4 course at MaaHad Tahfiz Negeri Pahang for 2013. It includes 4 weeks of topics to be covered: [1] Introduction to Chemistry and the Scientific Method; [2] The Structure of the Atom including atomic structure, isotopes, and electronic structure; [3] Chemical Bonding; and [4] The Periodic Table. Each week covers 1-2 topics with related content, learning outcomes, and notes such as experiments, quizzes, and discussions. The goal is for students to understand fundamental chemistry concepts and be able to apply the scientific method.
This document provides the syllabus for chemistry for the JEE MAIN 2014 exam. It covers 27 units of chemistry across three sections - physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and organic chemistry. The physical chemistry section covers topics like states of matter, atomic structure, chemical bonding, thermodynamics, solutions, and equilibrium. The inorganic chemistry section discusses periodic properties, metals/alloys, s-block and p-block elements, and coordination compounds. The organic chemistry section addresses purification/characterization, basic principles, hydrocarbons, organic compounds by functional groups (halogens, oxygen, nitrogen), polymers, and biomolecules.
This document provides a yearly teaching plan for chemistry for Form 4 students in 2013 at SMK Seri Keramat. It outlines the themes, learning objectives, suggested learning activities and outcomes for each week. The plan covers topics such as the structure of the atom, isotopes, electronic structure, chemical formulae, equations and the mole concept. Learning activities include experiments, discussions, simulations and quizzes. The objectives are for students to understand key chemistry concepts and develop scientific skills through engaging lessons and assessments.
This document outlines the syllabus for the Analytical Methods and Techniques course (CHE 221) taught by Professor David N. Rahni at Pace University in the fall of 1999. The course will introduce students to quantitative chemical analysis methods including gravimetric, titrimetric, electrochemical, and potentiometric techniques. Students will learn to select appropriate wet chemical and basic electrochemical methods to quantitatively analyze analyte concentrations. The course will equip students with critical analytical thinking skills through problem sets, a lab component, quizzes, exams, homework, and identifying and critiquing online resources. Professor Rahni's background and accomplishments in analytical chemistry are also outlined.
This document outlines a lesson plan on matter for a 3rd year secondary education science course. The lesson plan covers the following key topics:
1. Defining what matter is.
2. Exploring the properties of matter including mass, volume, density, and states of matter.
3. Examining gas laws and how scientists classify different types of matter.
4. Introducing concepts like kinetic molecular theory, solutions, and solubility.
The lesson plan provides learning objectives, detailed content sections, assessment strategies, and a methodology for an active, participatory class focused on both individual and group learning. It aims to help students understand fundamental scientific concepts about matter through explanations, activities,
This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts. It begins by classifying matter as either mixtures or pure substances, with pure substances further divided into elements and compounds. Elements contain only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more different types of atoms combined in fixed ratios. The three common states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - are described based on how tightly or loosely the particles are packed. Key concepts like the mole, molar mass, empirical and molecular formulas are also introduced. Measurement units commonly used in chemistry like grams, meters, and moles are defined according to the International System of Units.
This document provides information about a Chemistry course offered at Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis. The course is for the Diploma in Planting Industrial Management program and is worth 3 credit hours. The course outline covers topics including the structure of atoms and molecules, electronic structure of atoms, the periodic table, chemical bonding, inorganic chemistry, oxidation and reduction, acids and bases, and organic chemistry. Student assessment includes tests, laboratory work, and a final exam worth 60% comprising both objective and subjective questions. The recommended textbook is Essential Chemistry by Raymond Chang.
1. The document outlines a chemistry course plan for Form 5 students covering topics on rates of reaction, carbon compounds, alkanes, and alkenes over 9 weeks.
2. Key topics include analyzing factors that affect reaction rates such as concentration, temperature, and catalysts; understanding carbon compounds and their classification; analyzing the properties and reactions of alkanes and alkenes; and synthesizing ideas on isomerism.
3. Learning outcomes focus on applying knowledge of reaction rates and carbon compounds to everyday life and problem solving approaches.
CBSE Deleted Syllabus Class 11, 12 Chemistry 2020-21Anand Meena
The document discusses proposed reductions to the CBSE Board syllabus for Chemistry for classes 11 and 12.
For class 11, some topics proposed for reduction include laws of chemical combination under basic concepts, classification of elements and periodicity in properties, states of matter, and chemical thermodynamics. For the practical portion, experiments involving pH determination and chemical equilibrium are proposed to be reduced.
For class 12, some topics proposed for reduction include electrical and magnetic properties in solids, abnormal molecular mass in solutions, lead accumulator and dry cells in electrochemistry, and collision theory in chemical kinetics. Portions of several other units are also proposed for reduction, and some practical experiments are proposed to be removed.
K to 12 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (STEM) Curriculum Guide in General Chemistry (with...EngineerPH EducatorPH
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/General-Chemistry-1-and-2.pdf
General Chemistry
GenChem
STEM
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
K to 12 Senior High School STEM Specialized Subject – General Chemistry 1 and 2
Quarter 1 – General Chemistry 1
Matter and Its Properties
Measurements
Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas
Chemical reactions and chemical equations
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Gases
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
Gas stoichiometry
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
Quarter 2 – General Chemistry 1
Electronic Structure of Atoms
Electronic Structure and Periodicity
Chemical Bonding
Organic compounds
Quarter 3 – General Chemistry 2
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
Physical Properties of Solutions
Thermochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Quarter 4 – General Chemistry 2
Chemical Thermodynamics
Chemical Equilibrium
Acid-Base Equilibria and Salt Equilibria
Electrochemistry
Class-12 Neb Board Chemistry (physical) new syllabus 2076TejNarayan15
This document provides an orientation for a 12th grade chemistry class, outlining the key topics and learning objectives to be covered. The curriculum includes general and physical chemistry, volumetric analysis, ionic equilibrium, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, thermodynamics, and laboratory materials. Some of the main concepts are concentration of solutions, acid/base theories, solubility product principles, rate laws, standard electrode potentials, entropy and the laws of thermodynamics. Students will learn fundamental concepts and solve related numerical problems and laboratory experiments.
The curriculum vitae outlines Carlos Gonzalez's educational and professional background. He holds a PhD in Chemistry from Dalhousie University and has worked as a postdoctoral research associate and lecturer at various universities. His areas of expertise include nanomaterials synthesis and characterization using various techniques. He has published numerous peer-reviewed papers and presented his work at several conferences.
1) The document discusses the scientific method and how it is used to classify and understand matter through careful observation, hypothesis testing, and developing general theories.
2) Matter can be classified based on its physical state as solid, liquid, or gas, which is determined by the structure and motion of atoms and molecules. It can also be classified based on its composition as pure substances like elements and compounds, or mixtures.
3) Changes in matter can be physical changes that alter state but not composition, or chemical changes that alter composition through rearrangement of atoms. Both types of changes are associated with gains or losses of energy.
This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including:
- Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Atoms are the smallest particle of an element and consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Elements combine in fixed proportions to form compounds. Chemical reactions involve breaking and forming bonds to create new substances.
- Living things require energy, obtained through exergonic reactions like cellular respiration. Catalysts like enzymes lower reaction activation energies.
- Solutions are uniform mixtures where particles of solute are distributed within a solvent. Aqueous solutions in living things are important for biochemical reactions. Acids and bases are defined by hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations measured on the pH scale.
Inorganica chemistry principlesos structure and reactivity fourth editionDianaMontagut
This document provides an overview of the 4th edition of the textbook "Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity" by James E. Huheey, Ellen A. Keiter, and Richard L. Keiter. The preface discusses updates that have been made to the new edition, including additional authors, chapters, and examples. It outlines the philosophy of providing essential inorganic chemistry concepts while emphasizing that the field is continually growing. The textbook aims to familiarize readers with applications of inorganic principles in an accessible manner.
This document outlines the lecture schedule and topics, course requirements, and grading scale for General Chemistry I taught by Professor David Rahni at Pace University. The course will cover topics including atomic structure, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, gases, thermochemistry, and periodic properties over 15 weeks. Students will take 3 exams, complete a laboratory component, and homework assignments. The final exam will be cumulative and course grades will be calculated from exams, labs, homework, and other assessments. Biographical information is also provided on Professor Rahni and his academic and professional background.
This document discusses the periodic table and chemical periodicity. It describes how Dmitri Mendeleev published one of the first periodic tables in 1869, organizing the known elements based on their chemical properties. It also notes that Julius Lothar Meyer published a similar table that year based on physical properties. The document outlines some of Mendeleev's predictions about undiscovered elements and how the periodic table was later updated based on Henry Moseley's work showing atomic number is the fundamental property.
Participant manual drinking water quality testing jun 09rsd kol abundjani
This document provides an introduction to drinking water quality testing. It discusses the importance of testing water quality at both the community and household level. Various guidelines and standards for drinking water quality are described. The document also outlines different options for testing water quality, including lessons learned. Key points covered include planning a water quality testing program, sampling procedures, testing for physical, chemical and microbiological contaminants, and interpreting test results.
Banana peel as removal agent for sulfide from sulfur springs waterAlexander Decker
This study examines using banana peels to remove sulfide from spring water in Heet, Iraq. The chemical composition of banana peels was analyzed, finding high concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium, and manganese. Banana peel was tested in separation columns for its ability to remove sulfide from water samples. The maximum sulfide removal was 97%, nearly as effective as activated carbon. Treated water saw decreased concentrations of metals and increased pH and potassium. This revealed banana peel to be a low-cost and effective method for removing hydrogen sulfide from sulfur spring water.
This document provides an introduction to drinking water quality testing. It discusses the global issues of lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Nearly 900 million people lack access to improved drinking water and over 2.5 billion lack access to improved sanitation. Testing drinking water quality is important to ensure water is safe for drinking and meets World Health Organization guidelines. The document outlines the United Nations Millennium Development Goals related to increasing access to safe drinking water and sanitation.
The document provides an upgraded syllabus for Physics in standards 11 and 12 in Maharashtra, India. Some key points:
- The syllabus aligns with international standards and is divided into two years for continuity between standards 11 and 12.
- Objectives include emphasizing conceptual understanding, use of SI units, logical sequencing of concepts, and developing problem-solving skills.
- Standard 11 covers topics like measurements, scalars and vectors, projectile motion, forces, friction, sound waves, thermal properties of matter, refraction of light, ray optics, electrostatics, current electricity, and magnetic effects of electric current.
- Standard 12 covers topics like circular motion, gravitation, rotational motion,
Chemistry plays a central role in science and daily life. It deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter. Chemical principles are important in diverse areas like weather patterns, functioning of the brain, and computer operation. Chemical industries contribute significantly to the national economy by manufacturing fertilizers, drugs, polymers, and other products that improve quality of life. With a better understanding of chemical principles, new materials with specific properties can be designed and synthesized. Chemistry also helps tackle environmental issues like ozone depletion and pollution. Understanding biochemical processes and synthesizing new materials present intellectual challenges for future chemists.
Chapter 1 some basic concepts of chemistry class 11 UPDATED PPTritik
The document summarizes several important concepts and laws in chemistry:
1) The law of conservation of mass states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
2) The law of definite proportions states that a chemical compound always contains the same elements in the same proportions by mass.
3) Gay-Lussac's law of gaseous volumes describes how gases combine or are produced in simple volume ratios in chemical reactions at the same temperature and pressure.
4) Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions contain an equal number of molecules.
Presentation is for the first chapter of class 11th Chemistry CBSE board. Presentation is having detailed description for some of the basic concepts like mole concept, matter in our surrounding etc.
The document discusses the history and provisions of universal elementary education reforms and the Right to Education Act in India. It aims to achieve universal access to free and compulsory elementary education for children ages 6 to 14. Key points include: establishing education as a fundamental right in the constitution in 2002 and passing the Right to Education Act in 2009; setting targets through programs like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to enroll all children and increase retention and completion rates; and Supreme Court backing the constitutional validity of the Act in 2012. The Act aims to strengthen social democracy by providing equal education opportunities for all children in India.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structures of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed structures, and bond line representations. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedges and dashes. The document classifies organic compounds as acyclic, alicyclic, or aromatic. It discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds including hydrocarbons, functional groups, and isomers. Finally, it briefly touches on reaction mechanisms and bond cleavage in organic reactions.
Nearly all water in the world contains contaminants, even in the absence of nearby pollution-causing activities
Many dissolved minerals, carbon compounds, and microbes find their way into drinking water as it comes in contact with air and soil
When pollutant and contaminant levels in drinking water are high, they may affect household routines and be detrimental to human health
The only way to ensure that your water supply is safe is to have a periodic laboratory water quality analysis done on your drinking water. Hach India is the leading provider of high end water quality analysis equipment in india
The document outlines experiments for a CBSE Class 12 Physics practical exam, including:
1. Determining the resistance of a wire and its specific resistance using a metre bridge.
2. Verifying the laws of series and parallel combinations of resistances using a metre bridge.
3. Comparing the EMF of two primary cells and determining the internal resistance of a primary cell using a potentiometer.
4. Determining the resistance of a galvanometer, converting it into an ammeter and voltmeter, and finding the refractive index of liquids and focal lengths of lenses and mirrors.
These are the class 12 practicals held in cbse schools and it contains all the inorganic and organic salt tests in a simplified way and all the other experiments
The document provides information on the chemistry curriculum for classes 11 and 12 in India.
Some key points:
1. The curriculum aims to provide students with conceptual knowledge of chemistry to enable them to pursue further academic or professional studies.
2. New areas like synthetic materials, biomolecules, and industrial chemistry have been added to better reflect current topics in chemistry.
3. Greater emphasis is placed on new nomenclature, symbols, fundamental concepts, and applications of chemistry in technology and industry.
4. The class 11 syllabus covers topics like atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, thermodynamics, equilibrium, redox reactions and organic chemistry.
5. Practical work
The document provides information on the chemistry curriculum for classes 11 and 12 in India.
Some key points:
1. The curriculum aims to provide students with conceptual knowledge of chemistry to enable them to pursue further academic or professional studies.
2. New areas like synthetic materials, biomolecules, and industrial chemistry have been added to update the syllabus.
3. For class 11, the syllabus covers topics like atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, thermodynamics, equilibrium etc.
4. The class 12 syllabus includes solutions, electrochemistry, kinetics, coordination compounds and various types of organic compounds.
5. Practical work involves volumetric analysis, salt analysis
The subject of Science plays an important role in developing ell-defined abilities in cognitive, effective and psychomotor domains in children. It augments the spirit of enquiry, creativity, objectivity and aesthetic sensibility.
The Chemistry: Content Knowledge test contains 100 multiple choice questions covering 7 main content categories related to chemistry. The test is designed to evaluate a beginning teacher's knowledge of concepts typically covered in introductory college chemistry courses. It will take test takers 2 hours to complete and calculators are not permitted. The document provides detailed descriptions of the topics covered within each content category.
Difficulties encountered by the Moroccan high school student at the level of ...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT:The aim of this paper is to explore the various difficulties encountered by the Moroccan high schoolers (senior high) as they relate to the modelling of chemical reactions, microscopic concepts (electronic structure of atoms, valence band, valence electron...) and macroscopic (colour change, gas emission...) linked to the chemical reaction; hence the distinction between chemical transformation and physical transformation. All studies on this topic have shown that most learners still suffer from numerous unresolved difficulties in this area. The symbolic register of the balanced equation represents a chemical reaction; its reading can be done at a macroscopic level (observed phenomenon) and/or a microscopic level (interaction of particles, imagined phenomenon). The originality of our study consists of suggesting, for the first time, a progression between both the microscopic and macroscopic phenomena: Lewis structure (Lewis diagram of atoms and molecules), Gram’s model, and spatial representation of simple molecules in order to reach a symbolization of a chemical reaction. Consequently, our study was successful in reducing the degree of difficulty of obstacles encountered by learners at the level of symbolization of a chemical reaction by 55% and the representations aligned with the concept of a chemical reaction by 65%. Keywords:modelling; chemical reaction; microscopic level; macro-level; symbolization; Lewis diagram; spatial representation; Gram model; high school.
This document outlines the syllabus for chemistry for class 11 in India. It includes:
1. The topics to be covered in terms 1 and 2, such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, redox reactions, and organic chemistry.
2. The number of periods and marks allocated for each topic.
3. Details of the practical exams to be conducted each term, involving volumetric analysis, salt analysis, and other experiments.
4. Guidelines for evaluating visually handicapped students in practical exams by rationalizing the syllabus.
This document outlines a general chemistry course for the first semester of the 2013/2014 academic year. The 3 credit, compulsory course will meet for 3 lectures per week and introduce students to important chemical principles and calculations. By the end of the course students should be able to describe and apply concepts of atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, gases, solutions and thermochemistry. Assessment will include two exams, participation, and a final exam worth 50% of the grade. The textbook is Chemistry by Raymond Chang and Kenneth Goldsby.
This document outlines the Arkansas Department of Education's 2005 revision to the Physical Science curriculum framework. It includes 14 standards across 4 strands (Chemistry, Physics, Nature of Science, and Engineering). The standards cover topics such as the structure of matter, energy, forces, waves, electricity, scientific inquiry, and the relationships between science, technology and society. Students are expected to spend at least 20% of instructional time engaged in hands-on laboratory experiences.
The document discusses chemistry and its relationship to other sciences and applications. It covers topics like the fields and branches of chemistry, how chemistry relates to other sciences like biology and physics, and examples of how chemistry contributes to advances in areas like technology and medicine. Key concepts discussed include the definition of chemistry, different types of matter, physical and chemical properties and changes, and states of matter. The document also provides exercises and examples to illustrate these chemistry concepts.
Chemistry infographics by Chemistry Notes Info. You can view and download PDFs of all chemistry infographics from below chemistry website -
https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/chemistry-infographics.html
You can learn chemistry with these free chemistry infografics. These Science Chemistry Infographics are prepared by Team ChemistryNotesInfo & Jitendra Singh Sandhu.
What is the Periodic Table GCSE? An In-Depth Guide
Discover the importance of the Periodic Table GCSE in chemistry education. This comprehensive guide covers its history, structure, elements, and FAQs.
Introduction
The Periodic Table GCSE is a fundamental component of the chemistry curriculum. It serves as the backbone of chemical knowledge, helping students understand the properties and relationships between elements. In this article, we will delve deep into the world of the Periodic Table GCSE, exploring its history, structure, and significance in the realm of science education.
The Significance of the Periodic Table GCSE
The Periodic Table GCSE, a cornerstone of chemistry education, provides a systematic organization of chemical elements. This tool simplifies the study of elements, enabling students to grasp the fundamental principles of chemistry. By using the Periodic Table, students can unlock the secrets of the elements, understand their properties, and predict their behavior in various chemical reactions.
History of the Periodic Table
The history of the Periodic Table GCSE is a fascinating journey. It all began in the 19th century when Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. He left gaps for yet-undiscovered elements, and this foresight led to the discovery of new elements, confirming the accuracy of his system.
Structure of the Periodic Table
The Periodic Table GCSE is organized into rows and columns. Each horizontal row is called a period, and each vertical column is a group or family. Elements within the same group share similar properties, while those in the same period have a rising number of protons in their nuclei. This structure helps students identify trends and relationships among elements.
Key Elements in the Periodic Table
To truly understand the Periodic Table GCSE, it's essential to be familiar with some key elements:
Hydrogen (H): The simplest and most abundant element in the universe.
Oxygen (O): Vital for respiration and combustion.
Carbon (C): The basis of organic chemistry, forming the foundation of life.
Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl): Key components of common salt.
Iron (Fe): Essential for the transportation of oxygen in the blood.
What is the Periodic Table GCSE?
The Periodic Table GCSE is a visual representation of the chemical elements, systematically organized to facilitate the study of chemistry. It serves as a vital tool for students, teachers, and scientists to comprehend the behavior and properties of elements.
How to Read the Periodic Table
Understanding the Periodic Table requires some knowledge. Each element is represented by a symbol, often derived from its Latin name. The number at the top represents the atomic number, indicating the number of protons in the nucleus. The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, allowing you to predict their properties.
Trends in the Periodic Table
The Periodic Table GCSE
Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon compounds and their properties. The student group conducted an attachment at Nanyang Technological University to learn organic synthesis techniques. They used software like ChemDraw and SciFinder to identify compounds and research chemical reactions. For their project, the group investigated chiral synthesis reactions involving a given compound. They identified the compound, searched for related reactions online, and compiled their findings in a presentation.
The document provides information about the multiple choice question (MCQ) bank for Chemistry for classes 11 and 12 based on the latest CBSE exam pattern for the 2021-22 academic session.
It contains the following key details:
1. The MCQ bank has been prepared by a team of Chemistry teachers from different Kendriya Vidyalayas in the Raipur region for Term I and Term II.
2. It provides the syllabus, index and questions for various chapters specified for Term I including The Solid State, Solutions, p-block Elements, Haloalkanes and Haloarenes, Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers and Biomolecules.
1. The document outlines the revised syllabus for Class XII Chemistry for the 2020-21 session.
2. It describes 14 units that will be covered including topics on solid state, solutions, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, surface chemistry, p-block elements, d-block elements, coordination compounds, haloalkanes and haloarenes, alcohols/phenols/ethers, aldehydes/ketones/carboxylic acids, organic compounds containing nitrogen, and biomolecules.
3. Key concepts from each unit are highlighted such as classification of solids, colligative properties of solutions, redox reactions and EMF of cells in electrochemistry, rate laws and
This document provides details about the syllabus and exam structure for Class XII Chemistry in the academic year 2014-2015. It is divided into 16 units covering topics in inorganic, organic, physical and analytical chemistry. The theory exam will be of 70 marks with 3 hours duration. Practical exams will involve 30 marks for experiments covering surface chemistry, chemical kinetics, thermochemistry, electrochemistry, chromatography, preparation of compounds and qualitative analysis. The document also provides a sample question paper format dividing the questions into different cognitive levels and typologies.
This document outlines a course on Chemistry for Petroleum Engineering Technology I. The course is a 4-credit, major requirement taken in the second semester of the first year. It introduces organic chemistry concepts relevant to chemical and petroleum engineering studies. Topics include naming organic compounds, properties and reactions of aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aromatics, and carbonyl compounds. Assessment includes tests, a midterm, laboratory work, and a final exam. The course aims to provide foundational knowledge of organic chemistry and strengthen skills through hands-on experiments.
This Fifth Edition marks the beginning of the fourth decade that Advanced Organic Chemistry has been available. As with the previous editions, the goal of this text is to allow students to build on the foundation of introductory organic chemistry and attain a level of knowledge and understanding that will permit them to comprehend much of the material that appears in the contemporary chemical literature. There have been major developments in organic chemistry in recent years, and these have had a major influence in shaping this new edition to make it more useful to students, instructors, and other readers. The expanding application of computational chemistry is reflected by amplified
discussion of this area, especially density function theory (DFT) calculations in Chapter 1. Examples of computational studies are included in subsequent chapters that deal with specific structures, reactions and properties. Chapter 2 discusses the principles of both configuration and conformation, which were previously treated in two separate chapters. The current emphasis on enantioselectivity, including development of many enantioselective catalysts, prompted the expansion of the section on stereoselective reactions to include examples of enantioselective reactions. Chapter 3, which covers the application of thermodynamics and kinetics to organic chemistry, has been reorganized to place emphasis on structural effects on stability and reactivity. This chapter lays the groundwork for later chapters by considering stability effects on carbocations, carbanions, radicals, and carbonyl compounds. Chapters 4 to 7 review the basic substitution, addition, and elimination mechanisms, as well as the fundamental chemistry of carbonyl compounds, including enols and enolates. A section on of the control of regiochemistry and stereo- chemistry of aldol reactions has been added to introduce the basic concepts of this important area. A more complete treatment, with emphasis on synthetic applications, is given in Chapter 2 of Part B. Chapter 8 deals with aromaticity and Chapter 9 with aromatic substitution, emphasizing electrophilic aromatic substitution. Chapter 10 deals with concerted pericyclic reactions, with the aromaticity of transition structures as a major theme. This part of the text should help students solidify their appreciation of aromatic stabilization as a fundamental concept in the chemistry of conjugated systems.
1. The document contains a practice exam with 37 multiple choice questions covering concepts in thermodynamics and chemistry. The questions cover topics like ideal gases, enthalpy, entropy, spontaneity of reactions, and more.
2. For each question there are 4 possible answers labeled a-d. The correct answers are not provided.
3. The questions are intended to test understanding of fundamental thermodynamic concepts and calculations involving things like heat, work, internal energy, and state functions.
Thermodynamics is the study of heat and work, and state functions. Energy exists in various forms including heat, light, electrical, and kinetic and potential. Heat is the transfer of energy between objects due to a temperature difference. Chemical reactions can be exothermic or endothermic depending on the direction of heat transfer. The total energy in a chemical system is conserved according to the law of conservation of energy. Changes in potential and kinetic energy account for temperature changes in chemical processes.
1. Chemical thermodynamics deals with energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and processes involving chemical substances.
2. It helps determine the feasibility and extent of chemical reactions and processes under given conditions based on fundamental laws of physical chemistry.
3. Key concepts include the various types of systems (open, closed, isolated), state functions, state variables, and different thermodynamic processes (isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric).
States of matter can exist as solids, liquids, or gases. Gases have no definite shape or volume, are highly compressible, and their molecules are far apart with weak intermolecular forces. Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape, while solids have both a definite shape and volume. The behavior of gases is explained by gas laws such as Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Graham's law of diffusion, and the ideal gas law. Gases can be liquefied under high pressure and low temperature due to intermolecular attractions that cause real gases to deviate from ideal behavior.
Gases are composed of tiny particles that are in constant, random motion. Three properties of gases are pressure, volume, and temperature. The kinetic molecular theory and gas laws describe the relationships between these properties. The ideal gas law combines earlier gas laws relating pressure, volume, amount of gas, and temperature into a single equation.
The document discusses the characteristics and properties of gases. It defines the gaseous state as the state where intermolecular forces are at a minimum. Some key characteristics of gases include having low density, high compressibility, diffusibility, and filling their container uniformly. The document also discusses various gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles' law, Gay-Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, and the ideal gas equation. It provides the mathematical relationships and graphical representations for each gas law.
The document contains multiple choice questions about gas laws, kinetic molecular theory, and properties of gases.
1) Questions ask about calculating properties like density and pressure given temperature, volume, amount of gas, and other variables.
2) Other questions relate to concepts like effusion rates, van der Waals constants, and the relationship between temperature, pressure, volume, and number of gas molecules.
3) Graphs and diagrams are included that must be interpreted in the context of gas behavior and equations of state.
This document discusses chemical bonding and dipole moments. It contains questions about the units of dipole moment, molecules with zero dipole moment, factors that determine whether a molecule has a dipole moment, and bond properties like bond length, bond energy, and hybridization.
Chemical bonding results from the attraction between nuclei and electrons. There are three main types of bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Metallic bonding occurs between metal atoms through delocalized valence electrons. The type of bonding determines the physical properties of the substance.
This document discusses chemical bonding and molecular structure. It begins by explaining that atoms combine through chemical bonds to form molecules and different theories have sought to explain why certain combinations are possible and what determines molecular shapes. It then summarizes Kössel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding, which proposed that atoms achieve stability by gaining or sharing electrons to attain a full outer shell of 8 electrons. Covalent bonds are formed by shared pairs of electrons between atoms. Lewis structures use dots to represent valence electrons and predict molecular geometry.
This document discusses the structure of atoms and the types of chemical bonds. It begins by defining the atom and its components like protons, electrons, and electron shells. It then explains the three main types of chemical bonds: ionic bonds formed between ions through electron transfer, covalent bonds formed by electron sharing, and metallic bonds in metals involving delocalized electrons. Some key points about each bond type are given, like ion formation and electron configuration changes. Examples of each bond type are provided. Formulas for ionic compounds and determining formula weights are also covered.
This document discusses different types of chemical bonds including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds. It describes the formation of ionic bonds between metals and nonmetals and how ionization energy, electron affinity, and lattice energy contribute to the energetics of ionic bonding. Covalent bonding is explained as the sharing of electrons between nonmetals. Factors that determine bond polarity like electronegativity are also covered. The document provides details on writing Lewis structures, accounting for valence electrons and formal charges. Exceptions to the octet rule for molecules with odd numbers of electrons, incomplete octets, and expanded octets are explained.
Chemical bonding occurs when atoms combine to form molecules or ionic compounds to achieve stable electronic configurations. There are several types of bonds including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and coordinate bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from electropositive atoms to electronegative atoms, resulting in oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each other. Covalent bonds form through the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Coordinate bonds form through the interaction of a Lewis acid and base where one species provides a pair of electrons. Chemical bonds provide stability and determine many properties of substances.
The document discusses the evolution and development of the periodic table. It describes early classification systems like Dobereiner's law of triads and Newlands' law of octaves. It then focuses on Mendeleev's periodic table from 1869, which was the first significant classification based on atomic mass. The modern periodic table is based on atomic number rather than mass, resolving anomalies in Mendeleev's table. It discusses periodic trends in properties like atomic radius and how the periodic table is structured into blocks, periods and groups.
The document discusses periodic trends in elemental properties. It explains that Dmitri Mendeleev was the first to organize elements in a periodic table based on their properties. Elements in the same group have similar properties due to their valence electrons. Atomic radius generally decreases moving left to right across a period and increases moving down a group due to electron shielding. Ionization energy increases as atomic radius decreases. Electron affinity is exothermic when gaining electrons fills an orbital. Metallic character decreases and electronegativity increases moving from left to right. Cations are smaller than their parent atoms while anions are larger.
This document provides information on the classification of elements and various periodic properties like atomic size, ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity. It discusses the trends in these properties across periods and groups and exceptions to trends. It also explains concepts like ionic size, isoelectronic species, ionization energies, electron affinities, Pauling and Mulliken scales of electronegativity and valency. Sample problems are provided at the end to test the understanding of these concepts.
This document summarizes key concepts in atomic structure:
1. It outlines the early theories of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr, which proposed that atoms are made of fundamental particles and have small, dense nuclei surrounded by orbiting electrons.
2. It describes experiments that discovered the electron and properties of cathode rays. Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence for a small, dense nucleus.
3. Quantum theory concepts like Planck's quantum hypothesis, Bohr's model of electron orbits, and de Broglie's matter waves are introduced along with equations relating wavelength, frequency and energy of photons.
Chemistry involves experimentally studying the physical and chemical properties of substances and measuring them precisely. Measurements have some uncertainty depending on the skill of the person and instrument used. Significant figures refer to the digits that convey the accuracy of a measurement based on the instrument's least count. Chemical quantities and reactions follow various laws including the law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions, and Gay-Lussac's law of gas volumes in chemical combinations. Dalton's atomic hypothesis provided a theoretical basis for these laws by proposing that elements are made of atoms that combine in fixed ratios to form compounds.
The document provides an overview of organic reactions, describing common reaction types like addition, elimination, substitution, and rearrangement. It explains that organic reactions can be described in terms of their mechanisms, which involve the making and breaking of covalent bonds. Polar reactions occur through the attack of electron-rich nucleophiles on electron-deficient electrophilic sites, while radical reactions proceed through the formation, reaction, and termination of free radicals. Curved arrows are used to indicate the flow of electrons between reagents in reaction mechanisms.
Nomenclature and introduction of major functional groupssuresh gdvm
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts for an A-Level chemistry book. It introduces the major families of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. It discusses the classification, nomenclature and isomerism of these compounds, with examples of naming various straight-chain, branched, cyclic and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also covers the different types of isomerism including structural, stereoisomerism and geometrical isomerism.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
Desm s chemistry
1. CHEMISTRY (CLASSES XI –XII)
RATIONALE
Higher Secondary Stage is the most crucial stage of school education because at this stage specialised
discipline based, content oriented courses are introduced. Students reach this stage after 10 years of
general education and opt for Chemistry with a purpose of mostly for pursuing their career in basic sciences
or professional courses like medicines, engineering, technology and studying courses in applied areas of
science and technology at tertiary level. Therefore, at this stage, there is a need to provide learners with
sufficient conceptual background of Chemistry, which will make them competent to meet the challenges of
academic and professional courses after the higher secondary stage.
National Curriculum Framework - 2005 recommends a disciplinary approach with appropriate rigour
and depth with the care that syllabus is not heavy and at the same time it is comparable to the international
level. It emphasizes a coherent focus on important ideas within the discipline that are properly sequenced
to optimize learning. It recommends that theoretical component of Higher Secondary Science should
emphasize on problem solving methods and the awareness of historical development of key concepts of
science be judiciously integrated into content. The present exercise of syllabus development in Chemistry
at Higher Secondary Stage is based on this framework.
Salient features of the present syllabus are thus:
•
Some background of Chemistry from secondary stage is assumed; however, no specific knowledge
of topics in Chemistry is pre-supposed.
•
The course is self-contained and broadly covers fundamental concepts of Chemistry.
•
Attempt has been made to see discipline of Chemistry does not remain only the science of facts
but becomes related to modern applications in the world around us.
•
The syllabus provides logical sequencing of the ‘Units’ of the subject matter with proper placement
of concepts with their linkages for better understanding.
•
Emphasis has been on promoting process - skills, problem solving abilities and applications of
concepts of Chemistry useful in real life situation for making learning of Chemistry more relevant,
meaningful and interesting.
•
An effort has been made on the basis of feedback, to remove repetition besides reducing the
content by suitably integrating the different content areas.
•
Practical syllabus has two components. There are core experiments to be undertaken by the
students in the classroom and will be part of examination while each student will carry out one
investigatory project and submit the report for the examination.
With this background, the Chemistry curriculum at the higher secondary stage attempts to
•
promote understanding of basic principles in Chemistry while retaining the excitement in Chemistry;
•
develop an interest in students to study Chemistry as discipline;
1
2. •
strengthen the concepts developed at the secondary stage and to provide firm foundation for
further learning of Chemistry at tertiary level more effectively;
•
develop positive scientific attitude, and appreciate contribution of Chemistry towards the
improvement of quality of human life;
•
develop problem solving skills and nurture curiosity, aesthetic sense and creativity;
•
inculcate values of honesty, integrity, cooperation, concern for life and preservation of the
environment;
•
make the learner realise the interface of Chemistry with other disciplines of science such as Physics,
Biology, Geology, etc;
•
equip students to face challenges related to health, nutrition, environment, population, whether
industries and agriculture.
2
3. CLASS XI (THEORY)
(Total Periods 180)
Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(Periods 14)
General Introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry.
Historical approach to particulate nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic
theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical
and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.
Unit II: Structure of Atom
(Periods 16)
Discovery of electron, proton and neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thompson’s model
and its limitations, Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model and its limitations, concept of shells
and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle,
concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of
half filled and completely filled orbitals.
Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
(Periods 8)
Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern periodic law
and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements –atomic radii, ionic radii,
inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence. Nomenclature of
elements with atomic number greater than 100.
Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
(Periods 16)
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of
covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent
molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some
simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only).
Hydrogen bond.
Unit V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
(Periods 14)
Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points,role of
gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s
law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic
energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases,
critical temperature.
Liquid State – Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical
derivations).
3
4. Unit VI: Thermodynamics
(Periods 18)
Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive
properties, state functions.
First law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat,
measurement of ΔU and ΔH, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of : bond dissociation,
combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution.
Introduction of entropy as a state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for
spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium.
Third law of thermodynamics –Brief introduction.
Unit VII: Equilibrium
(Periods 20)
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action,
equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium – ionization
of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid
strength, concept of pH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), , buffer solutions, Henderson equation,
solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).
Unit VIII : Redox Reactions
(Periods 6)
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in
terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers , applications of redox reactions.
Unit IX Hydrogen
(Periods 8)
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of
hydrogen; hydrides – ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy
water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, use and structure; hydrogen as a fuel.
Unit X: s- Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
(Periods 14)
Group 1 and Group 2 elements:
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element
of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy,
atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses.
Preparation and Properties of Some Important Compounds:
Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogencarbonate, biological
importance of sodium and potassium.
CaO, CaCO3, and industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.
Unit XI: Some p-Block Elements
(Periods 16)
General Introduction to p-Block Elements
Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties,
oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boronphysical and chemical properties, some important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium:
uses, reactions with acids and alkalies.
4
5. Group 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties,
oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon - catenation,
allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important compounds: oxides.
Important compounds of silicon and a few uses : silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites,
their uses.
Unit XII: Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques
(Periods 14)
General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and
IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and
hyper conjugation.
Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions;
electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.
Unit XIII: Hydrocarbons
(Periods 16)
Classification of Hydrocarbons.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
Alkanes – Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical
reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.
Alkenes – Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties,
methods of preparation; chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides
(Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.
Alkynes – Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation,
chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of - hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides
and water.
Aromatic hydrocarbons – Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene: resonance, aromaticity ;
chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution – nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel
Craft’s alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene;
carcinogenicity and toxicity.
Unit XIV: Environmental Chemistry
(Periods 6)
Environmental pollution – Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs,
major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer,
greenhouse effect and global warming – pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative
tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.
5
6. PRACTICALS
Total Periods 60
Micro-chemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments. Wherever possible
such techniques should be used.
A. Basic Laboratory Techniques
(Periods 2)
1. Cutting glass tube and glass rod
2. Bending a glass tube
3. Drawing out a glass jet
4. Boring a cork
B. Characterization and Purification of Chemical Substance
(Periods 6)
1. Determination of melting point of an organic compound.
2. Determination of boiling point of an organic compound.
3. Crystallization involving impure sample of any one of the following:
Alum, copper sulphate, Benzoic acid.
C. Experiments Related to pH Change
(Periods 6)
(a) Any one of the following experiments:
• Determination of pH of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, solutions of known and
varied concentrations of acids, bases and salts using pH paper or universal indicator.
• Comparing the pH of solutions of strong and weak acid of same concentration.
• Study the pH change in the titration of a strong acid with a strong base using universal indicator.
( b) Study of pH change by common-ion effect in case of weak acids and weak bases.
D. Chemical Equilibrium
(Periods 4)
One of the following experiments:
(a) Study the shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocynate ions by increasing /decreasing
the concentration of either of the ions.
(b) Study the shift in equilibrium between [Co (H2O)6]2+and chloride ions by changing the concentration
of either of the ions .
E. Quantitative Estimation
(Periods 16)
•
Using a chemical balance.
•
Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid.
•
Determination of strength of a given solution of sodium hydroxide by titrating it against standard
solution of oxalic acid.
•
Preparation of standard solution of sodium carbonate.
6
7. •
Determination of strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it against standard
sodium carbonate solution.
F. Qualitative Analysis
(Periods 16)
(a) Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt
+
Cations - Pb 2+ ,Cu 2+ , As3+ ,Al3+ ,Fe3+ , Mn 2+ ,Ni 2+ ,Zn 2+ ,Co 2+ ,Ca 2+ ,Sr 2+ ,Ba 2+ ,Mg 2+ ,NH 4
2
2
Anions - CO3- ,S2- ,SO3- ,SO 2- ,NO- ,NO- ,Cl- ,Br - ,I- ,PO3- ,C 2O 2- ,CH 3COO4
2
3
4
4
(Note : Insoluble salts excluded)
(b) Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, in organic compounds.
Project
(Periods 10)
Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.
A few suggested projects
•
Checking the bacterial contamination in drinking water by testing sulphide ions.
•
Study of the methods of purification of water.
•
Testing the hardness, presence of iron, fluoride, chloride etc. depending upon the regional variation
in drinking water and the study of causes of presences of these ions above permissible limit (if
any)
•
Investigation of the foaming capacity of different washing soaps and the effect of addition of
sodium carbonate on them.
•
Study of the acidity of different samples of the tea leaves.
•
Determination of the rate of evaporation of different liquids.
•
Study of the effect of acids and bases on the tensile strength of fibers.
•
Analysis of fruit and vegetable juices for their acidity.
Note: Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be chosen with
the approval of the teacher.
CLASS XII (THEORY)
Total Periods 180
Unit I: Solid State
(Periods 12)
Classification of solids based on different binding forces :molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids,
amorphous and crystalline solids(elementary idea),unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices,
calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids ,number of atoms per unit cell
in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals ,conductors,
semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors .
Unit II : Solutions
(Periods 12)
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in
liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law , elevation
7
8. of B.P., depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative
properties, abnormal molecular mass, Vant Hoff factor.
Unit III: Electrochemistry
(Periods 14)
Redox reactions; conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variations of
conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea),
dry cell – electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential,
Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells. Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of
a cell, fuel cells; corrosion.
Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics
(Periods 12)
Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration,
temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated
rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory (elementary
idea, no mathematical treatment).Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.
Unit V: Surface Chemistry
(Periods 8)
Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids; catalysis
:homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between
true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids;
properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions – types
of emulsions.
Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
(Periods 8 )
Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and
refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.
Unit VII: p-Block Elements
(Periods 14)
Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states,
trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen – preparation, properties and uses; compounds of
nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen ( structure only);
Phosphorous-allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine
,halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
Group 16 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence,
trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses; classification of
oxides; ozone. Sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, properties and uses of
sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur
(structures only).
Group 17 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence,
trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of
chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical
and chemical properties, uses.
8
9. Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements
(Period 14)
General introduction ,electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals,
general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy,
oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy
formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Lanthanoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction
and its consequences.
Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthenoids .
Unit IX Coordination Compounds
(Period 12)
Coordination compounds : Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties
and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding, Werner’s theory
VBT,CFT; isomerism (structural and stereo)importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis,
extraction of metals and biological systems).
Unit X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
(Periods 12)
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of
substitution reactions. Optical rotation.
Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for
monosubstituted compounds only).
Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform,
freons, DDT.
Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
(Periods 12)
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary
alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses,
with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
Phenols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of
phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
(Period 12)
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical
and chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes;
uses.
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties; uses.
Unit XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
(Periods 10)
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines.
Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
9
10. Unit XIV: Biomolecules
(Periods 12)
Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D-L
configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen):
importance.
Proteins - Elementary idea of a - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure,
secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of
proteins; enzymes.
Hormones –Elementary idea (excluding structure).
Vitamins – Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
Unit XV: Polymers
(Periods 8)
Classification – Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite,
rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
(Periods 8)
1. Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials,
antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
2. Chemicals in food – preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
3. Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
PRACTICALS
Total Periods 60
Micro-chemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments. Wherever possible
such techniques should be used.
A. Surface Chemistry
(Periods 5)
(a) Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol.
Lyophilic sol : starch , egg albumin and gum.
Lyophobic sol : aluminium hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arsenious sulphide.
(b) Dialysis of sol prepared in (a) above.
(c) Study of the role of emulsifying agent in stabilizing the emulsions of different oils.
B. Chemical Kinetics
(a) Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium
and hydrochloric acid .
(Periods 4)
thiosulphate
(b) Study of reaction rates of any one of the following:
(i)
Reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature
using different concentrations of iodide ions.
(ii) Reaction between potassium iodate (KIO3) and sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)
solution as indicator (clock reaction).
10
using starch
11. C. Thermochemistry
(Periods 4)
Any one of the following experiments :
(a) Enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulphate or potassium nitrate.
(b) Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCl) and strong base (NaOH)
(c) Determination of enthalpy change during interaction (Hydrogen bond formation) between acetone
and chloroform.
D. Electrochemistry
(Periods 2)
Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn2+//Cu2+/Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO4 or
ZnSO4) at room temperature.
E. Chromatography
(Periods 2)
(a) Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper
determination of Rf values.
chromatography and
(b) Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations only (constituents
having wide difference in Rf values to be provided).
F. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds
(Periods 4)
(a) Preparation of double salt of ferrous ammonium sulphate or potash alum.
(b) Preparation of potassium ferric oxalate.
G. Preparation of Organic Compounds
(Periods 2)
Preparation of any one of the following compounds:
(a) Acetanilide
(b) Di-benzal acetone
(c) p-Nitroacetanilide
(d) Aniline yellow or 2 - Napththol aniline dye
H. Test for the Functional Groups Present in Organic Compounds
Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino
(Periods 5)
(primary) groups.
I. Characteristic Tests of Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins in Pure Samples and Their
Detection in Given Food Stuffs.
(Period 4)
J. Determination of Concentration/Molarity of KMnO4 Solution by Titrating it against a
Standard Solution of –
(Periods 10)
(i) Oxalic acid
(ii) Ferrous ammonium sulphate
(Students will be required to prepare standard solutions by weighing themselves).
11
12. K. Qualitative Analysis
•
(Periods 16)
Determination of one cation and one anion in a given salt.
+
Cations - Pb 2+ ,Cu 2+ , As 3+ ,Al3+ ,Fe3+ , Mn 2+ ,Ni 2+ ,Zn 2+ ,Co 2+ ,Ca 2+ ,Sr 2+ ,Ba 2+ ,Mg 2+ ,NH 4
2
2
2
Anions - CO3- ,S2- ,SO3- ,SO2- ,NO- ,NO- ,Cl- ,Br - ,I- ,PO3- ,C2 O 4- ,CH 3COO4
2
3
4
(Note : Insoluble salts excluded)
Projects
(Periods10)
Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.
A few suggested projects
•
Study of presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening.
•
Study of quantity of casein present in different samples of milk.
•
Preparation of soybean milk and its comparison with the natural milk with respect to curd
formation, effect of temperature, etc.
•
Study of the effect of potassium bisulphate as food preservative under various conditions
(temperature, concentration, time etc.)
•
Study of digestion of starch by salivary amylase and effect of pH and temperature on it.
•
Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of following materials: wheat flour, gram flour,
potato juice, carrot juice etc.
•
Extraction of essential oils present in Saunf (aniseed), Ajwain (carum), Illaichi (cardamom).
•
Study of common food adulterants in fat, oil, butter, sugar, turmeric powder, chilli powder and
pepper.
Note: Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be chosen with
the approval of the teacher. In addition models and exhibits for exhibition ,depicting basic principles and
application in daily life may also be included .
12